Precious metal alloy

chemical substances

Precious metal alloy noble metal An alloy based on one of the metals and composed of other elements. Precious metal alloys have the main characteristics of precious metals. In terms of their specific applications, they have better comprehensive physical, chemical and mechanical properties than single precious metals, as well as high reliability, stability and long life.

Chinese name: Precious metal alloy
chemical formula: Ag-Au、Pt-Rh、Ir-Rh、Pd-Ag- Au

Water solubility: Liquid and solid are infinitely miscible
Application: Use of functional materials

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Development history

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Gold platinum alloy was made in 1763. The invention of hydrogen oxygen blowing pipe in 1802 provides a high temperature means for smelting precious metal alloys. By 1847, all precious metals except osmium and ruthenium could be smelted. After 1892, the electric arc furnace and Induction furnace The melting technology of precious metals and their alloys has been greatly developed. These two furnaces are still the main smelting equipment for precious metals. By the end of the 1930s, there were more than 50 platinum group metal alloy systems available. Since then, precious metal alloys have been widely used in various industrial sectors. Since the 1970s, continuous ingot casting, extrusion, composite (including coating) and other technologies have been gradually applied to the precious metal alloy industry. There are more and more varieties of alloys, product quality is constantly improved, and applications are more extensive. The production of gold, silver and their alloys in China has a long history (see Metallurgical history ）； In 1964, small batch production of platinum group metal alloys began. Since then, the scale and variety of research and production have gradually expanded. By the end of the 1970s, China had produced about 200 varieties of precious metal alloys and about 1000 kinds of profiles of various specifications.

Element type

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The alloy elements used in precious metal alloys are mostly metals (mainly transition metals), and a few are semi metals and nonmetals, with a total number of about 50. Generally speaking, lead 、 antimony 、 bismuth Silicon, phosphorus and iron are harmful impurity elements in precious metal alloys. Among precious metal alloys, there are about 600 alloy series phase diagram It has been studied, including the binary system phase diagrams of most gold and silver, and the binary system phase diagrams of most platinum group metals (with alkali metals alkaline-earth metal There are few studies on the phase diagram with rare earth metals as another component). The alloy systems that have been used (including binary systems, ternary systems and more and more multicomponent systems) mainly fall into four categories according to the type of phase diagram: liquid and solid are infinitely miscible (such as Ag Au, Pt Rh, Ir Rh, Pd Ag Au systems, etc.); The liquid is infinitely miscible, the solid is infinitely miscible at high temperature, but there is an immiscible zone at low temperature (such as Pt Ir, Pd Ir, Au Pt, Au Ni, Pd Ag Co systems, etc.) or Order disorder transition (such as Au Cu, Pt Co, Pt Ni, Pd Cu systems, etc.); Eutectic (such as Ag Cu, Au Sb system, etc.); Peritectic (such as Pt-W, Pd-W, Pt Ag, Au Cr, Pt Ru systems, etc.). In addition, there are a few Intermetallic compound (such as Au Ag Cu Mn Gd, Au Ni Gd, Au Ni Cr Gd).

function

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Precious metal alloys are almost used as functional materials. Precious metal alloys can be classified into silver based alloys, gold based alloys, platinum based alloys and palladium based alloys; It can be divided into Electric contact alloy , thermometric alloy Resistance alloy , resistance strain alloy Elastic alloy 、 Magnetic alloy , catalysts, hydrogen permeation materials, electron tube cathode materials and glass fiber bushing materials, solder, and crucible materials Decorative alloy 、 Dental metallic materials and Numismatic alloy (See Coin Metal ）Etc. The application characteristics of precious metal alloys are: small (small batch and quantity), small (small volume of single items and components), fine (high technical requirements, commonly used in key parts), wide (almost all modern science and technology fields and industrial production departments need) and expensive (more expensive).

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