The nobel prize in physics

One of the Nobel Prizes

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synonym Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobel Prize in Physics) Generally refers to the Nobel Prize in Physics

The Nobel Prize in Physics (English: Nobel prize in Physics; Swedish: Nobel prize i fysik) is based on Nobel Five established by the will of 1895 Nobel Prize First, the award aims to reward scientists who have made outstanding contributions to the field of human physics^[1] 。

The Nobel Prize in Physics was first awarded in 1901. The selection committee of the Nobel Prize in Physics usually announces the winner in October every year. The award ceremony is held in Sweden on December 10 every year, the anniversary of Nobel's death Stockholm Held by King of Sweden Present awards in person^[2] 。

According to the official website of the Nobel Prize, the Nobel Prize in Physics is selected and awarded once a year Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences A gold medal, a certificate and a bonus will be awarded. By 2023, the Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded 117 times, with 225 winners^[3]^[31] Of which 47 times were obtained by one person, 32 times were shared by two people, and 38 times were shared by three people^[4]^[31] ； Among them, 6 years were stopped for some reason; There are 8 years of delay in issuing one year; One won the prize at the age of 25; One won two prizes; Four women won prizes; One couple won the prize; Four father and son winning prizes^[4] 。^[21]

On October 3, 2023, according to the official website of the Nobel Prize, Pierre Agostini 、 Ferenc Krausz and Anne Rullier Won the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics 。^[30]

Chinese name: The nobel prize in physics
Foreign name: English: Nobel prize in Physics
Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysik
Establishment: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
First issue: December 10, 1901

First Winner: Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen
Time of publication: Every October
Award time: December 10th
Award place: Stockholm
Presenter: King of Sweden

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Award History

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The manuscript of Nobel Testament (four pages in total) is from the official website of Nobel Prize (4 sheets)

On November 27, 1895, Alfred Bernhard Nobel (hereinafter referred to as: Nobel) The last will written one year before his death was signed in the Swedish Norwegian Club in Paris. According to the final will, his legacy will be used to establish a series of awards for those who have "made the greatest contribution to mankind" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature. The assets used to establish five Nobel Prizes account for 94% of the total assets of Nobel, i.e. SEK 31 million^[1] 。

On April 26, 1897, Nobel's will was passed Norwegian Parliament Through implementation, the executors, Longa Solman and Rudolf Lilljequist, established the Nobel Foundation to manage the heritage and prize money^[5] 。 After the will is passed, the council appoints Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences It is the awarding agency of the physics prize^[6] 。 Nobel Prize Foundation Later, an agreement was reached on the criteria for awarding the Nobel Prize.

In 1900, the king of Sweden Oscar II Promulgate the new rules of the Nobel Foundation.

On December 10, 1901, the Nobel Prize was awarded for the first time on the fifth anniversary of Nobel's death.

In 1916, due to the First World War The Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded.

In 1931, the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded due to the insufficient contributions of the candidates.

In 1934, the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded due to the insufficient contributions of the candidates.

1940-1942, due to the Second World War The Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded^[4] 。

In 1962, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded because Lev Davidovich Lendau It was held in Moscow for physical reasons, and was awarded by the Swedish ambassador to the Soviet Union on behalf of the king.

Award setting

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Award Overview

The Nobel Prize in Physics includes a gold medal, a certificate and a prize. The amount of bonus depends on Nobel Prize Foundation Income in that year^[7] (For all prizes since 1901, please refer to the official website of Nobel Prize^[8] )。 If there is more than one winner, the bonus will be shared equally, or one of them will get half, and the other two will each get a quarter.

bonus

Every Nobel Prize winner in physics will receive a prize and a document with the amount of the prize. The bonus in 2009 was SEK 10 million (about US $1.4 million)^[7] 。 In 2012, the bonus was reduced to SEK 8 million (about US $1.1 million) due to budget reduction^[9] 。 The amount of the prize will change with the income of the Nobel Foundation that year. If there are more than one winner at the same time, the bonus can be shared equally; If there are three winners at the same time, the bonus can also be distributed at a ratio of 2:1:1, that is, one person gets half, and the other two get quarter^[10] 。

Organizational process

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Selection process

From September to January 31 of the next year, candidates recommended by various Nobel Prizes will be accepted. Usually 1000 to 2000 candidates are recommended every year.

Self recommendation is not allowed.

The Swedish government and the Norwegian government have no right to interfere in the selection of the Nobel Prize, and cannot support or oppose the recommended candidates.

From February 1 each year, the Nobel Prize jury will screen and approve the recommended candidates, and the work will be kept strictly confidential.

In the middle of October every year, the list of Nobel Prize winners will be announced.

Every year, December 10 is the anniversary of the death of the Nobel Prize. Nobel Prize awarding ceremonies are held in Stockholm and Oslo respectively, and the King of Sweden is present and awarding prizes.

