synonymHerta Muller (Heta Muller) Generally refers to Heta Miller
Herta M ü ller (August 17, 1953 -), a German female writer and poet, was born on August 17, 1953RomaniaNitkidov, a town in Timish County in the west.He immigrated to Germany in 1987.She is famous for writing about the experiences of German Romanians in Soviet Russia. At present, most of her works have been published in mainland China.Obtained on October 8, 2009The Nobel Prize in Literature。[1]
Herta M ü ller was born on August 17, 1953RomaniawestTimish CountyA peasant family in Nitkidov, a small town, is in a village where German is the common language.[2]
From 1973 to 1976, Miller studied German literature and Romanian literature at Timiswara University.Most of the students in this university are ethnic minorities such as Hungarian or Germanic.These ethnic minorities are often marginalized in Romania, so they have always been very strong against the Romanian people.Miller joined the "Aktionsgruppe Banat" during this period.This organization was founded in 1972. Its members are a group of German minority youth in the Barnat Schwaben region of Romania. Its purpose is to pursue freedom of expression.This writer group often made fierce comments against the centralized government of Romania at that time, and Miller was no exception.[3]
Miller
After graduation, Miller worked as an interpreter in a factory. However, because of her firm attitude of non cooperation, she refused to become an informant of the secret police and also refused to report on her colleagues in the factory, so she was fired by the factory in 1979.Since then, Miller has been monitored, tracked, even searched and interrogated by the secret police, and her normal life has been seriously disturbed.In this high-pressure social environment, fear has become an integral part of Miller's life. She also tried to get rid of this dark life by committing suicide.Of course, this attempt was unsuccessful, but Miller found another way to open his heart: literary creation.[3]
In 1982, Miller published his first literary work in Romania, entitled《lowland》A collection of short stories describing the hard life of a German speaking village in Romania was reviewed and deleted by the Romanian authorities shortly after its publication.[4]
In 1984, the unabridged version of this collection of short stories was released in Germany and was warmly sought after by German readers.Later, Miller usedromanianHe wrote the book Heavy Tango.[5]
Because she criticized the Romanian government many times in the book, and worried about the intrusion of the secret police, in 1987, Miller finally left Romania, which exhausted her physically and mentally, to Berlin, Germany, and became a professional writer.[5]
In 1995, she became a member of the German Academy of Language and Poetry.Miller also lectured in various universities and was appointed as a guest professor by Kassel University and Berlin Free University in 1998 and 2005 respectively.[3]
In 2009, he published "Breathing Swing" and won the Nobel Prize for Literature for "focusing on the frankness of poetry and prose and describing the life picture of the unemployed" (who,with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed）。[1]
In October 2013, Miller was rushed to a hospital in southwest Germany for treatment due to severe gastrointestinal perforation.Christina Nickett, editor of her publishing company, later said that Miller had received good care and was recovering.[6]
Chronology of works
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Title
Original name
First edition time
lowland
Niederungen
one thousand nine hundred and eighty-two
Oppressive Tango
Drückender Tango
one thousand nine hundred and eighty-four
Man is the great pheasant in the world
Der Mensch ist ein groβer Fasan auf der Welt
one thousand nine hundred and eighty-six
Barefoot February
Barfüβiger Februar
one thousand nine hundred and eighty-seven
Devil in the mirror
Der Teufel sitzt im Spiegel
one thousand nine hundred and ninety-one
The fox was already a hunter
Der Fuchs war damals schon der Jaumlger
one thousand nine hundred and ninety-two
A hot potato is a warm bed
Eine warme Kartoffel ist ein warmes Bett
one thousand nine hundred and ninety-two
The guard picked up his comb
Der Waumlchter nimmt seinen Kamm : vom Weggehen und Ausscheren
one thousand nine hundred and ninety-three
Heart beast
Herztier
one thousand nine hundred and ninety-four
Hunger and Silk
Hunger und Seide
one thousand nine hundred and ninety-five
trap
In der Falle
one thousand nine hundred and ninety-six
I don't want to face myself today
Heute wäre ich mir lieber nicht begegnet
one thousand nine hundred and ninety-seven
From the perspective of an outsider, or: life is just a fart under the lantern
Der fremde Blick oder Das Leben ist ein Furz in der Laterne
one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine
Lady living in headdress
Im Haarknoten wohnt eine Dame
two thousand
Homeland, as I said
Heimat ist das, was gesprochen wird
two thousand and one
The king bows, the king kills
Der Koumlnig verneigt sich und toumltet
two thousand and three
A pale man with a mocha cup
Die blassen Herren mit den Mokkatassen
two thousand and five
Breathing swing
Atemschaukel
two thousand and nine
Writing characteristics
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theme
Miller is a realistic writer.There is always a dark atmosphere that cannot be washed away in her works. In her debut work Low Land, there was a short story called My Family, which outlined the members of the family in simple and clear words, with words such as "My father and another woman have another child" and "I am the child of another man",Exposed the distasteful blood relationship and extramarital love among family members.The narrator implied that my father had a mistress;I am the child of mother and postman;The combination of grandfather and grandmother is incest;In fact, neither mother nor uncle is my grandfather's own flesh and blood;Grandmother is the child of a great grandmother and another man.This seemingly simple family with all kinds of ugliness, infidelity and betrayal is a lie under the disguise of marriage.There will always be an immeasurable distance between the village and "I". It has never been a paradise for "I" to grow up, but a cruel world full of fear, violence and bondage.The men in the village drink too much night after night, the women are aging in the process of hard work and domestic violence, the teachers guide parents to corporal punishment of children, and the leaders are stupid... It is such families and villages that constitute the society of the narrator's childhood life. All kinds of ugly phenomena distort and destroy the narrator's heart, and smash the narrator's carefree childhood.[3]
