For the red shift of cosmic spectral lines, there may be three possible reasons for the frequency shift of spectral lines, namely, distance effectDoppler effect、Compton effectThis paper theoretically proposes a method to identify which is the main cause.And put forward the possible influence on the concept of the universe according to the possible results of the experiment.
In Newtonian mechanics, the basic definition comes fromNewton's law of motionTherefore, the concept of the universe has certain limitations, mainly in the following aspects:
Einstein shift
Newton's first law of motionDetermines the existence attribute of matter——inertia。All objects will remain their own when they are not affected by external forcesmotion state 。Such a law extends to the whole universe and determines the existence of the universe.Of course, this alone is not enough,Newton's second law of motionandNewton's third law of motionCan be launchedLaw of conservation of momentum。According to the law of conservation of momentum and Newton's first law of motion, it is natural to deduce the state of the universe, that is, in the macroscopic view of the universe, it is boundless and isotropic.Such a concept of the universe was recognized before the establishment of the relativistic concept of the universe.This concept is usually called infinityCosmology。
The substance itself exceptinertiaIn addition, there is another attribute. This attribute is that there is a kind of gravitation between all objects - universal gravitation.Newton'sLaw of universal gravitationThe action law between objects is determined, which is consistent withNewton's law of motionThere are contradictions in itself.If the universe is finite, then the matter isUniversal gravitationIn the end, all matter will be condensed together due to the action of gravity.If the universe is infinite, the gravitational force of these materials evenly distributed in the inner region of the infinite space will cancel each other.However, this leads to another problem. The superposition of all gravitations will lead toGravitational potentialFor infinity, this is Neumann Seeligerparadox。In theoretical calculation, due to the limitation of the processing method, the model of processing the boundary of the region must be introduced. Therefore, the theoretical assumption of the infinite universe model is invalid, or it is the limitation of the numerical calculation model.This problem reflects the inherent shortcomings of classical mechanics.
In the traditional concept, another contradiction about the uniform, static and infinite universe isAubers paradox, that is, assuming the luminosity of the celestial body is, uniformly distributed with density n, thenSky backgroundThe brightness I of is
In this way, the contradiction that the sky background is infinitely bright appears.In fact, this contradiction does not exist.Because the above processing method ignores an important problem, which is the relationship between the light emitted by stars and distance.As we know, the light intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the light source, which leads to the impossibility of the Aubers paradox.
relativity
Light, as the information of the universe, has attracted people's attention for a long time. On the issue of light propagation, Maxwell in the 19th century proposed the hypothesis of the existence of the ether sea in the space of the universe on the basis of explaining the electromagnetic theory, but when people used experimental methods to verify the existence of the ether, such as the more famous Michelson Morey experiment,But there is no evidence of the existence of the ether.This shows that classical mechanical methods before the 19th century cannotElectromagnetic theoryThe problem of light propagation can be explained well, or further, the classical mechanics and electromagnetic theory are incompatible, and the objective facts using experimental methods do not support such a conclusion, at least in the 19th century.
Einstein based on the empirical facts at that time (mainly based on the following two assumptions:light speedIt has nothing to do with the movement of the light source. Second, the conclusion that the speed of light measured by various methods is an approximate constant is proposedInertial frame of referenceIrrelevant conclusion.It is further proposed that the speed of all objects cannot exceed the speed of light, and the speed of light is set asLimiting speed。This is often calledSpecial relativityOfPrinciple of invariance of light speed。Through this way, the connection of electromagnetic theory is established.This actually establishes a relationship between the movement and quantification of objects in the universe, or the relationship between the descriptive states of objects in the universe.Of course, this alone is not enough, because there are quantitative bodies and quantized bodies in the process of quantification, which is realized through the inertial system, that is, the theory of special relativityPrinciple of relativity。
The relativity principle of special relativity is actuallyGalileo's principle of relativityThere is almost no difference in the content of the principle.That is, the principle of mechanical laws is the same in all inertial reference frames.Or further, yesNewton's law of motionIt is extended to describe the application of the system.On the other hand,Newtonian mechanicsThe universality of laws is compatible with the laws of Newtonian mechanics in relativity.staySpecial relativityThe universal quantitative law of the inertial reference frame has laid a foreshadowing for the quantitative state of the universe.
As we know before, there are two attributes of matter itself. One attribute is inertia. Einstein used inertia andPrinciple of invariance of light speedEstablished special relativity descriptionInertial frameThe foundation of.The other attribute is gravity. What is the description of gravity?Now let's look at this problem.