Nomination process

According to the regulations, the Nobel Physics Prize Committee will send confidential documents to those who have the ability and qualification to nominate, and they will recommend candidates for the Nobel Physics Prize. The requirements for qualified nominees are as follows^[11] ：

1． Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Swedish or foreign academician;

2. Member of the Nobel Prize Committee for Physics;

3. Nobel Prize winner in physics;

4. Universities and polytechnics in Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway, and Stockholm Karolinska Institutet Professor of Science for Life;

5. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences shall select personnel to hold similar positions from at least six universities or colleges of the same level (usually hundreds of universities) to ensure that appropriate quotas can be allocated in different countries and their places of study;

6. Other scientists that the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences thinks may be suitable.

The selection and confirmation of scientists referred to in items 5 and 6 shall be made before the end of September each year.

Nomination process of Nobel Prize winners in physics, from the official website of Nobel Prize

Selection and assessment

The annual Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded to up to three people and two different scientific researches. Compared with other Nobel Prizes, the process of recommending and selecting physics prizes is longer and more meticulous^[12] 。

The winners were selected by the Nobel Committee on Physics. The committee is composed of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In the first round of selection in September every year, about 3000 people, including university professors, Nobel laureates in physics and chemistry, will receive a confidential nomination form. The form must be sent to the Nobel Committee before January of the following year. After deliberation, the experts will select about 15 nominees. The committee will submit the final candidate report to the Royal Academy of Sciences for further consideration. The Royal Academy of Sciences finally selected the winners by a majority vote.

The list of nominees is never released to the public, and the nominees themselves will not know that they are nominated. Nomination records sealed for 50 years^[11] 。 Although no deceased person can be nominated, if the winner dies between the Nobel Committee's decision (usually in October) and the award ceremony in December, he or she can still win the prize. Before 1974, if the nominee died after nomination, he or she could also win the prize^[13] 。

The rules of the Nobel Prize in Physics stipulate that the contributions of the winners must "have been tested by time". This means that the Nobel Committee will often award awards for scientific discoveries decades later. For example, half of the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Subramanian Chandraseka for his achievements in studying the structure and evolution of stars as early as the 1930s. The disadvantage of this approach is that many scientists with important scientific contributions died before they had the opportunity to be recognized by the Nobel Prize^[14] 。

Rewards

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Award result

By 2023, the Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded 117 times, with 225 winners^[3] , where John Badin He is the only one who won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice in 1956 and 1972. This means that a total of 224 people have won the Nobel Prize in Physics.^[4]

