Nobel Prize

Prize named after Swedish chemist Nobel

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Nobel Prize (Swedish: Nobel prize, English: Nobel Prize) means Nobel The five awards established by the will in 1895 include: Physics Award , Chemistry Prize, Peace Prize, Physiology or Medicine Prize and Literature Prize, which are designed to recognize people who have "made the greatest contribution to mankind" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine and literature; as well as Swedish Central Bank The Nobel Prize in Economics was established in 1968 to commend people who have made outstanding contributions in the field of economics^[1] 。

The Nobel Prize was awarded for the first time in 1901, including: The nobel prize in physics 、 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 、 The Nobel Peace Prize 、 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine and The Nobel Prize in Literature 。 1968 Swedish Central Bank The "Swedish Central Bank Commemorative Nobel Prize for Economic Science" was added, which was first awarded in 1969. People are used to calling this additional award nobel prize in economics 。 The selection committee of Nobel Prize usually announces the winner in October every year. The award ceremony is held on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, in the Swedish capital Stockholm And the Norwegian capital Oslo The award ceremony was held by the king. September 24, 2020 President of the Nobel Foundation Lars Heikensten The Nobel Prize will be increased to 10 million Swedish kronor (about 1.1 million US dollars) in 2020^[2] 。

According to the official website of the Nobel Prize, the Nobel Prize is selected and awarded once a year. The Nobel Prize includes a gold medal, a certificate and a prize. By 2023, 965 individuals and 27 groups have been awarded^[3] Four individuals and one group won two awards and one group won three awards^[4]^[106] 。

From October 2 to 9, 2023, Nobel Prize in 2023 Promulgated in succession.^[98]

Chinese name: Nobel Prize
Foreign name: Swedish: Nobel price; Norwegian: Nobel prisen; English: Nobel Prize
Organizer: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 、 Karolinska Institutet 、 Swedish Academy 、 Norwegian Nobel Committee
Award Composition: The nobel prize in physics 、 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 、 The Nobel Peace Prize 、 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 、 The Nobel Prize in Literature 、 nobel prize in economics
First issue time: 1901 (Economics Award 1969)
First Winner: Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen 、 Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff 、 Emil Adolf von Behring 、 Sully Prudhomme 、 Jean HenriDunant 、 Frédéric Passy

Time of publication: Every October
Award time: December 10th
Award place: Sweden Stockholm Norway Oslo
Presenter: King of Sweden 、 Norwegian Nobel Committee chairman
Award cycle: Once a year
Reward content: A gold medal, a certificate and a bonus
Award object: People who have "made the greatest contribution to mankind" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine and literature; People who have made outstanding contributions in the field of economics

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Award History

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Alfred Bernhard Nobel

On November 27, 1895, Alfred Bernhard Nobel (hereinafter referred to as: Nobel) The last will written one year before his death was signed at the Swedish Norwegian Club in Paris. According to the last will His legacy will be used to establish a series of awards for those who have "made the greatest contribution to mankind" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine and literature. The assets used to establish five Nobel Prizes account for 94% of the total assets of Nobel, i.e. 31 million yuan Swedish krona^[5] 。

On April 26, 1897, Nobel's will was passed Norwegian Parliament Through implementation, the executors, Longa Solman and Rudolf Lilljequist, established Nobel Prize Foundation , manage heritage and bonus. After the will is passed, the council appoints Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences It is the awarding agency of the physics prize and the chemistry prize, Karolinska Institutet It is the awarding institution of medical and physiological awards, Swedish Academy It is the awarding agency of the Literature Awards, Norwegian Nobel Committee It is the awarding agency of the Peace Prize. The Nobel Foundation subsequently reached an agreement on the criteria for awarding the Nobel Prize.

In 1900, the king of Sweden Oscar II Promulgate the new rules of the Nobel Foundation.

On December 10, 1901, the Nobel Prize was awarded for the first time on the fifth anniversary of Nobel's death, including the Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Peace Prize, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine and Nobel Prize in Literature.