The relationship between the universal gravitation and the action of matter itself is an empirical convention. In this relationship, classical Newtonian mechanics adoptsInverse square lawTo describe this problem.Einstein took a different path and made equivalent treatment through the equivalent mode of acceleration and gravity, orInertial massEquivalent toGravitational mass。ifSpecial relativityIs to deal with the problem of inertial frame, thenGeneral relativityIt is to deal with the problem of non inertial reference frame.In the problem of general relativity - the problem of principle, we have discussed this problem. Inertial mass and gravitational mass do not need to adopt the equivalent model for empirical convention, and they are both mechanical definition systems.There is another meaning in general relativity, which is to establish the relationship between special relativity and general relativity in terms of concept, scope and description mode through equivalent mode. In terms of the mode equivalent to special relativity, objects are differentInertial frame of referenceIn the process of switching（Variable speed movement）The rate of change of time and space is formed. If the variable speed movement is stable, such as a rotating system with uniform angular momentum, then the rate of change of time and space is the same.We know that variable speed motion is equivalent to gravity, which makesGeneral relativityIt has similar description mode and can even switch equivalently.Mathematically adoptcurvaturetensorThe introduction of the gravitational system makes the mathematicalSpace bendingIt becomes a visual description mode.
Caused by a gravitational systemSpatial curvatureIn the description, there is no doubt that a kind ofCentrosymmetric。Then, if the whole universe system is regarded as a gravitational system, it will undoubtedly be a sphere.If the distribution of matter in the universe is uniform, then a quasi sphere will be obtained.
After all, the theory of relativity is a theory. Let's see whether the modern universe theory and objective facts support this conclusion.
"Expanding" the universe
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executive summary
The concept of cosmic expansion mainly comes from the measurement of the distance of stars. The extreme distance measured with the long axis of the earth as the baseline does not exceed 150 light-years by using the geometric triangulation method. The linear velocity of the star cluster rotation is calculated by using the angular displacement and Doppler effect of spectral lines in a certain period, and the measured distance does not exceed 3000 light-years,Exceeding this limit, the Cepheid is usedPulsating variable starThe distance measurement method of the standard light source is to know the absolute brightness of the celestial body and compare it with the standard light source.Around 1914, V.M. Slipher found several cubic kilometers/second velocities greater than 10 to leave our celestial bodies according to the red shift of spectral lines.About ten years later, Hubble measured the distance of these objects, which proved that these objects were distant galaxies with a distance of more than 10 light years to the 7th power.However, if the distance of stars is too far, they cannot be distinguished and seen. In this case, some take the brightest star in the galaxy as the standard, and some can only use the overall brightness of the galaxy as the standard to determine the distance and redshift of more galaxies as far as possible. After sorting out, in 1922, Hubble found a galaxy with a huge redshift, and its retrogression speed is proportional to the distance.Where, isHubble constant, whose value is, he thinks it is caused by the uniform expansion of the universe.
Later, it developed after World War IIradio telescopeThe observation scope is expanded, but the radio wave is almost continuous, so the amount of information is very little.Only the redshift of the 21cm spectral line measured from the nearest galaxy is similar to the optical observation.
From cosmic physics
In the concept of cosmic expansion, the main evidence comes from the red shift of spectral lines of cosmic rays. So, the only explanation for the objective fact of the red shift of spectral lines is whether the spectral emitters are away from us?If the emission of spectral lines is far away from us, which is the only explanation for the red shift of spectral lines, then the explanation for the expansion of the universe is true, otherwise, it cannot be true.The key to this conclusion is that the red shift of spectral lines and the fact that the spectral emitters are away from us are the only corresponding explanations.Or the main explanation, and other possible explanations can be ignored.
We're a little rightlight waveandCosmic spaceAfter analyzing the environment, we know that this explanation is not the only one, let alone the main one.Now let's look at the explanation of the possibility of causing redshift of spectral lines.
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Possible redshift caused by medium transmitting wave
(Hypothetical, probably nonexistent)
The explanation for the possibility of causing redshift of spectral lines can be discussed from conventional waves.
We throw a stone from the calm water surface, then the stone will form on the water surfaceSurface waveAs long as we pay a little attention, we will find that the movement speed of the wave crest will become slower and slower as the water surface wave is transmitted to the distance.The reason is due to the viscosity coefficient of water.
stayacoustic waveThere are similar results in the above. The sound of thunder near is clearer, while the sound of thunder far away is lower. The reason is that the sound pressure and the movement speed of molecules caused by the sound source will be reduced due to the loss.[See the second problem of velocity - vibration and wave (I)]
The two aboveMechanical waveOnTransfer processThe frequency redshift caused by is caused by the medium transmitting the wave, or by the mechanical properties of the medium.Of course, this is similar to theelectromagnetic waveIs a wave with completely different properties.The same analogy cannot be made.
However, the transmission medium of light does not exist.In the nineteenth century,etherAfter being denied by the Michelson Morey experiment as the transmission medium of light, other effective and accepted media have not been proposed.If the medium transmitting light has mechanical properties, then the attenuation redshift of spectral lines is inevitable.Unfortunately, no such medium has been found so far.
