Rowing is a kind of water sport in which one or more oarsmen sit on the boat, turn their backs to the direction of the boat, use their muscle strength, and row through the simple leverage of oars and oars to make the boat move forward.Rowing competitions are mostly held in natural waters such as rivers and lakes. Boats can have or not have a helmsman.At the beginning of the rowing competition, all boats are lined up after starting the course.After the starter gave the order, each boat rowed to the end at the fastest speed, and the winner or loser of the race was determined according to the order of the bow reaching the end.[1-2]
Rowing originated in England.In 1775, Britain formulated the first competition rules and established rowing clubs.In 1829, Oxford University and Cambridge University held the first intercollegiate rowing competition on the Thames River, which is regarded as the origin of modern rowing.In 1892, the International Rowing Federation was established in Italy.In 1900, the Paris Olympic Games listed men's rowing as a competitive event.In 1976, the Montreal Olympic Games set up women's rowing events. Since then, rowing events have become increasingly diversified and gradually entered people's vision.[3]
The highest rowing organization is the International Rowing Federation, which was established in 1892 and headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland.[3]
Rowing originated in England. Boatmen on the Thames River often held rowing competitions in the 17th century.
In 1715, Britain held the first rowing race to celebrate the coronation of the British King.
In 1775, Britain formulated the rules of rowing competition and established the rowing club in the same year.
In 1811, Eton Public School held the first eight person rowing competition.
In 1829, Oxford University and Cambridge University held the first intercollegiate rowing competition, and then the influence of the competition gradually expanded, and this tradition has been retained.
In 1846, the British installed oars on the side of the boat to increase the length of the oars and improve the rowing effect;In 1847, the outer keel boat with overlapping plates was refitted into a smooth inner keel boat, which improved the speed of rowing.
In 1857, Babcock of the United States invented the sliding seat, which enables athletes to move forward and backward when rowing, and can effectively use leg strength.
In 1882, the Russians changed the closed paddle bolt into a movable paddle ring to increase the stroke range.
In 1890, Britain formulated similar modern rowing competition rules.
In 1892, Turin, Italy was foundedInternational Rowing Federation, there were 6 members at that time.The first European rowing championship was held that year.Since then, international rowing competitions have been organized under the leadership of the International Rowing Federation.
In 1896, the Athens Olympic Games listed rowing as an official event, but it was temporarily canceled due to bad weather.
In 1900, the Paris Olympic Games held rowing competitions with six events.However, the competition rules at that time were not perfect, and the distance, channel and details of the competition were not clear.
In 1923, the headquarters of the International Rowing Federation was moved from Turin, Italy to Switzerland.
In 1934, the International Rowing Federation stipulated that the race must be held on a 2000 meter straight track with a width of at least three boats.
Since 1975, the World Rowing Championships have been held every year.
In 1976, the Montreal Olympic Games set up the women's rowing event for the first time.
In 1982, the Asian Games in New Delhi listed rowing as an official event.
In 1988, the Chinese national rowing team won a silver medal, a bronze medal and a fifth place in the Seoul Olympic Games, breaking the monopoly of European and American athletes in this event.
In 1996, the lightweight rowing competition and new rules were introduced into the Atlanta Olympic Games. Men and women set up lightweight rowing events at the same time, and there were still 14 competitions.
Since 1997, the headquarters of the International Rowing Federation has been located in Lausanne, Switzerland.[3-6]
Rowing
hardware requirements
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Competition venue
Rowing competition must be conducted on still water.From the beginning to the end, it should be a straight channel of the same width.The channel is 2000 meters long and 13.5 meters wide.International rowing competitions usually have more than 6 channels.In addition to the competition distance of 2000 meters, the competition channel also has appropriate preparation waters.At least 100 meters of free water shall be reserved outside the finish line.On both sides of the channel, a safety alert water area with channel width shall be reserved.
