Zhenguan, the second emperor of the Tang DynastyTang TaizongLi ShiminThe year of the ruling period, from the first month of the first year of Zhenguan (627 years) to December of the twenty third year of Zhenguan (649 years), totaled 23 years.
Tang TaizongMake every effort to expand the territory and becomeChinese historyThe famous Mingjun.During his reign, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty was able to appoint people with integrity, and used them wisely;Speak widely, respect life, self restrain, and accept advice modestly;We have also taken some measures to put agriculture first, practice strict economy, recuperate, revitalize culture and education, and improveImperial examination systemSuch policies have made the society stable;At that time, they vigorously pacified foreign aggression, respected the customs of border ethnic groups, and stabilized the border.At that time, the title was "Zhenguan" (627-649), so it was called“Governance of Zhenguan”。
model official revered for wisdom and integrity[1]
In the ninth year of Wude,TurkicEncroaching on the Tang border,Li JianchengtowardsLi YuanSuggested byLi YuanjiTo be commander in chief and go to the Turks.Geng Cheng, the leader of the Prince's MansionWang YuHe told the King of Qin that Li Jiancheng wanted to take control of his troops and horses, and was going toKunming LakeSet an ambush to killLi Shimin。So Li Shimin decided to strike first.
After that, Li Shimin killed Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji and removed them from their ancestral records.
LaterLi YuanThree days after giving up the military and political power to the King of Qin,Li ShiminHe was appointed as the Crown Prince, and the imperial edict said: "Since now, no one has heard of the execution of the Crown Prince and heard of it.".
Augustninth day of a lunar monthOn September 4th, Li Yuan abdicatedoverlordZen is located in Li Shimin.Li Shimin ascended the throne for Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty.
In October of that year, Li Jiancheng was posthumously granted the title of Xiyin King and Li Yuanji the title of Hailing La King.The next year, Zhenguan was renamed.
In 642, recoveryLi JianchengHe is the Prince of Reclusion,Li YuanjiIt is the King of Nestle.
Governance of Zhenguan
Tang Taizong Li Shimin[2]
Emperor Yang of the Sui DynastyIt caused chaos at the end of the Sui Dynasty, caused extremely serious damage, and led to a sharp decline in the population《A synopsis》According to records, there were only more than 2 million households in the late Sui Dynasty and the early Tang Dynasty.[3]
Renyin Day, April 26, the second year of Zhenguan (June 3, 628), born in ShuofangLiang LuorenkillXiazhouLeader of separatist forcesLiang Shidu, surrender to the Tang Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty unified the country.
In the fourth year of Zhenguan (630), Li Shimin orderedLi JingHe left the northern part of the Great Wall to challenge the hegemony of East Turks in East Asia.Tang JunLi Shimin was ordered by Li Jing to destroy the East TurksWestern RegionsAll countries revere it as "Heaven Khan".
Li Shimin himself is a man of both bravery and eloquence. During his tenure, Li Shimin encouraged his officials to criticize his decision-making and style.amongWei ZhengThe court admonished Li Shimin for more than 200 times and told him about the emperor's mistakes. In the early dynasties, Li Shimin was embarrassed and unable to step down.
《Comprehensive Mirror for Aid Government》It is recorded that after Li Shimin abolished the crown prince, Li Chengqian, in the 17th year of ZhenguanLi ZhiBefore becoming the crown prince, Li Shimin's third son and first younger brother (the eldest son, Li Chengqian and the fourth sonLi Tai, WuziLi You, and Li Yuanchang, the seventh younger brother) all sought the throne, which made Li Shimin frustrated. History records that: "After inheriting the responsibility, Li Shimin was abolished, and the palace of two royal ceremonies was built. All the officials came out and stayed aloneZhangsun Wuji 、Fang XuanlingLi ShijiChu Suiliang, saying, 'My three sons and one younger brother have done so, and I am really bored!'Because he threw himself into the bed, Wu Ji and others climbed to the front to hold him. Then he drew a sabre and tried to commit suicide. Suiliang grabbed the sabre and gave it to himKing of JinGovernance. "Written by Li Shimin in his later years《Emperor Fan》A book teaches the prince Li Zhi, summarizes his administrative experience, and comments on his life's merits and demerits.