Such articles are not Miller's imagination or hearsay.Miller has lived in the shadow of World War II since childhood.Her mother lived under the beating and scolding of her father all day long, only washed her face with tears, and never gave her normal maternal love.My father was also accompanied by wine. He was not interested in anything except Hitler and GermanyIn addition, the German spirit pursued within the ethnic group and people's indifference, hypocrisy, betrayal, etc., made Miller's childhood always live in an atmosphere of fear.The loveless home and fearful village created Miller's childhood trauma and became the source of her creation.But this is not the whole problem.The darkness and hypocrisy of Romania's social environment.The surveillance, search, interrogation and other government suppression measures from the secret police are becoming more and more frequent. Even people in the village have begun to isolate Miller and his family. Miller has always wanted to refute such issues.[3]
Miller lived during the black rule of Ceausescu in Romania.In order to meet the needs of Ceausescu's totalitarian rule, a large number of totalitarian movements prevailed throughout Romania.[7]
Miller once said: "My writing level is the village of Barnett Schwaben and my childhood... Later, it was the totalitarian country Romania, which kept all experiences in their own right, because the vision of power can transcend everything.In a sense, what I later called 'totalitarianism' and 'state' is just an extension of a remote village that can be ignored. "[3]
Miller first witnessed the Romanian elite - those cadres, security personnel, and police in the economic field, the party, government, and the military.They are well-dressed, quick thinking and talented. They live in a country within a country and have their own houses, shops, hospitals, restaurants, hunting grounds and resorts.They are smart, their body and tongue are obsequious and clean.They can easily win the position of supervisor, and it seems that they are naturally suitable for party affairs.According to their logic, national elites should not only stand out, but also perform well in the face of people questioned by the state.But they have a fatal weakness, that is, they have to find ways to keep people silent and afraid.Although they are high, they may fall down at any time. Their status, advantages, material security and lifestyle may be lost overnight, and they will fall into the miserable life of ordinary people together with the whole faction.The elite islands are gorgeous and fragile.Under the pretext of protection, Romanian civilians began to place themselves under the direct control of the upper level: delimit areas, formulate plans, create incidents at will, and then inflict another devastating blow on the already silent crowd.[7]
For example, in "Man is the Big Pheasant in the World", Miller described a backward and pedantic village.In the village, three or four cadres rule all people and everything.Some of these cadres have just graduated. They came to the small village of Banat from the city to start their "career". Their responsibility is to threaten, interrogate and arrest. The cadres constantly promote their doctrine: God sees everything you do, and he is everywhere.These small cadres naturally play the role of loyalty to tame villagers and exert a subtle influence on people.Miller once said that the young cadres in this country are the oldest, because they imitate dictators effortlessly and are more vivid than older people. They do not have their own gestures.There are 405 families in the small village of Banat, about 1500 people. Everyone is in fear for a long time, and no one dares to hum.[7]
Like Miller in《Heart beast》The first person "I" is used as the narrator to observe everything under the centralized rule.
In 1980, "I" just went to college and shared a dormitory with five other girls.Suddenly one day, Lola, her roommate, was found to have committed suicide in the dormitory. "I" didn't believe that she would commit suicide, and took away Lola's diary to find out the truth.
In the process of searching for the truth, "I" met Edgar, Kurt and Georg, who also did not believe that Lola committed suicide.However, this behavior of "we" has attracted the attention of the secret police, and the threat has come quietly.Search and interrogation have become routine.After graduation, everyone went their separate ways, but they were dismissed by the factory due to their firm attitude of non cooperation.At the same time, we also feel that the threat of death is getting closer and closer.Finally, Georg and Kurt died one after another, while "I" and Edgar left that frightening Romania and fled to Germany.
Miller showed no mercy in exposing that in this centralized society, ordinary people cannot even obtain the most basic dignity.Even if it can be obtained, it is also exchanged through other channels.From the perspective of "I", Miller exposes the unbearable and depraved side of this society: women with slight beauty are almost public goods;Rape and adultery are more common in the family;It is no wonder that men and women have sex in factories.
The whole novel is almost a fragmented memory of "I", which is similar to the stream of consciousness.Because this memory carries too much pain, which "I" do not want to face, and which any person with feelings does not want to face.In this tyrannical and cruel society, if you want to live, you should either go crazy or you can only anesthetize yourself and destroy yourself through a degenerate life.[3]
Through the text, through the dialogue with herself, Miller presents more a negative culture. She uses the negative culture to say something positive.