The channel is distinguished by buoys connected in series.The interval of buoys is 10 meters or 12.5 meters, and the surface of buoys should be soft, and the diameter should not exceed 15 cm.The colors of buoys on the whole channel are regularly distributed.The buoy is red from the start to 100m, orange or white from 100m to 1750m, and red from 1750m to the end.There should be obvious distance signs every 250 meters on both sides of the whole track.[7]
Competition equipment
Boat
Rowing is a kind of boat specially used for competition and training. It is thin at both ends and has a long and narrow body. The body is mainly made of light materials such as glass fiber reinforced plastics and carbon fiber.The longest eight person boat is 17-18 meters long, and the widest part is 57 centimeters;The smallest single sailor is 8 meters long and the widest is only 29 centimeters.The position of AnGlobe is at the bow, and the position of rudder stabilizer is at the stern.Unlike traditional boats such as dragon boats, rowers face the bow and the stern when sitting on the boat.In multi person rowing, each oar position is numbered from stern to bow.
propeller
Paddle is an important supporting equipment for rowing, and is the main tool for athletes to move the rowing forward. It is generally made of high-quality wood, carbon fiber or a combination of two materials.One end of the oar is a round rod, called an oar handle. When rowing, athletes hold this part to pull and push the oar;The other end is the paddle, which is in the shape of an axe or willow leaf. Its role is to grasp the fulcrum in the water and support the boat forward by using the lever principle.
AnGlobal
The rower's back is in the forward direction and cannot see the situation in front of rowing.In order to avoid the occurrence of safety accidents as far as possible, it is stipulated that a white ball with a diameter of 4 cm and made of soft rubber must be installed on the bow of the rowing boat as a safety buffer device, called the safety globe.
Paddle stand
The paddle rack is usually composed of four or five aluminum alloy thin tubes, and its outer end is a paddle ring that can be opened and closed.The oars are placed between the oar rings and the blades are in the water. When rowing, the power is transferred to the oar stud and the lever principle is used to push the rowing forward.
Pedal stand
The pedal stand is located at the front end of the cabin, with special sports shoes for athletes. It is fixed on the boat, which helps athletes push their legs when rowing.The buckles of sports shoes are usually connected by a thin rope, which is easy to put on and take off. In case of accidents or boat overturning, athletes can quickly pull the shoelaces out of the rowing boat. Therefore, the installation position and angle of the safety rope pedal rack is directly related to the water entry angle and water exit angle of the oars. Proper installation of the pedal rack can help athletes maintain correct rowing posture.
Sliding seat
The sliding seat, also called the seat plate, takes the concave side as the back and faces the bow, and its lower end has four identical wheels that can slide flexibly.The smooth sliding of the sliding seat is conducive to rowing athletes to make full use of the strength of the waist and legs.
Slide rail
There are two skids parallel to the longitudinal axis of the rowing boat under the skid. The four wheels of the skid move forward and backward along the skids. The distance and length of the skids of different types of rowing boats are different.In order to ensure the effective length of the stroke, the length of the slide is generally 70-85cm. The length from the top of the slide near the bow to the transverse line perpendicular to the paddle stud is not less than 65cm.
center fin
The rudder stabilizer is a fixed device at the lower part of the racing boat shell, which is shaped like a fish fin, so it is also called fin rudder.It is generally made of metal and installed on the longitudinal axis below the hull, close to the tail of the boat, to control the direction of travel and maintain stability.[6]
Project classification
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The World Rowing Championships established by the International Rowing Federation have 23 events, divided into four levels.That is, men's open class and lightweight, women's open class and lightweight.Each level is divided into single oars and double oars according to the form of movement;According to the number of participants, it can be divided into single person, double person, four person and eight person rowing;Some events also include helmsman and no helmsman.To simplify, the names of each item are represented by a combination of letters, numbers and symbols: "M" for men, "W" for women, "L" for lightweight, the number of oarsmen, "X" for double oars, "+" for single oars with helmsman, and "-" for single oars without helmsman.Therefore, rowing can be divided into 8 kinds of rowing events according to the number of rowers, weight, oaring mode and whether there is a helmsman or not.[1]
Single scull
The boat is 8m long, 20cm wide, and the lightest weight is 14kg.Each side of the boat is equipped with one oar.When rowing, the athlete's back is facing the bow of the boat, sitting on the front and back sliding seat board, and stretching his legs and arms.Use the left and right oars to control the heading.
Double oars
The boat is about 9.9 meters long, with two pairs of oars in front and back, and two athletes rowing four oars.The method of rowing is the same as that of single rowing, which requires athletes to step in step and cooperate neatly.There is no rudder in the twin oar boat, and the athletes can adjust the course by rowing with both hands.The competition includes men's open class, women's open class, men's lightweight and women's lightweight.