(In addition, as for the transmission medium of light, Mr. Tong Zhengrong once proposed the wg particle, which is a particle associated with gravity. In the process of light transmission, there is a distance effect. I haven't read Mr. Tong's article, but I occasionally saw his posts on the forum, and also expressed similar content about the red shift of distance.)
Therefore, three methods can be used for the redshift of light in distant galaxies, namely, Compton scattering caused by matter in the universe and redshift caused by the absorption of light energy by charged particles;The distance redshift on the scale of the universe caused by the expansion of the universe;Formed by the movement of celestial bodiesDoppler shift。
Redshift caused by matter in space
There are a large number of light atomic particles and elementary particles in the vast cosmic space, and light will scatter when passing through these particles.Considering the effect of light and these particles, there will be a phenomenon of reducing the frequency of spectral lines, which is usually calledCompton effect。The Compton effect traditionally refers to the collision process between light and electrons in atoms. I think that not only the collision between light and electrons in atoms will lead to frequency reduction, but also the interaction between light and elementary particles.The Fourth Medium Problem in Space -- The Nature of Light and the Michelson Morey Experiment (Part Two)（Particle property of light）In, the interaction between light and charged particles has been discussed. On the other hand, the Compton effect has solved the law of the interaction between light and atoms. Therefore, here we will not discuss the details of the interaction between light and atoms, but only list the conclusions of the interaction between light and basic particles.That is:
Light and electricityElementary particleIn the process of interaction, the frequency of light decreases by the same amount as that of charged particlesSpeed change rateIs proportional.This does not apply toatomEqual composite particles, that is, not applicable to traditional particlesCompton effectCalculation method of.
There is no doubt that light passes through the medium in spaceparticleWill interact with these medium particles.Because these particles include both high-speedCharged particle flowIt also includes atoms and molecules that are nearly static, so macro statistical methods can be used for processingIsotropyProcessing, for the vast universe, can even be regarded as a constant.Of course, this method is approximate and not very strict, because in different cosmic spaces, such as near and far away from cosmic objects, particles, ionsatomThe type, quantity and state of distribution are completely different.Will result inCompton effectThe spatial medium of is treated as a statistical constant.(Whether the redshift energy caused by the interaction between light and charged particles can be included in it is a question of accuracy. I think it can not be included in the search for more accurate energy.)
Redshift caused by the relative velocity of the celestial body and the earth
A stationary wave source is emitting a wave with a one-dimensional fixed wavelength, whenObserverAt rest, it will observe the wavelength of the distance between two vertical lines.If the observer is moving at a certain speed, then when he receives the first peak, it will continue to move towards the wave source. When he receives the other peak, its position is already at the position of the imaginary vertical line, so the wavelength we actually observe is not the wavelength at rest.Usually we describe this state by the change of frequency, which is usually called the frequency shift of the spectral line.
In regularMechanical wave, such asacoustic waveIn, assuming that the observer and the wave source are on the same straight line, and there is a relative motion between the observer and the wave source, and the velocity is uniform, then the frequency of a wave with a certain frequency sent by the wave source will change in the observer's observation results because of the relative motion between the wave source and the observer.Usually we call this phenomenonDoppler shift。Its expression is
Where is the observer's relativemediumIs the velocity of the wave source relative to the medium, the propagation velocity of the wave is V, is the frequency observed by the observer, and is the frequency emitted by the wave source.If applied toCosmic spaceDoppler frequency shift in, as long as thedenominatorReplace withTime dilationFactor (or spaceContractile factor）Is the observer or the speed of the wave source, which is the expression of relativity.
It is simpler to use wavelength to express in form, that is, λ=λ 0 - Δ I, where λObserverThe observed wavelength, λ 0 is the wavelength emitted by the wave source, Δ I is the relative displacement between the observer and the wave source during the time when the light passes through a wavelength observed by an observer.
The observed change in the frequency of distant starlight in the universe is generally considered as the third case. The redshift caused by the relative motion speed of the cosmic celestial body and the earth is very natural, and the conclusion of cosmic expansion has been obtained in modern astronomy.
the way to distinguish
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Identification method of spectral line frequency shift
executive summary
We have previously discussed that there may be three kinds of frequency shifts in our observation of the light emitted by distant galaxies in the universe. It is impossible to distinguish these three kinds of frequency shifts when observing a spectral line alone.Then is there no way?Of course not, the following method can distinguish the three frequency shifts of the spectral line.