The manuscript of Nobel Testament (four pages in total) is from the official website of Nobel Prize^[5]		Chinese translation
Nobel Testament Manuscript (1/4)	Nobel Testament Manuscript (2/4)	I, the undersigned Alfred Bainhard Nobel, after serious consideration, hereby declare that the following is the will to deal with the property left by me after my death: I hereby request the executor to dispose of the remaining property I can cash in the following ways: convert the above property into cash, and then make a safe and reliable investment; With this fund, a foundation will be established, and the interest generated by the fund will be awarded annually to those who have made outstanding contributions to mankind in the previous year. Divide the interest into five equal parts and distribute it as follows: A prize for the person who has made the most important discovery or invention in the physics field; A prize for the person who has made the most significant discovery or improvement in chemistry; A prize for the person who has made the most important discovery in the medical and physiological fields; A prize for those who have created the best works with ideal tendencies in the literary world; The last award will be given to those who have done their utmost or made the greatest contribution to promoting national unity and friendship, abolishing or reducing the standing army and to the organization and publicity of the peace conference. The physics prize and chemistry prize are awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm; The Medicine and Physiology Award was awarded by the Caroline Medical College in Stockholm; The Literature Prize is awarded by the Stockholm School of Literature; The Peace Prize is awarded by a five member committee elected by the Norwegian Parliament. No consideration is given to the nationality of the winning candidate, that is, whether he or she is Scandinavia The person who most meets the conditions should be awarded a bonus. I hereby declare that it is my urgent wish to award a bonus in this way······ This is the valid will of all my wills. After my death, if I find any previous wills related to property disposal, they will be invalidated.
Nobel Testament Manuscript (3/4)	Nobel Testament Manuscript (4/4)

In 1931, Eric Axel Karfeld He was the first posthumously awarded Nobel Prize for Literature after his death.

In 1935, Carl von Ossietzky Obtained by (Germany) The Nobel Peace Prize , but was unable to attend to receive the award because Germany at that time refused to issue him a passport.

In 1938, Richard Kuhn Obtained by (Germany) Nobel Prize in Chemistry , can not accept the bonus due to the government's prevention.

In 1939, Adolf Butenandt (Germany) won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Gerhard Domagk Obtained by (Germany) Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Both were forbidden by Adolf Hitler's Third Reich and could not accept bonuses.

Chinese Winners (4 sheets)

Born in 1958 in Russia Boris Leonidovich Pasternak In the face of pressure from the Soviet government, they had to refuse to receive The Nobel Prize in Literature 。

In 1961, Dag Hammarskjold He won the Nobel Peace Prize after his death, and was the first winner to posthumously award the prize after his death.

In 1962, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded because Lev Davidovich Lendau For physical reasons Moscow It was awarded by the Swedish ambassador to the Soviet Union on behalf of the king.

In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre He refused to accept the Nobel Prize for Literature because he refused to accept any award in his life.

In 1968, Swedish Central Bank On the occasion of its 300th anniversary, it donated funds to the Nobel Fund and added the "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel". The prize was first awarded in 1969 and was awarded at the same time as the other five prizes. People used to call this additional prize nobel prize in economics ^[6] 。

In 1973, Vietnamese politicians Li Deshou He is the only one who refuses to accept the Nobel Peace Prize.

In 1974, Nobel Prize Foundation The articles of association stipulate that no Nobel Prize shall be awarded posthumously unless the Nobel Prize is declared dead.

In 1975, Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (Soviet Union) won the Nobel Peace Prize, but was unable to attend the ceremony because the Soviet government refused to issue him a passport.

In 1991, Aung San Suu Kyi (Myanmar) won the Nobel Peace Prize, but was unable to attend because she was under house arrest by the Myanmar government. After being released and elected as a member of Parliament, she received the award in person on June 16, 2012.

In 2012, Chinese writer Mo Yan He won the Nobel Prize for Literature and became the first Chinese writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature.

In 2015, Chinese pharmacists Tu Youyou And Irish medical experts William Campbell Japanese scientists Tomura Sharing the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Tu Youyou became the first Chinese native scientist to win the prize.