Two men, one oar, no helmsman
The boat is 9.9 meters long, and a pair of oars are installed on the left and right outboard of the boat, with front and rear staggered devices.Two athletes each row one oar, one left and one right.The cooperation should be more orderly and consistent, no matter how hard the force is, the speed of the blade entering and leaving the water, and the range of the paddle, etc.The stern of the boat is equipped with a rudder sight and a wire rope for steering tiller.The rudder stock is connected to the pedal frame of the leading oarsman by the.During the competition, athletes can check whether their boats are rowing straight on the fairway through the sight.If yaw is found, you can use your feet to move the rudder stock and adjust the course.
Two men and one oar with helmsman
In the Olympic Games, there is only one event for men.The ship's length is 11-11.50 meters, and the front and rear devices of the oar frame are supported from left to right.Both hands hold a single handle to row synchronously.There is a helmsman position at the bow or stern of the boat, and the helmsman controls the course with a soft handle rudder.The weight of the helmsman shall not be less than 50 kilograms for men. Those who do not weigh this weight shall be supplemented with sandbags. Those who weigh more than this weight shall not be considered as fouls.The race schedule is 200 so as to reach the finish.
Four person double oars
Four person double sculls have three levels: men's open level, women's open level and men's lightweight level.The boat is 12.5 meters long, 49 centimeters wide and weighs 52 kilograms.The stern of the boat is equipped with a rudder pulled by a cable, which is connected to the right sole of the No. 4 leading oar pedal.If the leader finds yaw, he can control the course of the boat by turning his right foot.There are four oars on the left and right outboard oars of the four person rowing boat. The left and right hands of the four athletes hold four oars respectively. They are required to act neatly and row synchronously. Their speed is second only to that of the eight person rowing boat.
Four people, one oar, no helmsman
The four person single oar helmless pilot has four levels: men's open level, women's open level, men's lightweight and women's lightweight.The boat is 125cm long, 49cm wide and weighs 50kg.Two oars are set outside the port and starboard respectively, and four single oars are staggered in front and back.The stern of the boat also has a rudder controlled by the leader with his right foot to control the course.The athletes should hold an oar with both hands, and the action should be neat and the force should be consistent.This event is often held by some of the eight rowers.
Four men with one oar and helmsman
The four person single oar has two kinds of helmsman, male and female.The boat is 13.5 meters long, and the oars are supported on the left and right cross sides. The head or tail of the boat has the position of a helmsman. The helmsman uses a soft handle rudder to control the steering direction. Four people hold a single handle with both hands to coordinate with synchronized rowing.Male helmsman is used for men's events and female helmsman is used for women's events.The weight of male helmsman shall not be less than 50 kg, and the weight of female helmsman shall not be less than 45 kg. If the weight is less than this, add sandbags to make up;Those who exceed the weight will not be considered as fouls.The distance is 2000 meters for men and 1000 meters for women.Ranking is determined by the order of arrival.It is an Olympic event.
Eight person single oar with rudder
The boat weighs 93 kg and is 17-18 meters long.In order to facilitate transportation, it has been improved and designed as a 2-3 section detachable hull.There are three levels: men's open level, women's open level and men's lightweight level.Four oars are installed on the left and right outboard of the boat body, and eight oars are installed in a staggered manner.The eight athletes held a long oar in both hands and rowed neatly under the command of the helmsman and the oarsman.The helmsman's cockpit is at the bow or stern of the boat, and the steel wire rudder rope is used to control the course.Eight person rowing is the fastest in rowing events. The men's 2000 meters open race can be rowed in about 5 minutes and 30 seconds, and the women's race can be rowed in about 6 minutes.[8][17]
Relevant rules
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Weight requirements
The weight of men's lightweight single rowers shall not exceed 72.5kg;The average weight of a rower in a single event or more shall not exceed 70kg, and the maximum weight of each rower shall not exceed 72.5kg.The weight of female lightweight single rowers shall not exceed 59 kg. The average weight of a rower in more than one event shall not exceed 57 kg. The maximum weight of a single rower shall not exceed 59 kg. The minimum weight of the helmsman is 55 kg for men and 50 kg for women. When the weight is insufficient, the corresponding weights shall be added and placed nearest to the helmsman,The weight shall not exceed 10 kg.Lightweight athletes and helmsman should weigh their weight within 1-2 hours before the first race every day.[4-5]
Departure and sprint