Herbert Marcuse The author believes that "positive culture is soothing, which makes people's life stagnate; while negative culture can show the passion and progress of life. Because, through the way of separation from reality, people's instinct and sensibility that have been suppressed and controlled have been liberated.Therefore, the culture of negation requires artists to first of all fight against the disharmony of reality with a posture of discord, and destroy the materialized concrete form of reality with a destructive form of negation. "
The negation of Miller's works is a humanistic negation of the totalitarian history.This kind of negation is thorough, intense, and it is also born from death.Miller is not talking about despair, but about hope, but her hope is accompanied by boundless disappointment.Her rebellion against totalitarianism is due to her hope for people.Because what she wants to talk about is not totalitarianism itself, but care, care for human beings themselves, and care for the future of mankind.Miller uses his great love to contain these vulnerable groups who may be suffering from cold, hunger and lack of support, and uses his own voice to shout for them. Miller is full of humanity and enthusiasm with a great heart, which is Miller's insistence.[7]
technique
Autobiographical narrative system
Hertha Miller's works have a strong autobiographical feature.Miller's autobiographical writing is caused by two reasons. On the one hand, the special experience of childhood has become the source of her later creation. On the other hand, autobiographical writing is an important way for modern women writers to write.Female writers often reveal their own experiences and deep feelings of life in their texts.
The collection of prose works Low Land is autobiographical. The background of this collection of prose works is that after Miller graduated from university, he refused toRomaniaThe cooperation of the security sector has led to a very difficult stage in life.
This edition includes 19 essays including Mourning at the Tomb and My Home.For authorsnaturalismThrough a girl's perspective full of resentment and fear, it tells the world about the backward lifestyle of Romanian German speaking minorities.
Miller's autobiographical writing has its uniqueness:
First of all, unlike the traditional female writing, which is mostly a wanton flow of personal feelings, her style of writing is rational and cold.
Secondly, her autobiographical writing involves all stages of her life, and is also reflected in many of her works. It can be said that Miller has established a unique autobiographical writing system.[8]
Beaded narration
The beaded narrative technique is the most prominent narrative strategy in Miller's novels.
The beaded narrative technique is my definition of Miller's novel narrative strategy, which is inspired by the fragmented narrative style.Fragmented narrative style is a relatively important narrative technique in postmodern literature, which is mainly derived from the deconstruction of traditional narrative methods in postmodern literature - any traditional creative order or unified attempt will inevitably lead to chaos, fragmentation and extinction.
Miller's novel narrative technique has a fragmented narrative style. Each part of her novel has its own system, and the connection between the upper and lower parts is not very close.It seems impossible to describe the beauty of her style to describe Miller's narrative method with fragment narration.
Every part of Miller's novel will have a carefully designed name.These names are taken from animals or still life, thus forming symbolic images that dominate each small part and make each small part become an exquisite and harmonious individual like a pearl.These pearls are connected to form a "brilliant" novel, so her unique and exquisite narrative technique is defined as a string of beads narrative.[8]
Collage and metaphor of broken images
Heta Miller once pointed out that "I haven't gone so far in the novel, and the sense of injury and fear numbed me, but I broke through in the collage poetry. This is another world, and I can get rid of injury, my gloomy personality, and fly freely in the collage world" collage is the most important feature of Heta Miller's poetry creation.
So far, she has created four poetry collections, all of which are collage poems without exception.These short collages have no titles or punctuation marks.
The collage poem made Heta Miller panic in his heart, and the complaint against the tyrannical rule was expressed in a humorous way, so as to write the unspeakable life experience under the autocratic ban.
Heta Miller's use of collage to create poetry is not to show off its unique artistic creation techniques, but to adopt "complex language strategies" under the pressure of Romania.[8]
For the world, the impact of Heta Miller is not only the world's more profound understanding of Romanian society, the European social situation before and after World War II, but also a higher examination and concern for human nature.As a German speaking ethnic minority writer living in Romania, she naturally described the Romanians in her eyes and herself, exposed the darkness of society on the world stage, and aroused the scrutiny and attention of the international community.[9]
Character evaluation
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the other side:
In Cultural CommentatorLiu YangIt seems that "the poetic nature of Miller's novels is just a clumsy means she used to make up for the weak storytelling of her works... Put poetic nature above storytelling and write novels in a poetic way, which eventually backfired."[10]
Miller
When talking about Miller, German "Pope of Literary Criticism" Ranitsky said, "I don't want to talk about that Heta Miller. Goodbye!"[11]
positive:
German ChancellorMerkel He said that Miller "showed incredible courage because of the great literature of life experience of totalitarianism, oppression and fear" and "Miller found his hometown in Germany".[11]
President of GermanyKohler"Writing to resist forgetting reminds people of the value of freedom. Today, 20 years after the upheaval in Eastern Europe, Miller's award is of special significance."[11]
writerQiu HuadongSaid: "Her language is full of images and metaphors, similes and metaphors, which are very penetrating."[10]
German sinologistGu BinComment on Miller's works: "Miller's language is very rich. She is a merciless critic. She is Lu Xun of German literature."[12]
