Fiscal expenditure, also known as public expenditure or government expenditure, is the government's focus on the private sectorMonetary formRepresentedsocial resourcesControl and use of.It is necessary to distinguish between "fiscal expenditure" and "fiscal expenditure":Financial budgetIn a sense, fiscal expenditure refers to the amount of money that the government can control, and related fiscal expenditure refers to the total amount of money actually spent by the government in a certain period of time.When the fiscal revenue is greater than the fiscal expenditure, there will be fiscal surplus in the government budget;Otherwise, there will be a fiscal deficit.Fiscal expenditure is an important aspect of government distribution activities, and the impact of finance on social economy is mainly achieved through fiscal expenditure.Therefore, the scale and structure of fiscal expenditure often reflect the scope of activities and the tendency of policy choices made by a government to realize its functions.Therefore, we can understand the significance of the government's expenditure arrangement for the market to provide public goods from the above two aspects.[1]
Financial expenditure is the payment of financial funds by the government to provide public goods and services and meet the common needs of society.[4]
Financial expenditure and financial revenue together constituteFinancial allocationIt reflects the choice of government policies and the direction and scope of government activities.Therefore, it is an important link in financial distribution activities.[2]
classification
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The classification of government expenditure is to reasonably summarize the contents of government expenditure, so as to accurately reflect and scientifically analyze the nature, structure, scale and benefits of expenditure activities.[4]
expenditure
Expense function classification.It is classified according to the main functions and activities of the government.Expenditure functions are classified into general public services, diplomacy, national defense and other categories, with two levels of funds and items.Expense function category level accounts include: generalpublic service、International Relations、national defense、Public safety、education、Science and technology, culture, sports and mediasocial securityAnd employment, social insurance fund expenditure, health care, energy conservation and environmental protection, urban and rural community affairs, agriculture, forestry and water affairs, transportation, resource exploration, power information and other affairs, business services and other affairs, financial supervision and other affairs, post earthquake recovery and reconstruction expenditure, land, resources and meteorology and other affairs, housing security expenditure, reserve funds, debt service expenditure26 categories of other expenditures and transfer expenditures.[4]
expenditure
Economic classification of expenditure.It is classified according to the economic nature and specific purpose of expenditure.On the basis that the classification of expenditure function clearly reflects the government's functional activities, the classification of expenditure economy clearly reflects how the government's money is spent.The economic classification of expenditure includes wage and welfare expenditure, commodity and service expenditure and other major categories, under which there are category level subjects.The economic category level subjects of expenditure include: wage and welfare expenditure, commodity and service expenditure, subsidies to individuals and familiesenterprises and institutionsSubsidiesTransfer expenditure, gifts, debt interest expenses, debt repayment expenses, capital construction expenses, other capital expenditures, loan on loan, equity participation and other expenditures.[4]
function
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Ensure the normal operation and maintenance of national machinerynational securityConsolidate the expenditure of government power construction at all levels;Expenditure on social public utilities to maintain social stability, improve the quality of the whole nation and have huge external effects;advantageous toeconomic environmentAnd the expenditure on public welfare infrastructure construction with ecological environment improvement and huge external economic effect;yesMacroeconomyExpenditures for necessary regulation and control in operation.[4]care forLow income groupTo adjust societyincome distributionFocusing on, which is conducive to putting the government in orderSocial division of laborThe position in theSocial transfer paymentAnd welfare expenditure.[7]
influence factor
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(1) Economic factors
The influence of economic factors on the scale of financial expenditure is mainly reflected in three aspects: first, the level of economic development;Second, the choice of economic system;The third is the government's economic intervention policy.
(2) Political factors
The influence of political factors on the scale of financial expenditure is mainly reflected in these two aspects: first, whether the political situation is stable;The second is the administrative efficiency of the regime structure.
As far as political stability is concerned, wars or conflicts in a country will lead to an abnormal expansion of financial expenditure.
As for the administrative efficiency of the regime structure, its impact is also relatively obvious.If the administrative structure of a government is too bloated, it will inevitably lead to an increase in administrative funds, otherwise, it will save funds.
(3) Social factors
There are many complex social factors that affect the scale of financial expenditure.The population, cultural background, religious customs and other factors will affect it.
Application project
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summary
Fiscal expenditure The state finance allocates and uses the funds raised to meet the needs of economic construction and various undertakings, mainly including:
(1)Capital construction expenditure: refers to the paid use, appropriationCapital fundExpenditures and loans for special and policy infrastructure investment approved by the state, which are paid as a whole in the amount of infrastructure investment of the departmentDiscount interestExpenditure.