Soon after Li Shimin became emperorliterature centerMode, newHongwen HallAnd further reserve the world's literary talents.In addition, Li Shimin is good at calligraphy. He writes the stele in running script, called "Feibai", and is famous for later generations.
Tang Taizong and his ministersWei Zheng, Wang GuiFang Xuanling、Du Ruhui、Yu Shinan、Chu SuiliangWu Jing also compiled the answers of Wu Jing in the 18th (730) and 19th years of the New Year《Zhenguan dignitary》A book to carry forward the spirit of governance of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty.
political behaviour
1. The politics are relatively clear and honest.
2. The economy developed rapidly.
3. The national strength continues to grow
Political enlightenment
Be prepared for danger in times of peace, take history as a mirror, and put people first.
Reason for success
1. An enlightened thought of governing the country.
2. An enlightened policy of governing the country.
Foreign war
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Tang Dynasty and Turks
Li YuanBefore the start of the war, the rule of the Sui Dynasty had collapsed and existed in name only.When Li Yuan started the war, the territory was very small, only Taiyuan, becauseEmperor Yang of the Sui DynastyThe bad situation left behind, in order to preventTurkicAndLiu WuzhouDuring the attack, Li Yuancai temporarily tied the knot with the Turks.Later, after Li Yuan established the Tang Dynasty, he soon fought with Turks.
On the one hand, the Tang Dynasty defeated many enemies, expanded and carried out a unified war, on the other hand, it resisted the Turks, and also eliminated the separatist forces supported by the Turks, weakened the strength and prestige of the Turkic khans, and also divided the Turks.
History Master Wang Yongxing《On the Military History in the Early Tang Dynasty》It was pointed out that at the end of the Sui Dynasty, China was weak, while the Turks were very strong. The Turkic khans wanted to do TuobaEmperor DaowuSecond, to gain the Central Plains, and there are outstanding people in ChinaLi Shimin, not only unify, but also resist the Turks and smash the Turkic khansEmperor Daowu of the Northern Wei DynastySecond, the attempt to gain the Central Plains was defendedChinese nationThousands of years of civilization;It also eliminated several separatist forces supported by the Turks, weakened the strength of the Turks and hit the prestige of the Turkic khans.[5-6]
In August of the ninth year of Wude (626)Change of Xuanwu Gate, the political situation is unstable, the East Turks wait for an opportunity to invade and attack the capitalChang'anJingyang, only 40 miles away (today's ShaanxiXianyangJingyang County）, the capital shook.
At this time, Chang'an had only tens of thousands of troops. Tang Taizong, who had just ascended the throneLi ShiminMake a plan to suspect soldiers and lead themGao Shilian、Fang XuanlingWait for 6 to rideWeishui RiverAcross the river andJieli KhanDialogues, angrily criticizing JieliSudden profit2. Khan breaks the agreement.The reinforcements of the Tang Dynasty soon arrived, Jieli Khan was afraid, and the Turkic officials came to pay a visit to Tang Taizong.Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty had no empty treasuries.
The original record of empty treasuries "dumping treasuries" comes from novels《Jiahua in Sui and Tang Dynasties》In the Sui and Tang Jiahua, it is recorded that "Jing invited the government to send money for peace, and the hidden army invited him to return. The emperor followed his words, and Hu's troops withdrew. So he was invited by the danger to abandon the old and weak and flee, and he got tens of thousands of horses,Jade and silkNothing is left. "
According to the records in Jiahua of Sui and Tang Dynasties, Li Shimin andLi JingFirst use property to coax the Turks to retreat, and then sendTang JunThey stopped on the way back to the Turks, and the Turks fled. The Tang army captured tens of thousands of horses and recaptured all the property that had been given to the Turks before.If you believe in the saying of "dumping the treasure house", you should also believe that the Turks fled immediately after the Tang army attacked the Turks on the way home. The Tang army recaptured the property given to the Turks and captured tens of thousands of horses.If you don't believe the latter, then there is no reason to believe the saying of "pouring money into the treasury".Moreover, the record of Jiahua in Sui and Tang Dynasties《Old Tang Script》、《New Tang Dynasty Book》、《Comprehensive Mirror for Aid Government》Such historical records are contradictory, so it is not credible that there are empty treasuries and "empty treasuries".