When all participating boats are in place on the starting route of the competition, the starter will issue the password "Two minute preparation".At this time, all competitors will wait for the starter's instructions.When the starter confirms that all contestants and staff are in place, the rowing will be recorded again channel by channel for final confirmation.If the starting point referee still holds the white flag or turns on the white light, the starter can issue the command of "prepare".If the white flag of the starting referee is lowered or the white light goes out, the game will not start.Shortly after the preliminary command is given, the starter will press a button, and the buzzer will sound. The protective baffle blocking the front end of each rowing boat will automatically sink into the water, and the competition will officially begin.If someone is found scrambling for navigation;The starter will use the bell to recall the rowing and start the race again.The rowing with two boat snatching fouls will be disqualified from continuing the race.When the bow of each rowing boat passes through the finish line, the end referee shall press the timer and sound the end whistle to determine the position in the order of passing the finish line.If there is any dispute, it will be judged through the end point video recording.[4-5]
Rowing
Rules
The game must be played on still water.From the beginning to the end, it should be a straight channel of the same width.A single channel is 2000 meters long and 12.5~13.5 meters wide.In addition to the competition distance of 2000 meters, the starting point of the competition channel also has an appropriate water area for preparation activities.At least 100 meters of buffer water shall be reserved outside the finish line.[19]
Competition inspection
Before the rowing competition, the inspection team will conduct a spot check on the weight of the boat, athletes' qualification, clothing color and weight.In national competitions, the weight of the boat is generally weighed before the preliminary contest, but sometimes only spot checks are carried out, which can be carried out before or after the contest.If the spot check is not qualified, the competition results will be canceled immediately.[19]
Rules of departure
The athletes preparing for the race need to row near the starting point and wait for the starter to announce that "a certain channel is x x team" (1 channel xx team), the rowing boats of each group can enter their own channel for practice.In national competitions, the starter usually announces the track order in English, such as the Lane one xx team.
Time prompt
When there are 5 minutes to the game, the starter will report the remaining time, that is, once every 1 minute.When it is announced that "there are three minutes left", each boat should row to its own starting position.When it is announced that there are still "two minutes left", the rowing of each team should be in place, and a warning will be given to the boats that are not in place (equivalent to a scramble).[19]
Foul handling
If the rowing has committed two fouls in a row during the competition (two boat snatches or one boat snatches after being warned for various reasons), it will be disqualified from the competition and will leave the channel and return without impeding other competitors.If other rowing boats set sail correctly at this time, it is unnecessary to recall the whole team.It should be noted that the total number of boat snatches in each group should not exceed three, and the boat snatched for the third time will be disqualified.
The rowing boats with damaged equipment in the 100m departure area need to raise their hands to the referee in time. After the referee confirms, they can be recalled to set sail again.[19]
Important events
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Olympic Games
Rowing is an Olympic event, including individual and team events.The team competition is also divided into two person competition, four person competition and eight person competition.The distance of the competition is 2000 meters, and the competition forms include single event, double event, four event and eight event.In addition to the cancellation of rowing in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 due to wind and waves, rowing has always been an Olympic sport.The women's rowing competition made its debut at the 1976 Montreal Olympic Games, while the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games set up a lightweight event for the first time.There will be 502 rowers participating in the 2024 Paris Olympic Games, including 251 men and 251 women.This figure includes the host country seat (one male and one female) and the participation seat (two male and two female).The establishment of participating seats aims to ensure the wide participation in the Olympic rowing competition.[18]
World Rowing Championships
An international rowing competition organized by the International Rowing Federation.The first competition was held in Lucerne, Switzerland, in 1962, every four years, and every year since 1974.Since 1974, the World Rowing Championships have increased the number of men's lightweight and women's non discriminatory classes, and in 1985, the number of women's lightweight has increased.[5]
Asian Rowing Championships
The largest and highest level rowing event in Asia is held every two years.[9]
National Rowing Championships
The highest level rowing event in China is held once a year.[10]
Organization