particular year	prize winner	nationality	Organization at the time of award	Award reason
1901	Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen	Germany	University of Munich	The unusual rays were found and named after him (i.e X-ray , also known as Roentgen ray ）
1902	Hendrick Anton Lorenz	Netherlands	Leiden University	Research on the influence of magnetic field on radiation phenomenon (i.e Zeeman effect ）
1902	Peter Zeeman	Netherlands	University of Amsterdam
1903	Antoine Henri Becquerel	France	Polytechnic University of Paris	Natural radioactivity found
	Pierre Curie	France	Paris University of Arts and Sciences	They are right Antoine Henri Becquerel Joint study of discovered radioactive phenomena
	Marie Curie	France	No official data
1904	John William Strutt	britain	Royal Institute of Science	The measurement of the density of those important gases and the discovery of argon from these studies (the measurement of the density of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other gases and the discovery of argon due to the measurement of nitrogen)
1905	Philipp Lenard	Germany	Kiel University	Research on Cathode Ray
1906	Joseph John Thomson	britain	University of Cambridge	Theoretical and Experimental Research on Gas Conduction
1907	Albert Abraham Michelson	U.S.A	University of Chicago	His precision optical instruments, as well as spectroscopic and metrological research with them
1908	Gabriel Lipman	France	Sorbonne University	His method of using interference phenomenon to reproduce color on photos
1909	Guglielmo Marchese Marconi	Italy	Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co., Ltd. (UK)	Their contribution to the development of wireless telegraphy
1909	Karl Ferdinand Braun	Germany	University of Strasbourg
1910	Johannes Diderik van der Waals	Netherlands	University of Amsterdam	Study on the Equation of State of Gas and Liquid
1911	Wilhelm Wien	Germany	Universitaet Wuerzburg	Discover the laws that affect thermal radiation
1912	Nils Gustav Darren	Sweden	Swedish Gas Accumulator Co., Liding ö - Stockholm (Sweden)	Automatic regulating valve for controlling gas accumulator in lighthouse and buoy
1913	Heike Kamerlingh Onnes	Netherlands	Leiden University	His research on the properties of objects at low temperatures, especially the production of liquid helium (the discovery of superconductors)
1914	Max von Laue	Germany	Goethe University Frankfurt	Discovery of X-ray diffraction in crystals
1915	William Henry Bragg	britain	University College London	Study of crystal structure by X-ray
1915	William Lawrence Bragg	britain	University of Manchester	Study of crystal structure by X-ray
1917	Charles Glover Barkla	britain	University of Edinburgh	Discover the characteristic roentgen radiation of elements
1918	Max Planck	Germany	HU Berlin	Promote the development of physics because of his discovery of quantum
1919	Johannes Stark	Germany	Grifswald University	It is found that the Doppler effect of pole tunnel rays and the splitting phenomenon of spectral lines under the action of electric field
1920	Charles douard Guillaume	Switzerland	International Bureau of Metrology	The Discovery of Anomaly Related to Nickel Steel Alloys Pushing the Precision Measurement of Physics
1921	Albert Einstein	Germany	Emperor William Institute of Physics (now Max Planck Institute of Physics) (Germany)	His achievements in theoretical physics, especially the discovery of the law of photoelectric effect
1922	Niels Bohr	Denmark	University of Copenhagen	His study of atomic structure and radiation emitted from atoms
1923	Robert Andrews Millikan	U.S.A	California Institute of Technology	His work on basic charge and photoelectric effect
1924	Manne Siegbahn	Sweden	Uppsala University	His discovery and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy
1925	James Frank	Germany	University of Gottingen	Discover the laws that govern the collision of atoms and electrons
1925	Gustav Ludwig Hertz	Germany	Halle Wittenberg University
1926	Jean Baptiste Perrin	France	Sorbonne University	Studying the Discontinuous Structure of Materials and Finding Sedimentary Equilibrium
1927	Arthur Holly Compton	U.S.A	University of Chicago	Discover the effect named after him（ Compton effect ）
1927	Charles Thomson Rees Wilson	britain	University of Cambridge	Method of displaying the trajectory of charged particles by condensation of water vapor
1928	Owen Willans Richardson	britain	King's College London	His research on thermionic phenomena, especially the discovery of the law named after him (Richardson's law)
1929	Louis Victorde Broglie	France	Sorbonne University	Discover the volatility of electrons
1930	Chandrasekara Venkata Raman	India	University of Calcutta	His research on light scattering and the discovery of the effect named after him（ Raman effect ）
1932	Werner Heisenberg	Germany	University of Leipzig	found quantum mechanics , and the resulting discovery of hydrogen allotropes
1933	Erwin Schrodinger	Austria	HU Berlin	Found a new and productive form of atomic theory (i.e. the basic equation of quantum mechanics—— Schrodinger equation and Dirac equation ）
1933	Paul Dirac	britain	University of Cambridge
1935	James Chadwick	britain	University of Liverpool	Discover neutrons
1936	Victor Francis Hess	Austria	University of Innsbruck	Discover cosmic radiation
1936	Carl David Anderson	U.S.A	California Institute of Technology	Discovery of positron
1937	Clinton Joseph Davidson^[127]	U.S.A	Bell Laboratories^[127]	Their experimental discovery about the phenomenon of electron diffraction by crystal^[129]