(2)Enterprise potential tapping and transformation funds: meansnational budgetFunds allocated internally for potential tapping, innovation and transformation of enterprises.It includes funds for potential tapping and transformation of enterprises in various departments and loans for potential tapping and transformation of enterprises, subsidies for technological transformation of "five small" enterprises run by county offices serving agriculture, and discount funds for potential tapping and transformation loans.
(3)geological exploration expense"" "refers to the exploration work expenses allocated to geological exploration units in the state budget, including the funds of geological exploration management institutions and their institutions, and geological exploration funds.".
(4)Three science and technology expenses: meansnational budgetThe expenses used for scientific and technological expenditure include new product trial production expenses, intermediate test expenses, and subsidies for important scientific research.
(5)Expenditure on supporting rural productionIt refers to the expenditure of the state finance to support rural collective (household) production.Including subsidies for small-scale farmland water conservancy, well drilling, sprinkler irrigation, etcWater and soil conservation measuresOf subsidies, subsidies for small hydropower stations in rural areas, subsidies for extreme drought relief, subsidies for rural land reclamation, funds for supporting township enterprises and supporting rural areasjoint productionOrganization funds, subsidies for rural agricultural technology promotion and plant protection, subsidies for rural grassland and livestock protection, subsidies for rural afforestation and forest protection, subsidies for rural aquatic products, and subsidies for developing food productionSpecial funds。
(6) Business expenses of agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, meteorology and other departmentsAgricultural reclamation, farm, agriculture, animal husbandry, agricultural machinery, forestry, forest industry, water conservancy, aquatic products, meteorology, technical promotion of township enterprises, promotion of improved varieties (demonstration), animal and plant (livestock, forest) protection, water quality monitoring, exploration and design, resource investigation, cadre training and other expenses, and subsidies for garden specialty fields,Secondary professional schoolFunds, subsidies for aerial seeding forage experiment, funds for forestry institutions and meteorological institutions, fishery administration fees and agricultural management fees, etc.
(7) Business expenses of industry, transportation, commerce and other departments:national budgetExpenditures for personnel and public funds paid to various departments of industry and commerce for business development, including exploration and design fees, secondary professional school funds, technical school funds, and cadre training fees.
(8)Culture, education, science and health expensesIt refers to the personnel and public expenditure of the national budget for culture, publishing, cultural relics, education, health, traditional Chinese medicine, public medical care, sports, archives, earthquake, ocean, communication, film and television, family planning, training of party, government and mass cadres, natural science, social science, science and technology associations and special funds for high-tech research.It mainly includes wages, subsidized wages, welfare benefits, retirement benefits, grants, official expensesEquipment purchase cost, repair costcost of operationBalance subsidy.
(9)Pension and social welfare relief: refers to the funds used in the national budget for pension and social welfare relief.Including the one-time and regular payment of the family members of the martyrs and the families of the sick and disabled who are paid by the civil affairs departmentPension, pensions for revolutionary disabled persons, various disability subsidies, living subsidies for martyrs' families and demobilized veterans, resettlement fees for veterans, funds for social welfare institutions, management and maintenance fees for martyrs' memorial buildings, relief costs for natural disasters and subsidies for reconstruction after catastrophic natural disasters.
expenditure
(10)Administrative institutionsRetirement expenditure: refers to the retirement expenditure of administrative institutions under centralized management.(11) Social securitySubsidy expenditure: meansnational budgetSubsidy expenditure for social security, includingsocial insurance fund Subsidies, employment promotion subsidies, subsidies for laid-off workers of state-owned enterprises, and subsidies to supplement the nationalSocial security fundEtc.
(13)Administrative expenses: IncludesAdministrative expenses, subsidies for parties and groups,Diplomatic expenditurePublic security expenditure, judicial expenditure, court expenditure, procuratorate expenditure and subsidies for public procuratorate and legal case handling expenses.
(14) Policy subsidy expenditure: refers to the expenditure approved by the state and allocated by the state finance for grain, cotton, oil and other productsPrice subsidy expenditure。It mainly includes price differential subsidies for grain, cotton and oil, price control subsidies and sugar reserve subsidies,Means of agricultural productionPrice differential subsidy, grainRisk fund, non-staple food risk fund, local coal risk fund, etc.