Weishui LeagueThis matter was not a disgrace to quite a few emperors in other dynasties, even a victory.However, because Li Shimin's standards in foreign affairs are too high (Li Shimin believes that the victory is that Li Jing attacked and destroyedTurkic khanates , occupy Monan,Li JiThousands of Tang troops defeated many with fewXue YantuoMore than 50000 people were captured. The Tang Dynasty defeated and occupied the Western Regions, and the Tang Dynasty attacked and destroyed Xue Yantuokhanate, occupyNorth of the Gobi desertThese great victories are regarded by Li Shimin as victories, not humiliations. It can be seen that Li Shimin has high standards in foreign affairs.
But in fact, the situation of the Weishui League was that when the Tang Dynasty saw internal strife and the Xuanwu Gate change and internal instability, the Turks took the opportunity to invade, and the reinforcements of the Tang Dynasty soon arrivedLoss of thinkingDo not return, but stand up and walk out gently,Military appearanceIt is very prosperous and has a fear of looks "(recorded in《Comprehensive Mirror for Aid Government》）The Turkic Jieli Khan was already afraid. At this time, the Tang army could defeat the Turkic army, but could not destroy the Turkic khanate. In order to achieve greater victory, Li Shimin chose to talk about peace and paralyze the Turkic Jieli Khan;Once again, the Huns were defeated, or they were afraid to cultivate morality, and they became resentful to me.Today, I'm fighting a war, trapped in jade and silk, and trying to capture arrogance and recklessness. I must start from here, and gradually break down. It's here!If you want to take it, you must stick to it. This is also called ".Then the two sides reached an agreement on the Weishui River, and the Tang Dynasty gave the Turkic khans property ("trapped in jade and silk"), while the Turkic khans gave the Tang Dynasty 3000 horses and 10000 sheep.The Old Book of the Tang Dynasty, Volume 194, First Biography, Part 144: In September, Jieli offered 3000 horses and 10000 sheep.[7-10]
History master Wang Yongxing《On the Military History in the Early Tang Dynasty》An Analysis of the Weishui River Alliance: Li Shimin's Behavior andMilitary deploymentIt shows strength and fearlessness;Be strong and self strengtheningOn the one hand, it can inspire the people of Tang Dynasty;On the other hand, it can frighten the Turkic Khan and his soldiers.If there are both, it is like Emperor Taizong of the Tang DynastyWords"If you fight with others, you will overcome them, and if you fight with others, you will strengthen them.".[11]
Battle of Xue Yantuo
Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty strove hard to govern, and provoked the relations between the two khans of Jieli and Turki, and between Turkic and Tiele tribes.Since Li Shimin had won many victories over the Turks during the Wude period, the prestige and strength of the Turkic khans were weakened, and the Turks were also divided. In 627, the eastern Turks were divided.
Anti Jieli KhanXue Yantuo、Huihe、Bayegu、TongluoThe tribes were dissatisfied with their policies of changing national customs and implementing them, so they established Xue Yantuo as a khan by virtue of the canon of the Tang Dynasty.Tuli KhanHe also secretly contacted Tang and broke with Jieli Khan.At the same time, the East Turks encountered a heavy snow climate, most of the livestock were frozen to death and starved to death, and the Turkic power became weaker.
After the demise of East Turkistan,Xue YantuoOfZhenzhu Khan Yi maleTook over the native land of East Turkistan.Xue Yantuo ostensibly surrendered to the Tang Dynasty, but secretly expanded his strength.