On May 4, 2018, the Swedish Academy of Arts said that it would not award the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2018, but would reserve it to 2019, because it was deeply involved in sexual scandals^[7-8] 。

September 24, 2020, President of the Nobel Foundation Lars Heikensten He said that the Nobel Prize in 2020 will increase by 1 million Swedish kronor (about 110000 US dollars) to 10 million Swedish kronor (about 1.1 million US dollars)^[2] 。

On October 7, 2021, Abdulrazak Gurnah Won the 2021 Nobel Prize for Literature.^[80]

2021 On October 8, Maria Reza (Maria Ressa) and Dmitry Muratov (Dmitry Muratov) won the 2021 Nobel Peace Prize.^[83]

On September 20, 2023, according to the official website of the Nobel Prize, the 2023 Nobel Prize will be announced from October 2 to 9, of which the Nobel Prize for Literature will be announced on October 5 (Beijing time 7pm).^[99]

On October 9, 2023, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences decided to award the 2023 Nobel Prize in Economics Claudia Golding (CLAUDIA GOLDIN) in recognition of "promoting our understanding of the results of the female labor market".^[105]

Award setting

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Award Overview

Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize includes Nobel Prize Foundation The six official awards are: five awards established according to Nobel's will in 1895, including: The nobel prize in physics 、 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 、 The Nobel Peace Prize 、 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine and The Nobel Prize in Literature ； And the Swedish Central Bank established in 1968 nobel prize in economics ^[1] 。

The Articles of Association of the Nobel Foundation stipulates that: "The amount of the prize can be equally distributed between two work achievements, and each work achievement shall be considered as awardable. If a work achievement is completed by two or three people, they shall be jointly awarded. In any case, the amount of the prize shall not exceed three people."^[4]

The Articles of Association of the Nobel Foundation stipulates: "If sufficient important work achievements are not found, the prize will be retained until the next year. If the prize cannot be awarded even so, its amount should be added to the fund of the foundation."^[4]

bonus

The Nobel Prize is awarded through the management of Alfred Nobel's legacy. The prize is always awarded in Swedish krona, the currency of Sweden. The annual amount of the prize depends on the investment income of the Nobel Fund.

In 1901, when the Nobel Prize was first awarded, the prize for each item was 150000 Swedish kroner, which was equivalent to the salary of a professor in Sweden for 20 years.

In 1980, the single prize of the Nobel Prize reached SEK 1 million, in 1991 it was SEK 6 million, in 1992 it was SEK 6.5 million, in 1993 it was SEK 6.7 million, and in 2000 it reached SEK 9 million (about US $1 million at that time).

From 2001 to 2011, the individual bonus was SEK 10 million (equivalent to about USD 1.45 million in 2011).

In 2012, the amount of SEK 10 million decreased to SEK 8 million.

September 25, 2017, Sweden Nobel Prize Foundation Announced that the prizes of 2017 Nobel Prizes will be increased by 1 million Swedish kroner (about 820000 yuan), and the winners will be given 9 million kroner (about 7.4 million yuan). The Nobel Foundation explained that the increase of the bonus was due to the improvement of the financial situation^[9] 。

On September 24, 2020, Lars Heikensten, President of the Nobel Foundation, said that the Nobel Prize in 2020 would increase by 1 million Swedish kronor (about 110000 dollars) to 10 million Swedish kronor (about 1.1 million dollars).^[2]

On September 15, 2023, the Nobel Foundation, which manages the Nobel Prize, said that the Nobel Prize winners in 2023 would receive an additional 1 million Swedish kroner, bringing the total amount of prizes to 11 million Swedish kroner (about 986000 US dollars).^[109]

Organizational process

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Selection process

The selection process of Nobel Prize is as follows (the following is the main process, and the specific award process is slightly different)^[10-11] ：

From September to January 31 of the next year, candidates recommended by various Nobel Prizes will be accepted. Usually 1000 to 2000 candidates are recommended every year.

Do not volunteer.

The Swedish government and the Norwegian government have no right to interfere in the selection of the Nobel Prize.

From February 1 each year, the Nobel Prize jury will screen and approve the recommended candidates, and the work will be kept strictly confidential.