1937	George Paget Thomson^[128]	britain	Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine^[128]
1938	Enrico Fermi	Italy	University of Rome	It proves the existence of new radioactive elements that can be produced by neutron irradiation and the discovery of nuclear reactions induced by slow neutrons
1939	Ernest O. Lawrence	U.S.A	University of California, Berkeley	The invention and development of cyclotron, and the research results of artificial radioactive elements
1943	Otto Stern	U.S.A	Carnegie Mellon University	His research findings on the development of molecular beam method and proton magnetic moment
1944	Isidor Isaac Rabi	U.S.A	Columbia University	He used resonance method to record the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei
1945	Wolfgang Pauli	Austria	Princeton University	Discovering incompatibility principle, also known as Pauli principle
1946	Percy Bridgeman	U.S.A	Harvard University	Invent the device to obtain ultra-high pressure, and make discoveries in the field of high-pressure physics
1947	Edward Victor Appleton	britain	Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (UK)	The study of the physics of the upper atmosphere, especially the discovery of the so-called Apton layer
1948	Patrick Blackett	britain	University of Manchester	Improvement of Wilson Cloud Chamber Method and Its Discovery in the Field of Nuclear Physics and Cosmic Ray
1949	Hideki Yukawa	Japan	Kyoto University 、 Columbia University	He predicted the existence of mesons based on the theory of nuclear force
1950	Cecil Frank Powell	britain	University of Bristol	Develop photographic methods for studying nuclear processes, and research findings on mesons based on this method
1951	John Douglas Cocroft	britain	British Atomic Energy Research Institute	Their pioneering work in artificially accelerating atomic production and nuclear transmutation
1951	Ernest Walton	Ireland	Trinity University Dublin
1952	Felix Bloch	U.S.A	Stanford University	A new method for nuclear magnetic precise measurement was developed, and the research results obtained from this method
1952	Edward Mills Purcell	U.S.A	Harvard University
1953	Fritz Selnik	Netherlands	Groningen University	His confirmation of phase contrast method, especially his invention of phase contrast microscope
1954	Max Born	britain	University of Edinburgh	Basic research in the field of quantum mechanics, especially his statistical interpretation of wave functions
1954	Walther Bothe	Germany	Heidelberg University Max Planck Medical Research Institute	Compliance, and research results obtained by this method
1955	Willis Eugene Lamb	U.S.A	Stanford University	His research results on the fine structure of hydrogen spectrum
1955	Polykarp Kusch	U.S.A	Columbia University	Accurately measure the electronic magnetic moment
1956	William Shockley	U.S.A	Semiconductor Laboratory of Beckman Instruments	Their research on semiconductors and discovery of transistor effect
	John Badin	U.S.A	University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
	Walter Brattain	U.S.A	Bell Laboratories
1957	Yang Zhenning	China	Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies	They are very sensitive to the so-called Parity nonconservation law This law has led to many important discoveries about elementary particles
1957	Li Zhengdao	U.S.A	Columbia University
1958	Pavel Cherenkov	Soviet Union	Institute of Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences	Discover and explain Cherenkov radiation
	Ilya Mihalovich Frank	Soviet Union	Institute of Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences
	Igor Yevgenyevich Tam	Soviet Union	Moscow University
1959	Emilio Gino Segre	U.S.A	University of California, Berkeley	Find antiproton
1959	Owen Chamberlain	U.S.A	University of California, Berkeley	Find antiproton
1960	Donald Glaser	U.S.A	University of California, Berkeley	Invention of bubble chamber
1961	Robert Hofstadt	U.S.A	Stanford University	Pioneering research on the scattering of electrons in atomic nuclei, and the resulting research findings on nucleon structure
1961	Rudolf Ludwig Mossbauer	Germany	Munich University of Technology 、 California Institute of Technology	His research on the phenomenon of resonance absorption of gamma rays and the research findings related to this effect named after him (Mossbauer effect)
1962	Lev Davidovich Lendau	Soviet Union	Soviet Academy of Sciences	Pioneering theory of condensed matter, especially liquid helium
1963	Eugene Wigner	U.S.A	Princeton University	His contributions to the theory of atomic nuclei and elementary particles, especially the discovery and application of the basic symmetry principle
	Maria Geppett Meyer	U.S.A	University of California San Diego	Discover the shell structure of atomic nucleus
	Johannes Jensen	Germany	Heidelberg University	Discover the shell structure of atomic nucleus
1964	Charles Hard Townes	U.S.A	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	Basic research achievements in the field of quantum electronics, which led to oscillators and amplifiers built based on the principle of excimer laser“
	Nikolai Gennadyevich Basov	Soviet Union	Institute of Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences
	Alexander Prokhorov	Soviet Union	Institute of Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences
1965	Chaoyong Zhenichiro	Japan	University of Tsukuba	Their basic work in quantum electrodynamics has a profound impact on particle physics
	Julian Schwinger	U.S.A	Harvard University
	Richard Phillips Feynman	U.S.A	California Institute of Technology
1966	Alfred Castler	France	Ecole Normale Superieure	Discovered and developed optical methods for studying Hertz resonance in atoms