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International Rowing Federation: Founded in Turin, Italy, in 1892, it moved to Switzerland in 1923, with its headquarters in Neuchatel, Switzerland.In 1996, its headquarters moved to Lausanne, Switzerland.The purpose of the Federation is to encourage the rational development of rowing and strengthen the friendship between amateur athletes from all countries.[3]
Asian Rowing Federation: Established in November 1982 in Chipur, India, it has 14 member associations.The competition held by the Federation is the Asian Rowing Championships.[11]
China Rowing Association: Established in 1981, it was formerly China Yachting Association.The venue is located in Beijing.The task is to popularize the national rowing sport and improve the technical level;Holding national competitions;Draw up and publish the competition rules;Examining athletes' qualifications;Select and organize international competitions of athletes.[12]
representative figure
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Steve Radgrave, British rower.Radgrave won the gold medal in the men's four man helmless race with his teammates at the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games. This was his fifth consecutive Olympic championship since the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, making him the first endurance athlete in history to win five consecutive Olympic championships.[13]
Zhang Xiuyun, Chinese rowers.Zhang Xiuyun won the championship of quadruple sculling in 1993 World Championships, the runner up of 2000 meters in 1994 World Championships, and the runner up of double sculling in 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games.[14]
Zhu Zhifu, Chinese rowers.Zhu Zhifu was the runner up of the 2002 World Cup and the champion of the 2002 Asian Games.[15]
Zheng Na, Chinese rowers.Zheng Na won the third place in the 2003 World Cup and the second place in the 2004 World Cup.[16]
Related terms
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Positive force: Various types of boats are powered by engines and sails.Whether the engine driven screw propeller or the sail blowing in the wind, its power is continuous.The propulsive force of rowing is intermittent, because when the athletes pull the oars, the blades have a strong role in the water, which produces a positive force to propel the boat forward. This is positive force.When the paddle leaves the water, the boat only depends on the inertial force, where the positive force disappears.
Negative force: The propulsion of rowing is different from that of other boats. When athletes pull the oars, the blades can produce positive propulsion in the water.However, after the paddle leaves come out of the water, there is no propulsive force, and because of the movement of the sliding seat and the direction change of the body mass, there is a great negative force on the boat. This negative force is a negative force against the moving boat.One of the signs of good or bad rowing skills is to limit the role of negative forces and make full use of positive forces.
Stroke distance: refers to the distance of each oar of the boat in the race, that is, the distance of the whole race divided by the number of oars of the boat.For example, the whole rowing race is 2000 meters, and a boat has 250 oars, indicating that the distance of each oar is 8 meters.Therefore, the stroke distance reflects the effect of the athletes' stroke, which is related to the stroke amplitude, paddle frequency and other factors of the athletes.Beginners and young athletes should emphasize stroke distance and improve their rowing skills from the division effect of each oar.
Rowing cycle: refers to the whole process of the second rowing action.The rowing cycle of rowing consists of the entry of the paddle, the division of the paddle, the exit of a leaf, and the return of the paddle.In terms of athletes' movements, they lift, pull, turn and push the oars.The whole rowing cycle is continuous and uninterrupted.
Paddling rhythm: refers to the ratio of speed and force in each stage of a rowing cycle.In a rowing cycle, it is usually required to pull the oars fast and return the oars slowly, and relax when pulling the oars hard and returning the oars.For example, if you row 40 oars per minute, the period of each oar is 1.5 seconds.The rowing rhythm requires 0.5-0.6 seconds for rowing and 0.9-1 seconds for returning.The rhythm of rowing is a sign of whether the athletes' skills are reasonable.[5]
Returnable oar: After the paddle leaves come out of the water, the athlete pushes the handle forward smoothly with both hands.When the two arms are fully extended and the handle is pushed across the knee, the sliding seat will start to move forward, and the upper body will also move forward to the preparatory position of the next paddle naturally.During the whole return, the blades move forward horizontally in space, about 15-20 cm above the water surface.When returning the oar, the body should be stable, natural and relaxed. The action is slower than pulling the oar. The time ratio of returning the oar to pulling the oar is about 2:1.If the period of an oar is 1.5 seconds, it takes about 0.9-1 seconds to return the oar and 0.5-0.6 seconds to pull the oar.The athletes can get a short recovery of physical strength each time they pull the oars because they are more relaxed when returning the oars.Therefore, it can be considered that the return of oars and the pulling of oars are the alternation of relaxation and force.