In the middle of October every year, the list of Nobel Prize winners will be announced.

Every year, December 10 is the anniversary of the death of the Nobel Prize. The Nobel Prize awarding ceremony is held in Stockholm and Oslo respectively. The King and Queen of Sweden attend and award the Nobel Prize.

Nomination process

According to the regulations, the Nobel Prize Committee will send confidential documents to those who have the ability and qualification to nominate, and they will recommend candidates for Nobel Prize winners. The requirements for qualified nominees are as follows:

Former Nobel Prize winners, members of Nobel Prize Jury, specially designated university professors, specially invited professors of Nobel Prize Jury, chairman of Writers Association (Literature Prize), international conferences and organizations (Peace Prize)^[10-11] 。

Nomination process of Nobel Prize winners^[10]

Selection and assessment

According to Nobel's will, in the whole process of selection, the winners are not affected by any nationality, nationality, ideology or religious belief. The first criterion of selection is the size of achievements^[5] 。

In accordance with Nobel's will, the Physics Prize and the Chemistry Prize were awarded by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Evaluation, Physiology or Medicine Award is evaluated by Royal Karolin Medical College (Karolinska College) in Sweden, and Literature Award is evaluated by Swedish Academy Evaluated by Norwegian Parliament Elect. Economic award entrustment Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Assessment. Each awarding unit has a Nobel Committee composed of five people, which is responsible for the selection. The committee is held every three years^[5] 。

The principle followed by the Nobel Prize is that, except for the announcement of the final winner, the list of candidates is not open to the public, and a 50 year confidentiality period is set. Therefore, the authenticity of various legends that may appear every year, saying that a person has been nominated as a candidate for the Nobel Prize, must be verified 50 years later.