1967	Hans Bate	U.S.A	Cornell University	His contribution to the theory of nuclear reaction, especially the discovery of energy generation in stars
1968	Louis Alvarez	U.S.A	University of California, Berkeley	His decisive contribution to particle physics, especially his development of hydrogen bubble chamber technology and data analysis methods, led to the discovery of a large number of resonance states
1969	Murray Gelman	U.S.A	California Institute of Technology	Research findings on the classification of elementary particles and their interactions
1970	Hans Orlov, Costa Alvin	Sweden	Royal Swedish Institute of Technology	Basic research and discovery of magnetohydrodynamics and its fruitful application in plasma physics
1970	Louis Neel	France	Universite Grenoble	Basic Research and Discovery of Antiferromagnetism and Ferromagnetism and Important Applications in Solid State Physics
1971	Dennis Gabor	britain	Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine	Invention and development of holography
1972	John Badin	U.S.A	University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign	They jointly founded the superconducting micro theory, which is often called BCS theory
	Leon Cooper	U.S.A	Brown University
	John Robert Schrieffer	U.S.A	University of Pennsylvania
1973	Leo Esaki	Japan	IBM Thomas Watson Research Center	Discover the tunneling effect of semiconductors and superconductors
	Ivar Giaever	Norway	General Electric Company
	Brian David Josephson	britain	University of Cambridge	He theoretically predicted the properties of the overcurrent passing through the tunnel barrier, especially those phenomena commonly known as the Josephson effect
1974	Martin Ryle	britain	University of Cambridge	Their groundbreaking research in radio astrophysics: Ryle's invention and observation, especially synthetic aperture technology; Hewish's key role in discovering pulsars
1974	Antony Hewish	britain	University of Cambridge
1975	Aage Bohr	Denmark	Niels Bohr Institute	Discovered the connection between collective motion and particle motion in the atomic nucleus, and developed the theory of nuclear structure according to this connection
	Ben Roy Mortensen	Denmark	Nordita (Denmark)
	Leo James Rainwater	U.S.A	Columbia University
1976	Burton Richter	U.S.A	Stanford University	Their pioneering work in discovering new heavy elementary particles (jointly discovering the J particle)
1976	Ding Zhaozhong	U.S.A	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1977	Philip Warren Anderson	U.S.A	Bell Laboratories	Basic theoretical research on the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems
	Nevill Francis Mott	britain	University of Cambridge
	John Van Fulek	U.S.A	Harvard University
1978	Pyotr Kapitsa	Soviet Union	Soviet Academy of Sciences	Basic Inventions and Discoveries in the Field of Cryogenic Physics
	Arno Penzias	U.S.A	Bell Laboratories	Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation
	Robert Wilson	U.S.A	Bell Laboratories	Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation
1979	Sheldon Lee Glashow	U.S.A	Harvard University	Contribution to the unified theory of weak interaction and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including the prediction of weak neutral current
	Abdus Salam	Pakistan	International Centre for Theoretical Physics 、 Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine
	Steven Weinberg	U.S.A	Harvard University
1980	James Watson Cronin ^[166]	U.S.A	University of Chicago^[166]	It is found that the symmetry is broken when the neutral K meson decays^[168]
1980	Val Logsdon Fitch ^[167]	U.S.A	Princeton University ^[167]
1981	Nicholas Blombergan^[162]	U.S.A	Harvard University^[162]	Contribution to the development of laser spectrometer^[165]
	Arthur Leonard Schawlow ^[163]	U.S.A	Stanford University^[163]	Contribution to the development of laser spectrometer^[165]
	Kai Siegbahn ^[164]	Sweden	Uppsala University^[164]	Contribution to the development of high resolution electronic spectrometer^[165]
1982	Kenneth Wilson ^[160]	U.S.A	Cornell University^[160]	Contribution to the Theory of Critical Phenomena Related to Phase Transition^[161]
1983	Chandraseka, Subramanian^[150]	U.S.A	University of Chicago^[150]	Theoretical Studies on Important Physical Processes Related to the Structure and Evolution of Stars^[152]
1983	William Alfred Fowler ^[151]	U.S.A	California Institute of Technology^[151]	Theoretical and Experimental Studies on Nuclear Reactions Forming Chemical Elements in the Universe^[152]
1984	Carlo Rubbia ^[147]	Italy	European Organization for Nuclear Research^[147]	Decisive contribution to large projects leading to the discovery of weak interaction transmitters, field particles W and Z^[149]
1984	Simon van der Meer ^[148]	Netherlands	European Organization for Nuclear Research^[148]
1985	Klaus von Klitzing ^[145]	Germany	Max Planck Institute for Solid State Physics and Materials^[145]	Discovery of quantum Hall effect^[146]
1986	Ernst Ruska ^[141]	Germany	Fritz Haber Institute^[141]	Basic work of electron optics and design of the first electron microscope^[144]
	Gerd Binnig ^[142]	Germany	IBM Zurich Research Laboratory^[142]	Development of scanning tunneling microscope^[144]
	Heinrich Rohrer ^[143]	Switzerland	IBM Zurich Research Laboratory^[143]	Development of scanning tunneling microscope^[144]
1987	Johannes Georg Bednortz^[138]	Germany	IBM Zurich Research Laboratory^[138]	Breakthrough in discovering superconductivity of ceramic materials^[140]
1987	Carl Alexander Miller^[139]	Switzerland	IBM Zurich Research Laboratory^[139]