In 639, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty tried to restore the East Turks and immediately waited for the BikhansAshnasmoIn order to counter the rise of Xue Yantuo, Xue Yantuo fought many wars with him to avoid the newly recovered East Turks.In order to keep the East Turks, Li Shiji attacked Xue Yantuo in 641 and won.
But in 644, when Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty made a expeditionGoguryeo Xue Yantuo's troops launched a new round of offensive to defeat the East Turks and force Ashnasmo to flee back to Yunzhou.Later, Koguryo asked Xue Yantuo for help, but the Yi men hoped to avoid fighting directly with the Tang Dynasty.
In 645, after Yi Nan died, his sonDomi KhanBu Zhuo began to fight with the Tang army.
In 646, the Tang army counterattacked and defeated the vassal of Xue Yantuo after BajiaoHuihe, Tiele and other tribes sent troops tohomicidal death。Pat Zhuo's cousin, Et Bufu, surrendered to the Tang army, and Xue Yantuo perished.
In 608,Sui DynastyAttack Tuyuhun and defeat TuyuhunAcquiescenceEmperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty set up Xihai, Heyuan and other prefectures, but he controlled the smallest in the east for a very short timeHeyuan CountyIn addition, several other counties were not controlled by the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent Fu Shun to manage the rest of the peopleXiping, you can't move forward and have to go back.Several years later, in the late period of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, Tuyuhun Fuyun not only recovered all the lost land, but also attacked Heyou in the Sui Dynastyprefectures and countiesCan't resist.[12]
Tang GaozuDuring this period, Tuyuhun fought again with the Tang Dynasty.
In the ninth year of Zhenguan period (634), Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty sent Li Jing, Li DaozongLi Daliang、Hou Junji, and other generals attacked Tuyuhun.Li Daozong defeated Tuyuhun Army in Kushan (now southeast of Qinghai Lake).Li Jing's subordinate Sagu Wu Ren fought in Mandu Mountain and killed the famous King of Tugu.You generals of the Tang Dynasty defeated Tuyuhun in Niuxindui and Chishuiyuan, captured Murong Xiaojun, Tuyuhun's minister, and captured tens of thousands of miscellaneous animals.Hou Junji and Li Daozong defeated Tuyuhun in Wuhai and captured the famous king Liang Qucong.
Li Jing broke through the three tribes of Tuyuhun Tianzhu in the Red Sea and collected 200000 miscellaneous livestock.He also captured twenty famous Tugu kings and fifty thousand miscellaneous animals, and arrivedQiemoWest boundary.Tuyuhun fell down and ran away,Xue WanjunCommand the cavalry to pursue and defeat the remaining members of Tuyuhun.Fu Shun, the son of Fu Yun, King of Tuyuhun, led the whole country to surrender to the Tang army. Fu Yun hanged himself, and Tuyuhun was attached to the Tang Dynasty.Fu Shun was named KhanPrince XipingTuyuhun became the Tang DynastyDependent country。[13-14]
Tibet War and
Walking chariot
In the eighth year of Zhenguan period (634 AD),TuboSongzan GanbuSend envoys to Chang'an to make peace with the Tang Dynasty.Later, Emperor Taizong sent envoys to Tibet for a return visit.
In 636, Songtsen Gampo sent a special envoy to Chang'an to ask for marriage, but Emperor Taizong did not allow it.
In 638 AD, Songtsen Gampo personally led the army to defeat Tuyuhun and march to the Jimi of the Tang Dynasty under the pretext that Tuyuhun was obstructedethnic minorityMatsushita.Han Wei led his cavalry to investigate the Tibetan army, but was defeated.