Past reviews

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Previous awards
particular year	name	particular year	name	particular year	name
one thousand nine hundred and one	Nobel Prize in 1901	one thousand nine hundred and two	Nobel Prize in 1902	one thousand nine hundred and three	Nobel Prize in 1903
one thousand nine hundred and four	Nobel Prize in 1904	one thousand nine hundred and five	Nobel Prize in 1905	one thousand nine hundred and six	Nobel Prize in 1906
one thousand nine hundred and seven	Nobel Prize in 1907	one thousand nine hundred and eight	1908 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and nine	Nobel Prize in 1909
one thousand nine hundred and ten	Nobel Prize in 1910	one thousand nine hundred and eleven	1911 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and twelve	Nobel Prize in 1912
one thousand nine hundred and thirteen	Nobel Prize in 1913	one thousand nine hundred and fourteen	Nobel Prize in 1914	one thousand nine hundred and fifteen	Nobel Prize in 1915
one thousand nine hundred and sixteen	Nobel Prize in 1916	one thousand nine hundred and seventeen	Nobel Prize in 1917	one thousand nine hundred and eighteen	Nobel Prize in 1918
one thousand nine hundred and nineteen	Nobel Prize in 1919	one thousand nine hundred and twenty	1920 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and twenty-one	1921 Nobel Prize
one thousand nine hundred and twenty-two	1922 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and twenty-three	1923 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and twenty-four	1924 Nobel Prize
one thousand nine hundred and twenty-five	1925 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and twenty-six	1926 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and twenty-seven	1927 Nobel Prize
one thousand nine hundred and twenty-eight	1928 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and twenty-nine	1929 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and thirty	1930 Nobel Prize
one thousand nine hundred and thirty-one	1931 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and thirty-two	1932 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and thirty-three	1933 Nobel Prize
one thousand nine hundred and thirty-four	1934 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and thirty-five	1935 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and thirty-six	1936 Nobel Prize
one thousand nine hundred and thirty-seven	1937 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and thirty-eight	1938 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and thirty-nine	1939 Nobel Prize
one thousand nine hundred and forty	1940 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and forty-one	1941 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and forty-two	1942 Nobel Prize
one thousand nine hundred and forty-three	1943 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and forty-four	1944 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and forty-five	1945 Nobel Prize
one thousand nine hundred and forty-six	1946 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and forty-seven	1947 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and forty-eight	1948 Nobel Prize
one thousand nine hundred and forty-nine	1949 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and fifty	Nobel Prize in 1950	one thousand nine hundred and fifty-one	1951 Nobel Prize
one thousand nine hundred and fifty-two	1952 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and fifty-three	1953 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and fifty-four	1954 Nobel Prize
one thousand nine hundred and fifty-five	1955 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and fifty-six	1956 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and fifty-seven	1957 Nobel Prize
one thousand nine hundred and fifty-eight	1958 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and fifty-nine	1959 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and sixty	Nobel Prize in 1960
one thousand nine hundred and sixty-one	1961 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and sixty-two	1962 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and sixty-three	1963 Nobel Prize
one thousand nine hundred and sixty-four	1964 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and sixty-five	1965 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and sixty-six	1966 Nobel Prize
one thousand nine hundred and sixty-seven	1967 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and sixty-eight	1968 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and sixty-nine	1969 Nobel Prize
one thousand nine hundred and seventy	1970 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and seventy-one	1971 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and seventy-two	1972 Nobel Prize
one thousand nine hundred and seventy-three	1973 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and seventy-four	1974 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and seventy-five	1975 Nobel Prize
one thousand nine hundred and seventy-six	Nobel Prize in 1976	one thousand nine hundred and seventy-seven	1977 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and seventy-eight	1978 Nobel Prize
one thousand nine hundred and seventy-nine	1979 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and eighty	1980 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and eighty-one	1981 Nobel Prize
one thousand nine hundred and eighty-two	1982 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and eighty-three	1983 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and eighty-four	1984 Nobel Prize
one thousand nine hundred and eighty-five	1985 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and eighty-six	1986 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and eighty-seven	1987 Nobel Prize
one thousand nine hundred and eighty-eight	1988 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and eighty-nine	1989 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and ninety	1990 Nobel Prize
one thousand nine hundred and ninety-one	1991 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and ninety-two	1992 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and ninety-three	1993 Nobel Prize
one thousand nine hundred and ninety-four	1994 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and ninety-five	1995 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and ninety-six	1996 Nobel Prize
one thousand nine hundred and ninety-seven	1997 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and ninety-eight	1998 Nobel Prize	one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine	1999 Nobel Prize
two thousand	2000 Nobel Prize	two thousand and one	2001 Nobel Prize	two thousand and two	2002 Nobel Prize
two thousand and three	2003 Nobel Prize	two thousand and four	2004 Nobel Prize	two thousand and five	2005 Nobel Prize
two thousand and six	2006 Nobel Prize	two thousand and seven	2007 Nobel Prize	two thousand and eight	2008 Nobel Prize
two thousand and nine	2009 Nobel Prize	two thousand and ten	2010 Nobel Prize	two thousand and eleven	2011 Nobel Prize
two thousand and twelve	2012 Nobel Prize	two thousand and thirteen	2013 Nobel Prize	two thousand and fourteen	2014 Nobel Prize
two thousand and fifteen	2015 Nobel Prize	two thousand and sixteen	2016 Nobel Prize	two thousand and seventeen	2017 Nobel Prize
two thousand and eighteen	2018 Nobel Prize	two thousand and nineteen	2019 Nobel Prize	two thousand and twenty	Nobel Prize in 2020
two thousand and twenty-one	Nobel Prize in 2021	2022	Nobel Prize in 2022	two thousand and twenty-three	Nobel Prize in 2023

Previous awards

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By 2019, the Nobel Prize had been awarded to 919 individuals and 24 groups^[3] Among them, four individuals and one group (UNHCR) have won the Nobel Prize twice, and one group (Red Cross Society) has won the Nobel Prize three times, so a total of 923 times have been awarded to individuals and 27 times to groups^[4] 。

From 1901 to 1968, five Nobel Prizes were awarded, including: The nobel prize in physics 、 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 、 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 、 The Nobel Prize in Literature 、 The Nobel Peace Prize^[3] 。