Redshift caused by medium or distance effect of wave transmission
(For mechanical wave temporarily)
The frequency shift caused by wave transmission medium or distance effect is due to the energy of wave transmission medium on lightTransfer processFormed inenergy loss Therefore, in the relationship, it can be expressed that the frequency of light attenuation is proportional to the distance of light transmission.It can be expressed as:
=-△
Wherein, it indicates the frequency observed by us, which is the frequency of standard spectral line, and △ is the frequency attenuated by the ray passing through the determined space length, which is proportional to the distance length.If we take the horizontal line of the spectral line as the spectral line coordinate, then we will see the uniform horizontal movement of the spectral line, and each actually observed spectral line will move △ horizontally on the standard spectral line system diagram.
The vertical line with lighter color indicates the spectral line system with frequency shift actually observed by us.The deeper vertical line represents the standard spectral line system.Of course, it is not easy to get a spectral line system in the observation of distant galaxies, because the light intensity is very small.In fact, as long as any two spectral lines are observed in the actual observation, this comparison method can be used to get the results.
The relative velocity of the celestial body and the earth causesDoppler redshift
The Doppler frequency shift is only related to the relative speed of the observer and the light source, so the expression of Doppler is:
becauseObserverThe relative velocity between and the light source is the same in different spectral lines, so it can be simply expressed as=k, where k is equal to.
We can see that,Doppler shiftThere is an essential difference with the distance effect. This difference is that the transformation of the position of the spectral line on the standard graph of the spectral line system and the spectral line system we observed is=k.
(This figure is not standard, nor is it correct in the relationship between spectral line positions. This is just to illustrate the observedDoppler redshiftThere are differences in the comparison of standard spectral lines. As long as the relationship between observed spectral lines and standard spectral lines is easy to identify, this figure is secondary。）
Redshift caused by matter in space
In addition to Compton scattering caused by interstellar molecular atomic matter and light, the red shift caused by matter in space is caused by charged particles and light.However, since the Doppler shift in front is a simple spectral line shift, this provides a simple method to identify the two redshifts.
If themediumBy statistical method, the medium can be regarded as heterogeneous, homogeneous and isotropic moleculesatomMaterial handling.However, this method cannot be used for the treatment of charged particles, because the distribution of the movement speed of charged particles in space should conform to a statistical distribution.The spectral line frequency shift caused by the interaction between photons and these charged particles should bestatistical distribution The principle of.
The Compton scattering of high frequency light and medium will lose more energy, and the frequency shift will be relatively larger.On the contrary, the Compton scattering of light and medium with low frequency will lose less energy, and the frequency shift will be relatively small.Then there is a trend that light passes through a lot ofDopplerAfter scattering,frequency distributionWill tend to be uniform, in other words, will tend to be continuous spectral lines.The action of charged particles and light is similar.The structure of the spectral line system will be blurred or disappear in our observation.Of course, it depends on the distance the light travels.If the distance of light passing through is infinite, then what we observe must be some kind of continuous spectral line.This is easily distinguished from the reason for the frequency shift of the above two spectral lines.
relationship
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Relationship between spectral line frequency shift and cosmic state
First, if we observe the spectral line frequency shift, its identification method must beDoppler redshiftTo explain, or to explain mainly by Doppler redshift, it means that distant stars are leaving us.The expanding universe is established.
Second, if we observe the spectral line frequency shift, the identification method must adopt the first method - the possible red shift caused by the medium transmitting the wave, or the first method is mainly used, because of the distance effect, then a surprising conclusion isNewtonian mechanicsIt cannot be established within high precision, and Newton's law of mechanics cannot be established.Because the attenuation of mechanical properties must be introduced to explain this phenomenon.Then the law of inertia has no meaning.As we know, relativity is also based on Newtonian mechanics, becauseSpecial relativityOfPrinciple of relativityIs an expression of Newtonian mechanics.If the built-in mechanical system of relativity cannot be established, then relativity cannot be established.
Such a conclusion is beyond doubt.
Third, if we observe the spectral line frequency shift, its identification method must use the red shift caused by the matter in space (such asCompton effectTo explain the interaction between charged particles and light), or mainly to explain it, which means that the expanding universe cannot be established, including, of courseBig Bang TheoryIt cannot be established.Then the concept of the universe should be restored to the philosophical concept of the 19th century. The whole universe is boundless.
It is meaningless to describe the whole universe in a quantitative way.
Effectiveness
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Since the intensity of light emitted by distant galaxies is very weak, whether the above method can be adopted depends on whether the observation accuracy can be further improved.
On the other hand, it is about the superposition of the above three possible causes.I think the mathematical method should be able to distinguish.
In addition, whether two or more spectral lines of light emitted by distant galaxies can be found theoretically is a key issue.If this problem cannot be determined, then the method in this paper is meaningless.Since the matter emitted by galaxies is limited and the energy of stars at different stages is limited and certain, two spectral lines can be found for comparison in theory.
