Ivan Mihalovich ShechenovLet Russia become the research center of world physiologyHis works have had a tremendous impact on the development of human physiology as a science.[1]
Brain Reflexes[3]、Physiology of the nervous system[3]、Elements of Thought[3]、Physiological Standards for Setting the Length of Working Days[3]
Key achievements
FoundLensFluorescenceCentral inhibition、nervous systemThe phenomenon of summation and "Shechenov reflection" has establishedcentral nervous systemThe rhythmic bioelectric process in the experiment proves the importance of metabolic process in the implementation of excitation.[2]
Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov was born on August 1, 1828 (new style - 13) in Tyoply Stan Village, Kurmish District, Sinbilsk Province.Today, this settlement is called Sechenovo to commemorate the most famous local people in these places.His father, a retired military officer, married a woman who had broken away from serfdom.The family is not rich. Besides, Ivan lost his father in his early years, so he had to say goodbye to his plan to enter the Kazan Stadium.[1]
Sergenov did medical research at the Medical School of Heidelberg University, Germany
Shechenov received education in the Military Engineering General School. His mother chose the educational institution because of economic considerations, because the cost of four years of study was 285 rubles, and the students' food and clothing costs were all paid by these costs.Of course, the focus of the school is precise science, and Ivan Mikhailovich has no special tendency towards this.He took a junior course, but failed to pass the examination of fortifications and architectural art.Therefore, he was not admitted as an officer. After obtaining the rank of second lieutenant, Sergenov was sent to serve in the engineering battalion stationed in Kiev.
Ivan Mihalovich Shechenov
Facts have proved that this service is short-lived - in January 1850, Lt. Ivan Shechenov resigned and went to Moscow, where he entered the medical school of Moscow University as a free student.I soon learnedLatinHe soon became one of the best students.At first, he was interested inpathologicalHe was fascinated, but after a period of time, he was disappointed that all the essence of these medical disciplines came down to pure empiricism, according to the scheme of "symptoms of disease - causes of disease - treatment methods".As a result, young people want to explore the deep process of accompanying diseases.But later the doctor thought it unnecessary to do so.
Ivan Mikhailovich may give up medicine, just as he gave up military engineering before, but he was lucky to meet the surgeon and director of the university surgery clinic, Fyodor Ivanovich Inozemtsev.In addition to his direct activities, the professor also actively participated in the research on the role of the nervous system in the development of diseases.Inozemtsev's works find a response in the soul of Sergenov.It was on the basis of his work that the young man published his first scientific article, entitled "Can nerves affect nutrition?"[1]
In 1856, Sergenov successfully passed the final exam and immediately obtained the medical doctor's degree.But he didn't want to practice medicine;Science is waiting for Ivan Mihalovich.At that time, Russian physiology was still in its infancy, and Sergenov wentEurope。He isGermanyHe studied under the famous scientists Felix Hope Saler and Emil Dubois Raymond at that timeAustriaUnder the guidance of Carl Ludwig, an outstanding cyclist.He won some reputation among his European colleagues, especially by discovering a major mistake in the work of the famous French physiologist Claude Bernard, and then developing his own designed absorption meter (a device used to measure the gas content in liquids).Shechenov is hereHeidelberg UniversityContinue to study with Professor Herman Helmholtz and Professor Robert Bunsen.His research achievement in Europe is a paper entitled "Physiological Materials of Alcoholism".In March 1860, he successfully defended at St. Petersburg School of Medical Surgery.[1]
St. Petersburg School of Medical Surgery - current Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
After defending himself, Sergenov soon became an associate professor of the college, and then became an outstanding professor.In September 1861, he delivered a public speech "On Plant Behavior in Animal Life", in which he was the first person to elaborate the relationship between organism and environment.In 1862, Schechenov went to Europe again, this time in Paris, working in Claude Bernard's laboratory.In the process of research, he found and described the mechanism of the nervous system, called“Central inhibition”(Also known as "Schechenov inhibition").
Schechenov suppression scheme
After returning to St. Petersburg, Sergenov published a book on the so-called "animal electricity" and immediately enthusiastically began his main work in his life.This basic work entitled "Reflection of the Brain" was highly praised by scientists of the same era and later generations, and became a major event in the scientific community.Ivan Mikhailovich successfully and scientifically proved the relationship between human psychological life and external stimuli.Through reflection, Shechenov understood the reaction of the nervous system to these external factors.