The Tang Dynasty sent Hou Junji, holding the lost thoughtNiu JindaWhen the generals fought with Tubo, Hou Junji, the main force of the Tang army, had not yet taken up the fight, and Niu Jinda, the vanguard of the Tang army, had defeated the Tubo army. Songtsen Gampo was greatly afraid, retreated to apologize and quitTangut 、Brandt, Tuyuhun and other places, the Tang Dynasty restored control over Dangxiang, Bailanqiang and Tuyuhun.Songzan Gampo sent his prime minister Lu Dongzan to propose with 5000 taels of money and hundreds of other treasures.[15]
In the 15th year of Zhenguan period (641 AD), Emperor Taizong of the Tang DynastyPatriarchal womenconfer on sb.Princess Wencheng , marry Songzangambu.Tang Taizong sent Jiangxia KingMinister of RitesLi Daozong escorted Princess Wencheng to Tibet.Songtsen Ganbu greeted Baihai in person and treated Li Daozong respectfully as his son-in-law treated his father-in-law.
After returning to China, Songtsen Gampo built a city for Princess Wencheng and built a palace for Princess Wencheng to live in.Princess Wencheng did not like the ochre face custom of the Tubo people, and Songtsen Gampo ordered to ban the ochre face custom of the Tubo people.[16]
When Emperor Taizong returned from Koguryo, Songtsen Gampo presented the golden goose and sent an envoy to write: "Your majesty will calm the world, shine on the sun and the moon, and govern it.KoreaRelying on the distance, you can't lead in the ceremony. The Son of Heaven will spend the Liao Dynasty by himself. The city will be damaged and the battle will be victorious. Although the wild geese fly in the sky, there is no speed.The goose is like a wild goose, and the minister sincerely smelts gold for the goose. "[17]
War with Western Regions
Tang TaizongAfter the elimination of the East Turks, the Western Regions (i.e. modern Xinjiang andCentral AsiaRegion)West TurkicAnd the imposition of some loosely allied oasis countriesMilitary strength, mainly aimed at the Western Turks, to restore the rule of the Western Regions since the Han Dynasty.King GaochangQu WentaiAnd the Western Turks wanted to set up a coalition to block the trade routes in the Western Regions and attack the Tang DynastyIllinois。
In the winter of 639, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty took Hou Junji asGeneral Manager of Jiaohe Road Army, led the troops to attack Qu Wentai, the King of Gaochang.
In 640, when Tang Jun arrived at Qikou, Qu Wentai was frightened and died of illness.Its sonQu ZhishengShortly after he ascended the throne, Hou Junji besieged the city and Qu Zhisheng surrendered to the Tang army.Gao ChangguoThree prefectures, five counties, twenty-two cities, eight thousand households and more than 30000 people belonged to the Tang Dynasty, and Gaochang State ended.The Tang Dynasty set up in GaochangXizhou。
Tuyuhun KhanAcquiescenceFollowing the advice of the minister King Tianzhu, he repeatedly violated the western border of the Tang Dynasty. In 634, Zhao Dekai, the envoy of the Tang Dynasty, was detained. In June, Emperor Taizong of the Tang DynastyDuan ZhixuanIn December, Li Jing, Hou Junji, Li Daozong and others were appointed as the marching chiefs to fight against Tuyuhun.
In 635, Fu Yun was defeated and killed by his subordinates.Son of Fu YunMurong ShunKill King Tianzhu, establish himself as Khan, surrender to the Tang Dynasty, and Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty canonizes Murong Shun as Tuyuhun Khan.
After the death of Murong Shun, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty conferred the title of Murong Shun's son in 636NuohboKhan for Tuyuhun.
In 644, Yanqi, an ally of the West Turks, attacked Xizhou,AnsiPatronageGuo XiaoqueHe was the commander in chief of the Xizhou Road march, crusading Yanqi, occupying Yanqi and capturing the kingLongtu riding branchHowever, Yanqi broke away from the Tang Dynasty again later.