1988	Leon Ledman^[134]	U.S.A	Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory ^[134]	Neutrino beam mode, and proved the dual structure of leptons by discovering neutrinos^[137]
	Melvin Schwartz ^[135]	U.S.A	Digital Pathways, Inc^[135]
	Jack Steinberger^[136]	U.S.A	European Organization for Nuclear Research^[136]
1989	Norman Ramsay	U.S.A	Harvard University	Invention of the method of separating oscillating field and its application in hydrogen stimulated microwave and other atomic clocks
	Hans Georg Dehmelt	U.S.A	University of Washington-Seattle	Development of ion trap technology
	Wolfgang Paul	Germany	University of Bonn	Development of ion trap technology
1990	Jerome Friedman ^[130]	U.S.A	Massachusetts Institute of Technology^[130]	Their groundbreaking research on deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons is essential to the development of quark models in particle physics^[133]
	Henry Wei Kendall^[131]	U.S.A	Massachusetts Institute of Technology^[131]
	Richard E. Taylor ^[132]	Canada	Stanford University^[132]
1991	Pierre-Gilles de Gennes ^[158]	France	French Public College^[158]	It is found that the method of studying the ordered phenomena in simple systems can be extended to more complex material forms, especially to the study of liquid crystals and polymers^[159]
1992	Georges Charpak ^[156]	France	Paris University of Arts and Sciences 、 European Organization for Nuclear Research^[156]	Invented and developed particle detector, especially multi wire proportional chamber^[157]
1993	Russell Hulls^[153]	U.S.A	Princeton University ^[153]	The discovery of a new class of pulsars opens up new possibilities for studying gravity^[155]
1993	Joseph Houton Taylor^[154]	U.S.A	Princeton University ^[154]
1994	Bertram Neville Brockhouse	Canada	McMaster University	Development of neutron spectroscopy and groundbreaking research on neutron scattering technology for condensed matter research
1994	Clifford Glenwood Shale	U.S.A	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	The development of neutron diffraction technology and the pioneering research of neutron scattering technology for condensed matter research
1995	Martin Perl ^[124]	U.S.A	Stanford University^[124]	Discovery of tau leptons and pioneering experimental research on lepton physics^[126]
1995	Frederick Reines^[125]	U.S.A	University of California, Irvine ^[125]	Discovery of neutrinos and groundbreaking experimental research on lepton physics^[126]
1996	David Lee ^[120]	U.S.A	Cornell University^[120]	Found superfluidity in helium-3^[123]
	Douglas Ocherov^[121]	U.S.A	Stanford University^[121]
	Robert Coleman Richardson^[122]	U.S.A	Cornell University^[122]
1997	Chu Diwen^[116]	U.S.A	Stanford University^[116]	The method of laser cooling and trapping atoms has been developed^[119]
	Cohen Tannoudji ^[117]	France	French Public College 、 Ecole Normale Superieure ^[117]
	William Daniel Phillips ^[118]	U.S.A	National Institute of Standards and Technology^[118]
1998	Robed Laughlin ^[112]	U.S.A	Stanford University^[112]	The fractional quantized Hall effect of electrons in a strong magnetic field is found^[115]
	Horst Ludwig Stormer ^[113]	Germany	Columbia University^[113]
	Cui Qi^[114]	U.S.A	Princeton University ^[114]
1999	Gerard T. Hooft^[109]	Netherlands	Utrecht University ^[109]	Explain the quantum structure of weak electric interaction in physics^[111]
1999	Martinus J. G. Veltman ^[110]	Netherlands	university of michigan ^[110]
2000	Jores Alferov^[105]	Russia	A.F. Ioffe Physical Technical Institute^[105]	Developed semiconductor heterostructures for high-speed electronics and optoelectronics^[108]
	Herbert Kroemer ^[106]	Germany	the University of California at Santa Barbara ^[106]
	Jack Kilby^[107]	U.S.A	Dezhou Instrument Co., Ltd^[107]	Contribution made in the invention of integrated circuit^[108]
2001	Eric A. Cornell ^[101]	U.S.A	University of Colorado Boulder ^[101]	Achievements in Bose Einstein condensates of alkaline atomic rarefied gases, and early basic research on the properties of condensed matter^[104]
	Wolfgang Ketterle ^[102]	Germany	Massachusetts Institute of Technology^[102]
	Carl Wieman ^[103]	U.S.A	University of Colorado Boulder ^[103]
2002	Raymond Davis ^[97]	U.S.A	University of Pennsylvania^[97]	Pioneering contributions in astrophysics, especially the detection of cosmic neutrinos^[100]
	Masatoshi Koshiba ^[98]	Japan	The University of Tokyo^[98]
	Ricardo Giacconi^[99]	U.S.A	Associated Universities Inc^[99]	Pioneering contributions in astrophysics, which led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources^[100]
2003	Alexei Alexeevich Abrikosov ^[93]	Russia	Argonne National Laboratory^[93]	Pioneering contributions to superconductor and superfluid theory^[96]
	Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg ^[94]	Russia	Lebedev Institute of Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences^[94]
	Anthony James Leggett ^[95]	britain	University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ^[95]
2004	David Gross ^[89]	U.S.A	the University of California at Santa Barbara ^[89]	Finding asymptotic freedom in strong interaction theory^[92]
	H. David Politzer ^[90]	U.S.A	California Institute of Technology^[90]
	Frank Welch^[91]	U.S.A	Massachusetts Institute of Technology^[91]
2005	Roy Glauber ^[85]	U.S.A	Harvard University^[85]	Contribution to quantum theory of optical coherence^[88]
	John Hall^[86]	U.S.A	University of Colorado Boulder 、 National Institute of Standards and Technology^[86]	Contribution to the development of laser based precision spectroscopy, including optical frequency comb technology^[88]