Not everyone is optimistic about the ongoing revolution in Russian physiology.The tsarist government even tried to ban the publication of works that undermined political and moral principles and discredited religion.Even filed a legal lawsuit against Shechenov.But this is an era of great reform, and no one has successfully prevented the publication of Schechenov's works.[1]
While developing his ideas, Sergenov continued to explore the stimulation of the nervous system and released his other famous work - "Chemical and Electrical Stimulation of Frog Spinal Nerve".In 1869, he was elected as a communication academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, and became the first Russian scientist among the academicians of the Academy in the field of natural science.In December 1870, Sergenov left the School of Medical Surgery.He works in the laboratory of Dmitry Mendeleev, maintains a friendly relationship with him, and conducts solution chemistry experiments.Since 1871, he has been a professor of physiology at Novorossisk University in Odessa.
Ivan Mihalovich Shechenov
Shechenov's work in Odessa also made important discoveries.Therefore, he successfully discovered and described the mechanism of muscle sensation, through which a person can be aware of his body position even if he closes his eyes - a phenomenon known asProprioception。Later, British physiologist Charles Sherrington made similar discoveries, but he always openly and honestly admitted Ivan Mihalovich's priority.However, since Sergenov had died at that time, the Nobel Prize in 1932 was awarded only to British people.[1]
Since 1876, Sergenov has lived in St. Petersburg again and served as a professor in the Department of Physiology, Histology and Anatomy of the School of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University.In order to strive for women's educational opportunities, he became one of the founders of the famous Bestujev Higher Women's Course.In 1888, he managed to set up his own physiological laboratory in the university, and now he does not need to go to his colleagues in the laboratory to conduct experiments.In 1889, Ivan Mikhailovich deduced the famous "Shechenov equation", which linked the solubility of gas in electrolyte solution with its concentration.The study of human gas exchange process starts from this formula.
Interestingly, in his later years, the engineering school he attended when he was young was increasingly reflected in the scientific work of Sergenov.Although his career was not successful, Ivan Mihalovich received first-class education in physics and mathematics. He creatively explained this in his laboratory work and applied the methods that had been used in cybernetics for more than half a century after his death.
In 1889, Sergenov moved from St. PetersburgMoscow。There he completed the research of the solution theory, which was highly praised in the scientific community.Ivan Mikhailovich designed many original instruments and developed many methods to study the gas exchange between blood and tissues, as well as between the body and the external environment.He pushed the research of neuromuscular physiology to perfection and published another famous basic book, Neurocentral Physiology.In addition, he also published the basic works of natural materialism, a new direction of Russian psychology.[1]
1. One of M. Sechenov's works, Neurophysiology
Among his students, he enjoys unlimited authority, which is fully justified.By the way, his students have greatly improved his scientific reputation: Ilya MechnikovIvan Pavlov (Ivan Pavlov), Kliment Timiryazev, Nikolai Vvedensky, Ivan Tarkhanov.Sergenov has a certain social temperament, often lecturing workers, and even published a book in 1895, in which he advocated that the length of the working day should not exceed 8 hours - this is the generally accepted standard today.