In 648, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty sent Ashnasher and Guo Xiaoke to lead the army to crusade Yanqihe, who was dependent on the Western Turksqiuci(Today's XinjiangAksu）And conquer the two countries.Then Shule and Khotan came under the control of the Tang Dynasty and moved the Anxi Prefecture to Kucha,FuningWestern Regions, Tongqiuzi, Yanqi, Khotan and Shule, known in historyFour Towns in Anxi。
In the fourth year of Zhenguan period, Siyi Junchang asked Tang Taizong to“Day Khan”，[18]It means the total emperor of the world or the total owner of the world."Tian Khan" is both aEmperor of Tang DynastyIt is also a meaningful international organization system, representing the obedience of the surrounding ethnic groups to the Tang Dynasty emperor.
Expropriation of Koguryo
In 642,Goguryeo Eastern adultsYeon Gaesomun Kill Queen Rongliu and make Gao Treasure the king and call herself the regent of "Da Mo Li Zhi".To conquer Yuangai Suwen and protect the allies of the Tang DynastySillaTang Taizong believed that it was necessary to fight against Koguryo.
In 644, Tang Taizong led Li Shiji, Li Daozong, Zhang LiangheZhangsun Wuji Unify 100000 troops to fight in Koguryo.Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty fought in Koguryo and wonMuch greater thanLosses.The Tang army broke through Baxuentou, Hengshan, Gaimou, MomiLiaodong, BaiyanPeishaThe ten cities of Maigu, Yinshan and Houhuang have moved 70000 people to China from Liaoning, Gai and Yanzhou.In the three wars of Xincheng, Jian'an and Zhubu, more than 40000 enemy troops were beheaded, while nearly 2000 Tang troops died, and seven or eight tenths of their horses died.[19]Because the local early cold, grassLow waterFrozen, the soldiers and horses could not stay for a long time, and the food was running out, so Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty ordered the teachers.[20]After that, Tang Taizong sent Li Ji, Niu Jinda and Li Hai'an to lead troops to attack Koguryo, and they also won.
In 646, after the Tang Dynasty and Huihe defeated Xue Yantuo, in 647, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty ordered Niu Jinda to lead the army to attack by sea and Li Shiji to lead the army to attack by landLiaodong Peninsula。
In 648, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty re sentXue WancheHe led the army to attack the Yalu River estuary from the sea.
Later, Tang began to gather land and sea forces to prepare for another large-scale attack on Koguryo in 649.
However, after Tang Taizong died in 649, Tang GaozongLi ZhiSuspend the plan of the Eastern Expedition.Later, Tang Gaozong united with Silla to defeat Japan and destroy itBaekje , Koguryo.
In 668, Tang Gaozong, together with Silla, destroyed Koguryo, with 697000 registered households, and establishedAnton Du Residence GuardTo control Liaodong.
Zhenguan Territory
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In the north, in the fourth year of Zhenguan (630 years), the Tang army destroyed the East Turks, and Monan became the Tang DynastySphere of influence。
In the 20th year of Zhenguan (646), it was wiped out againXue YantuoSo far, the vast areas in the north and south of the desert belong to the sphere of influence of the Tang Dynasty.
In the northwest, in the fourth year of Zhenguan, the Tang DynastymurmurSeven cities establishedSii, began to operate in the Western Regions.
In the 19th year of Zhenguan period (645), the court of the Tang Dynasty movedAnxidu Residence Guardreachqiuci。
In the northeast, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty conquered Koguryo in 644 and captured ten cities in Koguryo.[19]
Historical evaluation
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Wang Yongxing, a famous historian, "A Brief Commentary on the Military History of the Early Tang Dynasty": Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty is the most important and knows the military best.Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty was an outstanding person who never came out of the world. He was a major figure in promoting historical development and changing the situation in Asia.[21]
《Zhenguan dignitary》Praise the governance of Zhenguan: Most officials are pure and honest. They belong to the family of princes and concubines. They are a group of great and cunning people. They don't dare to invade and deceive small people.There were no thieves in the business trip. The prison was always empty. Last year, only 29 people were killed.He also frequently sent Fengren, rice and three coins, horses and cattle, and wild fields. He traveled from Beijing to Lingbiao, and from Shandong to the sea, without paying for food, he gave it to the road.When entering Shandong villages, visitors who pass by must be provided with more money, or there will be gifts and legacies when they send.This is unprecedented in ancient times.