	Theodor Hansch ^[87]	Germany	Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics 、 University of Munich^[87]
2006	John Mather^[82]	U.S.A	NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ^[82]	Discovery of blackbody form and anisotropy of cosmic microwave background radiation^[84]
2006	George Smoot^[83]	U.S.A	University of California, Berkeley^[83]
2007	Albert Fert ^[80]	France	University of Paris Thackeray 、 French National Centre for Scientific Research^[80]	Discover the giant magnetoresistance effect^[81]
2007	Peter Gruneberg ^[79]	Germany	Ulrich Research Center, Germany^[79]	Discover the giant magnetoresistance effect^[81]
2008	Yoichiro Nambu ^[75]	U.S.A	University of Chicago^[75]	Discovery of spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism in subatomic physics^[78]
	Kobayashi Cheng^[76]	Japan	High Energy Accelerator Research Institute^[76]	Find the source of symmetry breaking and predict the existence of at least three kinds of quarks in nature^[78]
	Toshihide Maskawa ^[77]	Japan	Kyoto University of Technology 、 Kyoto University^[77]
2009	Kao Kun^[71]	britain	Standard telecommunications laboratory The Chinese University of Hong Kong^[71]	Breakthrough achievements in optical fiber transmission in the field of optical communication
	Willard Boyle^[72]	U.S.A	Bell Laboratories^[72]	Invention of semiconductor imaging device charge coupled device^[74]
	George Smith^[73]	U.S.A	Bell Laboratories^[73]
2010	Andre Geim ^[68]	Netherlands	University of Manchester^[68]	Pioneering experiments in two-dimensional graphene materials^[70]
2010	Konstantin Novoselov^[69]	UK/Russia	University of Manchester^[69]
2011	Saul Perlmutter^[64]	U.S.A	Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 、 University of California, Berkeley^[64]	Discovering accelerating expansion of the universe through observation of distant supernovae^[67]
	Brian Schmidt ^[65]	Australia	Australian National University^[65]
	Adam Ries ^[66]	U.S.A	The Johns Hopkins University Academy of Space Telescope Science^[66]
2012	Serge Haroche ^[61]	France	French Public College 、 Ecole Normale Superieure ^[61]	A breakthrough experimental technique that can measure and manipulate individual quantum systems^[63]
2012	David Wineland ^[62]	U.S.A	National Institute of Standards and Technology 、 University of Colorado Boulder ^[62]
2013	Francois Engler^[58]	Belgium	Free University of Brussels^[58]	Prediction of Higgs boson^[60]
2013	Peter Higgs ^[59]	britain	University of Edinburgh^[59]	Prediction of Higgs boson^[60]
2014	Akasaki Yong^[54]	Japan	Meijo University 、 Nagoya University ^[54]	Invention of high brightness blue light-emitting diode^[57]
	Hiroshi Amano^[55]	Japan	Nagoya University ^[55]
	Shuji Nakamura ^[56]	U.S.A	the University of California at Santa Barbara ^[56]
2015	Kajida Takashi^[51]	Japan	The University of Tokyo^[51]	Neutrino oscillation is found, indicating that neutrinos have mass^[53]
2015	Arthur MacDonald^[52]	Canada	Queen's University^[52]
2016	David Solis^[47]	UK/USA	University of Washington-Seattle ^[47]	Discovered the topological phase transition and topological phase of matter^[50]
	Duncan Haldane^[48]	britain	Princeton University ^[48]
	Michael Costlitz^[49]	UK/USA	Brown University ^[49]
2017	Rainer Weiss^[45]	U.S.A	Massachusetts Institute of Technology^[45]	Decisive contribution in LIGO detector and gravitational wave observation^[46]
	Barry Barish ^[44]	U.S.A	California Institute of Technology^[44]
	Kip Thorne ^[43]	U.S.A	California Institute of Technology^[43]
2018	Arthur Askin^[39]	U.S.A	Bell Laboratories^[39]	Breakthroughs in laser physics^[42]
	Jaha Morrow^[40]	France	university of michigan ^[40]
	Donna Strickland^[41]	Canada	University of Waterloo^[41]
2019	James Peebles^[35]	U.S.A	Princeton University ^[35]	Cosmology related research^[38]
	Michel Mayor^[36]	Switzerland	University of Geneva^[36]	First discovery of extrasolar planets^[38]
	Didier Queiroz^[37]	Switzerland	University of Geneva 、 University of Cambridge^[37]	First discovery of extrasolar planets^[38]
2020	Roger Penrose ^[18]	britain	Oxford^[18]	Discovered the most peculiar phenomenon in the universe, black hole^[21]
	Reinhard Genzel^[19]	Germany	Max Planck Institute of Extraterrestrial Physics University of California, Berkeley^[19]	Discovery of super massive compact objects in the center of the Milky Way^[21]
	Andrea Gaz^[20]	U.S.A	University of California, Los Angeles^[20]
2021	True pot Shulang^[22]	U.S.A	Princeton University ^[22]	A physical model is established for the Earth's climate to quantify its variability and reliably predict global warming.^[25]
	Klaus Hasselman^[23]	Germany	Max Planck Institute of Meteorology^[23]
	Giorgio Parisi ^[24]	Italy	University of Rome^[24]	The interaction between disorder and fluctuation has been found in physical systems from atoms to planets.^[25]
2022	Alain Aspect ^[26]	France	University of Paris Thackeray^[26]	Commend their contributions to "entanglement photon experiment, verification of violation of Bell inequality and creation of quantum information science".^[29]
	John Francis Crowze^[27]	U.S.A	Columbia University^[27]
	Anton Salinger^[28]	Austria	University of Vienna^[28]
2023	Pierre Agostini^[32]	U.S.A	Ohio State University^[32]	In recognition of "the experimental method of generating attosecond light pulse for studying the electron dynamics in matter".^[31]
	Ferenc Krausz ^[33]	Hungary/Austria	Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics^[33]
	Anne Rullier^[34]	Sweden	Lund University ^[34]