(15) Debt interest expense:national budgetExpenditures used to repay interest on domestic and foreign debts.
The scope of financial expenditure mainly includes:
First, ensure the normal operation of national machineryMaintain national securityConsolidate the expenditure of government power construction at all levels, such as expenditure on administration, national defense, diplomacy, public security, justice, supervision, etc.
expenditure
The second is to maintain the stability of the whole society, improve the quality of the whole nation, and spend on social public utilities with huge external social effects, such as social security, science and technology, education, health, culture, poverty alleviation and other expenditures.
Third, it is conducive to the improvement of the economic environment and ecological environment, which is of great significanceexternal economyEffective public welfare infrastructure construction expenditure, such as water conservancy, electricity, roads, bridges, environmental protection, ecology and other expenditures.
Fourth, China's economy is nowTransition periodUnder the condition that the market mechanism is not perfect, the state should also have necessary control over the macroeconomic operation, and the finance should also have certain financial resourceseconomic activityAppropriate intervention
effect
（1） The role of fiscal expenditure on efficiency
（2） The role of fiscal expenditure in fairness
（3） The role of fiscal expenditure in stable economic growth
scale
（1） The scale of fiscal expenditure refers to（Budget year）The absolute amount and relative ratio of the government's arrangement and use of financial funds through financial channels, that is, the absolute amount and relative amount of financial expenditure. It reflects the state of the government's participation in distribution, reflects the government's functions and the scope of government activities, and is to study and determineFinancial allocationAn important indicator of scale.
① The concept of absolute index: expressed in a country's monetary unitfiscal yearActual arrangement and use by domestic governmentFinancial fundsAmount of.
② The role of absolute indicators: First, it is the basis for calculating relative indicators;Second, for absolute indicatorstime seriesBy comparison, we can see the trend of the development and change of the scale of financial expenditure
① The concept of relative indicators: the ratio of absolute indicators to relevant indicators.
② Role of relative indicators:
The relative index itself can reflect the position of government public economic departments in the process of social resource allocation;
The horizontal comparison of indicators can reflect the differences in the status of governments in social and economic life in different countries or regions;
Through the vertical comparison of indicators, we can see the development trend of the status and role of the government in social and economic life.
The increasing fiscal expenditure seems to be a rule in the economic development of market economy countries.
Adolf Wagner, an economist in Germany in the 19th century, proposed that with the increase of per capita income, the relative size of the public sector would also increase.The relative scale of fiscal expenditure has increased accordingly.This is called“Wagner's Law ”。
Reasons for growth
oneeconomic factors : level of economic developmenteconomic systemThe government's economic intervention policy;With the development of industrialized economy, the market structure of imperfect competition has become more prominent. The market mechanism cannot fully and effectively allocate the entire social resources. The government needs to re allocate resources to achieve high efficiency of resource allocation.
2. Political factors: political situation and administrative efficiency;With the industrialization of the economy, the relationship between the expanding market and the actors in these markets has become more complex, which requires the establishment of a judicial system and management system to regulate the socio-economic activities of actors.
3. Social factors: population, culture, etc.Urbanization and high residential density will lead toExternalitiesAnd crowding, which require government intervention and regulation.Finally, education, entertainment, culture, health care and welfare servicesincome elasticity of demandThe government is required to increase expenditure in these areas.That is to say, with the increase of per capita income, people's demand for the above services will increase faster, and the government will increase spending for this.