Later Jin DynastyOfficial repairOfficial history《Old Tang Script》Liu XuHis comments were: "Shi Chen said:" I see that Emperor Wen has made a lot of achievements, and he is smart and powerful. If you choose people, you will not be selfish to the party, and if you are ambitious, you will use up your talents. So Qu Tu and Yuchi are willing to fall in love with their enemies; Ma Zhou and Liu Ji are estranged from each other and die in Junheng. When they finally get to the peaceful stage, you should forgive me. Try to talk about it: the foundation is moist and the clouds are thriving, and insects are chirping and the crickets are jumping. ".Although Yao and Shun were saints, they could not be pacified with Taowu and poverty;Yi and Lv Zhixian cannot prosper for Xia Jie and Yin Xin.When the monarch and his officials met with such difficulties, they even decided to look at their own heart. Worms were flowing and tendons were rising, which made them feel different.With the wisdom of Fang and Wei, they are no more than Qiu and Ke, so they can respect the Lord and protect the people.Or, "What is it to lose love to Kundi and education to scholars with the virtue of Taizong?"?He said: "However, Shun can't be benevolent to the four sins, Yao can't train Danzhu, and Si Qianzhi can't be lenient to the four sins.".In the year when God Yao was in charge of calumny, when he was built to be a man who did not want to do anything, he was afraid of being forced. But who cares about the collapse and the rise of misfortune? He is afraid of the disaster of "destroying the nest", and would rather fear the rumor of "chi bu"?The Holy Father cannot remove the folly he has committed.If the Emperor Wen decided to reserve in the philosophical heirs, he would not aspire to Korea;Employing people is like the beginning of Zhenguan, when he accepted remonstrance and compared with Wei Zheng.Kuang Zhoufa and Zhou Chengzhi are hereditary, and I have left Yan;Compared with the Chinese language and the Han martial arts, he is more ashamed of virtue.He has never been confused by what he has heard. He has been doing good like a stream for thousands of years. He is just one person!Praise said: Chang, Faqi, one door and three saints.Set a high position, and make friends without orders.Guan and Cai both took the lead, while Cheng and Kang Daozheng took the lead.The style of Zhenguan is sung today. "[22]
Official Xiu of Northern Song DynastyOfficial history《New Tang Dynasty Book》Ouyang Xiu、Song QiThe comments of others are: "What a great thing! The king of supreme governance is not born from generation to generation! Yu has the world, and it is said that there are six kings in ten, and Shaokang has the cause of rejuvenation. Tang has the world, and it is said that there are twenty-eight kings, and the one who is very prosperous is called three. The king of Wu has the world, and it is said that there are thirty-six kings, and the governance and publicity of success, health, and others have nothing to say. Although" Poetry "," Book "It is recorded that there are always some shortcomings. However, there have been more than 700 years in three generations, and more than 70 monarchs have been passed down. These six or seven monarchs are outstanding in later generations.Alas, it's rare!The Tang Dynasty has the world and has been handed down for twenty generations. It can be called the three monarchs. Both Xuanzong and Xianzong can't stop it. What a prosperous place!In addition to the chaos of the Sui Dynasty, it compared with Tang and Wu;The beauty of governance is almost perfect and healthy.Since ancient times, both merits and virtues have been outstanding, which has not been seen since Han Dynasty.To the point that he is always in love, stands on the floating chart again, likes to make great achievements, and is diligent in fighting far away, which is what the master of material Yong often does.However, the method of Spring and Autumn Annals is often blamed on the sages, who want to be beautiful in the future, and all of them sigh. "
《New Tang Dynasty Book·Biographies of Beidi: The virtue of Tang Dynasty is great!When the world is covered by the sky, you should know your officials and belong to them;There are no prefectures and counties at home and abroad, so the emperor was respected and called "Tian Khan".Since the Three Kings, there has never been a fault.To the ruler of the wasteland, the flag of the Tang Dynasty will be able to govern the country;In the first place, we should be free from any danger.Therefore, the barbarian treasure was seized by the court.