Statistics

The following statistics are from the official website of Nobel Prize as of 2023:^[4]
frequency	The only person who has won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice is John Badin (Awarded in 1956 and 1972 respectively)
Age	The youngest Nobel Prize winner in physics is William Lawrence Bragg (He was only 25 years old when he won the prize in 1915, and he was also the youngest winner of the three Nobel scientific prizes); The oldest Nobel Prize winner in physics is Arthur Askin (He was 96 years old when he won the prize in 2018)
Gender	A total of five women have won the Nobel Prize in Physics, namely Marie Curie (1903) Maria Geppett Meyer (1963) Donna Strickland (2018) Andrea Gaz (2020) and Anne Rullier (2023). Of the six Nobel Prizes, this is the second lowest number of female winners (only more than the Nobel Prize in Economics, which only has two female winners)
Character relationship	Couple wins: Marie Curie and Pierre Curie He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903; Father and son win: William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg (1915); Niels Bohr (1922) and Agger Bohr (1975); Manne Siegbahn (1924) and Kai Siegbahn (1981); Joseph John Thomson (1906) and George Paget Thomson (1937)
Stop sending	There were six years of suspension (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940-1942), of which 1916 was due to World War I, 1931 was due to insufficient contributions from candidates, 1934 was due to insufficient contributions from candidates, and 1940-1942 was due to World War II
delay	In eight years, the issuance was delayed by one year (1917, 1918, 1921, 1924, 1925, 1928, 1932, 1943)

Award Ceremony

The awarding ceremony of the Nobel Prize in Physics is held at the Stockholm Concert Hall on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. Every award ceremony is held in the afternoon, because Nobel died at 4:30 p.m. on December 10, 1896. When the first award was given in 1901, people chose to hold the ceremony at the moment of Nobel's death. This special practice has always been followed. At the ceremony, the winner will be presented with a certificate, a medal and a document recording the amount of the bonus^[15] 。

The number of people who attend the award ceremony every year is limited to 1500 to 1800; Men's tuxedo or national costume, women should wear serious evening dress; The white and yellow flowers used in the ceremony must be transported by air from Sao Morey (where Nobel died), which means commemoration and respect for Nobel^[16] 。

The awarding ceremony of the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physics was held in Moscow because of the physical reasons of Lev Davydovich Landau, and was awarded by the Swedish ambassador to the Soviet Union on behalf of the king.

Nobel Prize Awarding Ceremony

Cultural tradition

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Purpose of establishment

The Nobel Prize in Physics is one of the five Nobel Prizes established according to Nobel's will in 1895. The prize aims to reward scientists who have made outstanding contributions to the field of human physics^[1] 。

Medal certificate

medal

Since 1902, Nobel Prize medals have been manufactured at the Royal Swedish Mint (Swedish: Myntverket) and the Norwegian Mint, which are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. The front of each medal is printed with Alfred Nobel's left head and the year of birth and death (1833-1896) written in Roman numerals. The design of the Nobel Prize in Physics is the same as that of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine and Literature, but slightly different from that of the Peace Prize and the Economics Prize^[17] 。 There are two goddesses on the reverse side of the medal. The one on the right is the goddess of knowledge. She lifted the veil of the goddess of nature standing on the left. This is the same as the medal of the Chemistry Prize. It was designed by Eric Lindbergh, a sculptor, in 1902^[18] 。

Medal front

Back of medal

certificate

The King of Sweden will personally award the Nobel Prize in Physics to the winners. The certificate is designed by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and each winner's certificate is unique. There is a picture on the certificate, as well as the name of the winner and the reason for winning the prize^[19] 。

David J. Thouless

Theodor W. Hänsch

Eric Cornell

Kurt Wüthrich

Social evaluation

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The Nobel Prize in Physics is widely regarded as the highest honor in the field of physics^[20] 。（The Nobel Prize is widely considered the world’s most prestigious award. It is awarded for achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, peace and economics.）^[20]

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