4. International relations
(The above information is from Suzhou University《Finance》）
National fiscal expenditure
performance evaluation
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Correlation degreeThe analysis generally includes the following calculations and steps: transformation of original data, calculation of correlation coefficient, calculation of correlation degree, and arrangement of correlation order.First, the original data should be transformed.A new series is obtained, in which GDP is the parent series and various fiscal expenditures are different sub series.[5]
After the data is initialized, the correlation coefficient is calculated.Assuming that the parent sequence after data transformation is (x0 (t)) and the sequence is (xi (t)), where i is the number of subsequences (i=1, 2, 3, 4, 5), then when time t=k, the correlation coefficient between the parent sequence and the subsequence is L0i (k), and its calculation formula is as follows:[5]L0i(k)=Δmin+ρ*ΔmaxΔ0i(k)+ρ*Δmax[5]
Where, Δ 0i (k) is the absolute difference of two comparison sequences at time k, that is, Δ 0i (k)=x0 (k) - xi (k);Δ min and Δ max respectively represent the minimum and maximum absolute differences of all comparison sequences at each time. Since the comparison sequences are transformed to the same starting point (or intersection), it is generally taken as Δ min=0;ρ is the resolution coefficient, which is used to weaken the influence of excessive Δ max value and distortion, and improve the significance of difference between correlation coefficients. ρ∈ (0,1), generally between 0.1 and 0.5.Finally, the correlation degree between various fiscal expenditures and GDP is calculated according to the correlation coefficient between them. The calculation formula is as follows:[5]
R0i=1n ∑ nk=1L0i (k), where r0i is the correlation degree between the sub sequence i and the parent sequence, and n is the number of data.It has the worst effect on economic growth, which may be because other expenditures, including social security and policy subsidies, are mainly used to promote social equity and improve the welfare of residents, rather than to promote economic growth.[5]
Local expenditure
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whole country
The 2023 government work report points out that over the past five years, more than 70% of the national fiscal expenditure has been spent onPeople's livelihood[10]。
Beijing
The financial expenditure has ensured the steady progress of the city's key work, in-depth implementation of the city's overall plan, and focus on constructionInternational Science and Technology Innovation CenterWe will further improve the quality of urban and rural development and continue to improve the quality of people's lives.All departments and units conscientiously implement the spirit of the eight central regulations, and further reduce general expenditures such as "three official" funds and conference fees.[8]
In terms of problems found in the audit, in the municipal budget management, the main reason is that the budget management is not strict and standardized enough, the performance management of some expenditure policies still needs to be strengthened, the expenditure of some special transfer payment funds related to agriculture is slow and the management is not in place, the declaration management of some new government bond projects is not strict, and the implementation of the performance management requirements of government investment projects is still not in place.In the budget implementation of municipal departments, there are problems such as low performance in the use of informatization construction funds, and inadequate management of government procurement services and government procurement matters.The implementation of the relief policy for people in need is not accurate enough.The implementation of some risk prevention and control policies for municipal financial enterprises is not in place, the purchase plan of some fixed assets of administrative institutions is not connected with the budget approval, and some units rent out assets in violation of regulations.[8]
On the basis of expanding the financial revenue cake, the financial departments at all levels of the city vigorously promote various financial reforms and comprehensively implementCentralized treasury collection and payment systemWe will accelerate the construction of the financial project, steadily implement the construction of the "two bases" of finance, and comprehensively implement the new non tax revenue collection systemFine managementThe level has been significantly improved, the ability to make overall arrangements for financial funds has been further enhanced, and the scale of financial expenditure has reached new highs[3]。
Gansu
The provincial finance takes the "three guarantees" as the hard task, insists on financial sinking, and increases the financial support to the grassroots, especially in difficult areastransfer payment Efforts should be made to strictly implement the expenditure budget review, payroll account management, implementation monitoring, risk prevention and disposal mechanism, and firmly secure“guarantee to provide high-quality”The bottom line is to ensure the smooth operation of county and district finance.We will continue to ensure and improve the basic livelihood of the people. For major livelihood policies at the central and provincial levels, the overall financial resources will be fully guaranteed. The per capita financial subsidies for basic public health services and basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents will be increased by 5 yuan and 30 yuan respectively.Continue to arrange funds to reward cities and prefectures that have won "Contribution Award" and "Progress Award", and accelerate theRural revitalizationThe fund was set up and operated to fully stimulate the enthusiasm of the county level and take multiple measures to support the growthCounty Economy 。[9]
Development trend
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expenditure
With a view to the future, the optimization and adjustment of the scale and structure of financial expenditure will continue to focus on the work of "missing" and "offside". Following the basic functions of public finance, financial funds will jump out of the past and focus only onProduction and constructionThe transaction paradigm extends toInfrastructure construction, social management, economic regulation andimprove people's livelihoodAnd other public service fields;Financial fundsIt will focus on cities and developed areas in the past and expand to the vast majorityRural areas, especially to the underdeveloped areas in the west;Financial funds will be further returned to“Publicity”On track, capital investment is mainly used to meetPublic needsWill gradually reduce and curb the excessive growth of administrative expenses, and further expand the scope of education, health, culturesocial securityAnd other public sectors, pay more attention to people's livelihood and promotesocial equity We will continue to improve the public expenditure system.[6]
What financial distribution pursues is the maximum benefit of the whole society.[2]