Pull oar: After the paddle enters the water, the weight of the athlete is transferred to the pedal frame through the leg force, and at the same time, the athlete uses various muscles to actively pull the paddle.From the order of muscle force, it is generally believed that the pulling of oars mainly depends on the leg force at the beginning, then the back muscle, and finally the active force of the shoulder and arm.When pedaling and pulling the oars, the sliding seat moves towards the bow on the slide rail. At this time, the athletes are required to make full use of their own weight, like hanging on the handle of the oars to transfer all the power to the blades.On the other hand, the smaller the movement of the blades in the water, the better the effect of the stroke.In the whole rowing cycle, the rowing stage is the power stage to propel the rowing, and this stage should enable the athletes to give full play to their physical strength.
Flat oar: refers to the athlete placing the blade flat on the water. When the oar is flat, the athlete's body is relaxed, the back of the blade touches the water, and the front of the blade faces the sky.Flat oar is also a kind of command. When an athlete encounters an obstacle or needs to stop rowing near the dock during rowing, the helmsman or coach can use the command of "flat oar" to ask the athlete to stop rowing.
Press an oar: After pulling the oars, straighten your legs on the turnpike, and lean your torso back about 35 degrees in the vertical position of the sliding seat.Bend your arms to the diaphragm, gently grab the paddle handle with your palms and move it to your abdomen, and press it in an arc with your wrist joints to make the paddle blade quickly and vertically come out of the water.It is required to be clean, fast and light.Otherwise, the blade will skim water, which will affect the speed.This is the preparation process of rowing action entering the second cycle.
Paddle entry: After returning the oars, the athletes naturally make both arms fully forward. The front of the blade is that the water surface has turned forward from upward. The blade is perpendicular to the water surface or slightly leans forward. The weight of the blade's head is used to fall, and both arms and hands are naturally lifted at the same time to make the blade cut into the water, forming the best depth for the blade and the neck to submerge into the water.At this time, the athletes quickly make the blades catch the water through body lifting and arm pulling, and at the same time, fully transfer their weight and strength to the pedal frame, so that the boat can be pushed forward by the force.The blade entering the water is the beginning of a rowing cycle, which requires rapid action rather than strong force, and no splash.
Paddle water outflow: At the end of the straight stroke, the upper body should lean back about 25 degrees, and the arm should be bent to pull the stroke to the diaphragm.At this time, gently press the paddle handle with the palm center and the palm root, and make an arc turning movement to make the paddle jump out of the water vertically and quickly turn into a horizontal state.This action of turning the oars requires gentle and rapid action, so that the blades are clean when they come out of the water, without carrying water or pausing.Because after pulling the oars, the boat has obtained the propulsion force and is gliding at the fastest speed.If the action of the paddle is slower than the boat speed when it comes out of the water, it will form the paddle to block the water, thus affecting the forward speed of the boat.
Propeller frequency: refers to the number of strokes per unit time.That is, the number of oars rowed in the whole race divided by the race result.From the point of view of biomechanics, the speed of a ship is determined by the frequency and distance of rowing.These two variables are affected by technology and equipment.Therefore, the improvement of ship speed is mainly from the two aspects of stroke distance and oar frequency. However, the oar frequency cannot be increased indefinitely, nor can the effect of sculling be reduced in order to increase the oar frequency.The frequency of rowing varies from 30-40 oars per minute.The oar frequency of men's eight person rowing is the highest, especially at the time of sailing, even up to 48 oars/minute.In training, different oar frequencies often reflect different training intensities.
Backward oaring: When rowing normally, athletes put their blades in the water and pull them with the front of the blades, while the boat moves forward with the direction of the athletes behind.When reversing the oars, on the contrary, the athletes put the blades in the water, push the oars with the front of the blades, and the boat paddles in the direction of the front and tail of the athletes.Backward propeller is usually used when leaving or berthing or in other emergency situations.
Lift an oar: When turning the blade to a vertical angle to the water surface, lift the handle immediately, and insert the blade into the water from the water surface until it reaches the neck of the blade.The center of gravity of the human body moves back quickly from the pedal board, and the arms and back muscles pull hard at the same time.It is required to move quickly and forcefully, tie the support point of the water, and push the boat forward by the reaction force of the support point of the water, which is the first stage of force generation in periodic rowing.[13]