List of previous winners
particular year	Physics Award	Chemistry Award	Physiology or Medicine Award	Literature Award	Peace Prize
1901	Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen	Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff	Emil Adolf von Behring	Sully Prudhomme	Jean HenriDunant ； Frédéric Passy
1902	Hendrik Anton Lorenz ； Peter Zeeman	Herman Fischer	Ronald Ross	Theodor Mommsen	Elie Ducommu ； Charles Albert Gobat
1903	Antoine Henri Becquerel ； Pierre Curie ； Marie Curie	Svante Auguste Arenius	Niels Ryberg Finsen	Beyongsten Beyondsong	William Randal Cremer
1904	John Stirratt	William Ramsay	Ivan Pavlov	Frederick Mistral ； Bjornstjerne Bjornson	Institute of International Law
1905	Philipp Lenard	Adolf von Baeyer	robert koch	Henrik Xianke Microbranch	Bertha von Suttner
1906	Joseph John Thomson	Henri Moissan	Camillo Golgi ； Santiago Ramon y Cajal	Chozue Kalduzi	Theodore Roosevelt
1907	Albert Michelson	Eduard Buchner	Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran	Joseph Rudyard Kipling	Ernesto Teodoro Monetta ； Louis Renault
1908	Gabriel Lipman	Ernest Rutherford	Erich Mechinikov, Eliye ； Paul Ehrlich	Rudolf Eucken	Klas Pontus Arnoldsson; Fredrik Bajer
1909	Guglielmo Marconi ； Karl Ferdinand Braun	William Ostwald	Emil Theodor Kocher	Selma Lagerl f	Auguste Bernard ； Paul de Konstan
1910	Johannes Diderik van der Waals	Otto Wallach	Albrecht Kossel	Paul John Ludwig von Hesse	International Peace Bureau
1911	Wilhelm Wien	Marie Curie	Alva Gullstrand	Maurice Maeterlinck	Tobias Michael Carel Asser ； Alfred Herman Fried
1912	Nils Gustav Darren	Victor Grignard ； Paul Sabatier	Alexis Carrell	Gerhart Hauptmann	Elihu Root
1913	Heike Kamerlingh Onnes	Alfred Werner	Charles Robert Richet	Rabindranath Tagore	Henri La Fontaine
1914	Max von Laue	Theodore William Richards	Robert Barani	No award	No award
1915	William Henry Bragg ； William Lawrence Bragg	Richard Wilstedt	No award	Roman Roland	No award
1916	No award	No award	No award	Verner von Heidenstam	No award
1917	Charles Glover Barkla	No award	No award	Karl Adolph Gjellerup ； Henrik Pontopidan	the international red cross
1918	Max Planck	Fritz Haber	No award	No award	No award
1919	Johannes Stark	No award	Jules Bordet	Carl Spitteler	woodrow wilson
1920	Charles douard Guillaume	Walther Hermann Nernst	Auguste Crowe	Knut Hamsun	Leon Bourgeois
1921	Albert Einstein	Frederick Soddy	No award	Anatole France	Carl Yalma Blanting ； Christian Lous Lange
1922	Niels Bohr	Francis William Aston	Archibald Hill ； Otto Fritz Meyerhof	Hassint Benavent I Martinez	Fridtjof Nansen
1923	Robert Andrews Millikan	Fritz Pregl	Frederick Banting ； John James Rickard Macleod	William Butler Yeats	No award
1924	Manne Siegbahn	No award	Willem Einthoven	Vladislav Lemont	No award
1925	James Frank ； Gustav Ludwig Hertz	Richard Adolf Zsigmondy	No award	Bernard Shaw	Austen Chamberlain ； Charles G. Dawes
1926	Jean Perrin	Teodore Swedberg	Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger	Grazia Deledda	Aristide Berian ； Gustav Stretzeman
1927	Arthur Compton ； Charles Thomson Rees Wilson	Heinrich Otto Wieland	Julius Wagner Yaoregg	Henri Bergson	Ferdinand Edward Besson ； Ludwig Quidde