In December 1901, Sergenov left his teaching post.He continued to live in Moscow and to carry out experiments.In the autumn of 1905, he was seriously ill with lobar pneumonia.On November 2, 1905 (Xinshi-15), the scientist died.He bequeathed all his property to farmers in his hometown, and donated the funds obtained from publishing his works to the Pritchstensky Worker Course, where he taught before the authorities banned him.Ivan Mikhalovich's funeral was held in Vagankovskoye Cemetery, but under Soviet rule, his ashes were reburied in the New Virgin Cemetery.[1]
The tomb of Sergenov is located in the New Virgin Cemetery in Moscow
It is no exaggeration to say that it was Sergenov who made Russia the world center of physiological research.His works have had a tremendous impact on the development of human physiology as a science.Ivan Mikhalovich's name has been handed down in the name of a small street in Moscow.Academy of Medical Sciences awards, even craters on the moon and asteroids.Moscow State First Medical University is named after Sergenov. In front of the university stands a monument to this outstanding scientist.[1]
Sergenov conducts medical research at the Medical School of Heidelberg University, Germany
Main research directions
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Ivan Mihalovich Shechenov discovered it in 1862Central inhibitionThese results suggest that stimulation of toad diencephalon or medulla oblongata may cause reflex inhibition, but its molecular mechanism remains to be apoptosis.In this study, the titration experiment of Sergenov was carried out. Alcohol and norepinephrine (NA) and other neurotransmitters were used to stimulate the diencephalon of toads. It was found that the immediate use of alcohol or norepinephrine was the same as Sergenov's titrant, which would excite the brain and cause the extension of leg reflex time.The results showed that α - initiator receptor was involved in the process of central inhibition, which revealed the possible mechanism of central inhibition caused by sudden application of alcohol.[5]
Ivan Michailovich Sechenov [1829-1905] YesCentral inhibitionThe contribution of neurophysiological concepts.He first studied the concept on frogs and himself.Later, his students extended the study of central inhibition to other mammalian species.In foreign countries, Sergenov is famous for his prescient contribution to physiological psychology.However, in Russia, he is also respected as the "father of Russian physiology" because of his contributions to neurophysiology and other aspects of physiology, including blood gas and respiration, physiology and biomechanics of exercise, and general physiological concepts appearing in his works.The textbooks and later works he helped to translate mainly came from Germany.After graduating from the Medical School of Moscow University in 1856, he spent 3.5 years in Germany and Austria, listening to lectures and conducting research under the guidance of several famous physiologists and biochemists.In his subsequent academic career, he served in the universities of St. Petersburg (1860-1870; 1876-1888), Odessa (1871-1876) and Moscow (1890-1905).Since 1860, he has been known as a physiologist in the academic circle.He also enjoys a high reputation in Russian society for his public lectures on physiology and views on physiological psychology.The latter led him to be labeled "politically unreliable" by the tsarist bureaucracy since 1863.Shechenov's first (1862) study of central inhibition is still his most unforgettable.He delayed the frog's feet from withdrawing from the weak acid solution by chemically or electrically stimulating selected parts of the central nervous system.He also noticed that his own hands would be similarly affected when other sensory inputs were jointly activated by itching or biting his teeth.[4]
Major scientific achievements
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When talking about Ivan Shechenov's scientific achievements, we should pay attention to the following points: Ivan Shechenov in his scientific research, foundLensFluorescenceCentral inhibition、nervous systemthe sum、"Shechenov reflection" and other phenomena，The establishment of rhythmic bioelectric processes in the central nervous system proves the importance of metabolic processes in the implementation of excitation.
Sergenov has made great contributions to the physiological research of advanced neural activities and reflexes.In his doctoral thesis (1876 - "Research on Brain Physiology"), he studied the influence of the brain on respiration and blood circulation.
He was the first person in Russia to carry out the recording experiment of dog EEG (1876-1891);He was the first person to study the hypnotic physiology of animals and humans.
In the field of neural activity physiology, Schechenov's main works are devoted to the physiology of the nervous system.He discovered the central inhibition of the central nervous system (so-called Schechenov inhibition) - the ability of the brain to inhibit physical movement and autonomous processes.
Shechenov found that the spontaneous rhythmic oscillation of the potential in the medulla oblongata and the electrical response of the medulla oblongata to the stimulation of the peripheral nerve and spinal cord were the first people to observe the total excitation of the nerve center.The scientist established the basic law of reflex activity, proved that all conscious and unconscious life behaviors are essentially reflexes, and became the predecessor of Ivan Pavlov's pioneering new scientific direction - advanced neuroactivity physiology.
Shechenov regarded psychological activity as a function of the brain and claimed that such activity was determined by the existence conditions.In his works Brain Reflexes (1863) and Who and How to Develop Psychology (1873), he first pointed out the connection between physiology and psychology.[2]
Character evaluation
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It is no exaggeration to say that it was Sergenov who made Russia the research center of world physiology.His works have had a tremendous impact on the development of human physiology as a science.
Moscow State First Medical College was named after Sergenov. In front of the college stands a monument to this outstanding scientist.[1]
Monument of Moscow State First Medical University (Shedonov University)