Zhu XiAndChen LiangBook: "In the heart of Taizong, I fear that all of them are motivated by human desires. They always believed that they could act with hypocrisy and righteousness in order to do their own things. Only those who fought with them at that time could know that their skills were both inferior and could not be measured with benevolence and righteousness. It was because they were good at this that they could achieve their achievements." "As for future generations, we should not follow the ancient etiquette and law all the way. After all, the ancestors should not be established.""Emperor Taizong has done a great job, and the world belongs to him. He has no place to settle down. Only the Emperor Gaozu is not good at dealing with it."
Ge Zhizai in the Yuan Dynasty《Zhenguan dignitary》In the collection, it was said that "The way of cultivating one's moral integrity and the way of making a family clear are worthy of the two emperors and three kings. However, he bowed to himself and accepted advice, appointed the wise and enabled, courteously and frugally and thriftily, generous and loved the people. There is no one but the only one. The next generation, the monarch, chose the good one and followed it, and it would be beneficial to change the bad one!" Here,Taizong was ashamed of the two emperors and three kings in terms of cultivating his moral integrity and making the family clear, mainly referring to the battle between Taizong and his brother Li Jiancheng for the throne.
Official Xiu Emperor's Record of the Ming Dynasty《Record of Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty》Record,Emperor Taizu of the Ming DynastyZhu Yuanzhang went to Nanjing in person on the first day of August in the seventh year of Hongwu (September 7, 1374)Temple of the Past-Ages EmperorsSacrifice to the Three Emperors, the Five EmperorsKing Xia Yu、Shang Tang Wang、King Wu of Zhou、dynastic title of Liu Bang、Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty、Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, Tang TaizongSong Taizu、Emperor Shizu of the Yuan DynastyThere are seventeen emperors in total, among which, the message to Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, is: "Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty has unparalleled heroism, is determined in all directions, and the governance of Zhenguan is a way to show his moral integrity. He who has the virtue of the monarch in the world and has the power to secure the world.Yuan Zhang, with the help of Fidho, ruled the world and inherited the orthodoxy of Chinese emperors. Vonielli saints have died far away. The gods are in the sky and will last forever. Most of the rites of worship have not been held, so there is no such thing as sacrifice.Zhaoxin Temple is used in the capital to list the holy images and Kaiji emperors of all dynasties. It is a permanent ritual to worship the spring and autumn every year.At the beginning of this ceremony, I would like to offer sacrifices to the gods by offering sacrifices to them.Enjoy! "
Ming XianzongWhen ordering Confucian officials to revise and republish Zhenguan Zhengyao, he wrote: "Taizong was a wise monarch in the Tang Dynasty. He helped the world and the people. His greatness and greatness were unparalleled. Unfortunately, those who were upright and self-cultivation were worthy of the way of two emperors and three kings, but his governance was not pure."
Mao ZedongCommenting on Li Shimin, he said: "Since ancient times, there has been no one who can compete with Li ShiminZhu YuanzhangEars. "[23-24]
Wang ZhongluoHistory of the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties: "Among the emperors of the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Xuanzong of the early Tang Dynasty, and Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty are all outstanding emperors.""Wei Zhengshu also said in his article: 'Today, from the east of Yiluo to Haidai, there is a vast expanse of land, a vast expanse of miles, no people, no dogs and chickens. The road is depressed, and it is difficult to advance and retreat.'" "Feudal historians regard the Zhenguan period as an ideal peaceful and prosperous time, which is far from the actual situation."
Chronicle of Events
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The first year of Zhenguan (627)
There are ten national roads.
The second year of Zhenguan (628)
The imperial edict was issued to all localities to set up granaries.