1928	Owen Willans Richardson	Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus	Charles Nicole	Sigrid Undset	No award
1929	Louis de Broglie	Arthur Harden ； Hans von Oyle Cherpin	Christian Ekman ； Frederick Gowland Hopkins	Thomas Mann	Frank B. Kellogg
1930	Chandrasekara Venkata Raman	Hans Fischer	Carl Landsteiner	Sinclair Lewis	Natan Sedbrum
1931	No award	Carl Bosch ； Friedrich Begius	Otto Heinrich Warburg	Eric Axel Karfeldt	Jane Adams ； Nicholas Murray Butler
1932	Werner Heisenberg	Owen Langmuir	Charles Scott Sherrington ； Edgar Adrian	John Galsworthy	No award
1933	Erwin Schrodinger ； Paul Dirac	No award	Thomas Hunt Morgan	Ivan Alexevich Punin	Norman Angell
1934	No award	Harold Urey	George Whipple ； George Richards Minot ； William Murphy	Luigi Pirandello	Arthur Henderson
1935	James Chadwick	Jean Frederick Jolio Curie ； Ilen Jolio Curie	Hans Spemann	No award	Carl von Ossietzky
1936	Victor Francis Hess ； Carl David Anderson	Peter Debye	Henry Hallett Dale ； Otto Loewi	Eugene O'Neill	Carlos Saavedra Lamas
1937	Clinton Joseph Davidson; George Paget Thomson	Norman Haworth ； Paul Karrer	Saint Germain Albert	Roger Martin du Gard	Robert Cecil
1938	Enrico Fermi	Richard Kuhn	Corneille Heymans	Pearl Buck	Nansen International Office for Refugees
1939	Ernest O. Lawrence	Adolf Butenandt ； Ruzichika, Lavoslav	Gerhard Domagk	Frans Emil Silanpa	No award
1940	No award	No award	No award	No award	No award
1941	No award	No award	No award	No award	No award
1942	No award	No award	No award	No award	No award
1943	Otto Stern	George de Hevesy	Henrik Dam ； Edward Adelbert Doise	No award	No award
1944	Isidor Isaac Rabi	Otto Hahn	Joseph Erlanger ； Herbert Spencer Gasser	Johannes Vilhelm Jensen	international committee of the red cross
1945	Wolfgang Pauli	Alturi Irmari Viltanin	Alexander Fleming ； Ernst Boris Chain ； Howard Florey	Gabriela Mistral	Cordell Hull
1946	Percy Bridgeman	James B. Sumner ； John Howard Northrop ； Wendell Stanley	Herman Joseph Mahler	Hermann Hesse	Emily Balch ； John Mulder
1947	Edward Victor Appleton	Robert Robinson	Carl Ferdinand Curry ； Gerty Cori ； bernardo houssay	Andre Gide	Friends Service Council ； American Quaker Association
1948	Patrick Blackett	Arne Tiselius	Paul Herman Muller	Thomas Stearns Eliot	No award
1949	Hideki Yukawa	William Francis Giauque	Walter Rudolf Hess ； Antonio Egas Monis	William Faulkner	John Boyd Orr
1950	Cecil Frank Powell	Otto Diels ； Kurt Alder	Philip Shawart Hunt ； Edward Calvin Kendall ； Tadeush Reichstein	Bertrand Russell	Ralph Johnson Bunche
1951	John Cochraff ； Ernest Walton	Edwin McMillan ； Glenn Theodore Seaborg	Max Theiler	Pel Lagquist	Leon Joo
1952	Felix Bloch ； Edward Mills Purcell	Archer John Porter Martin ； Richard Lawrence Millington Singer	Selman Abraham Waksman	Francois Mauriac	albert schweitzer
1953	Fritz Selnik	Hermann Staudinger	Hans Adolf Krebs ； Fritz Albert Lipmann	winston churchill	George Cartwright Marshall
1954	Max Born ； Walther Bothe	Linus Carl Pauling	John Franklin Enders ； Frederick Chapman Robbins ； Thomas Hackel Weller	Ernest Hemingway	UNHCR
1955	Willis Eugene Lamb ； Polykarp Kusch	Vincent du Vigneaud	Hugo Theorell	Haldor Lakesnes	No award
1956	William Shockley; John Badin ； Walter Bratton	Cyril Norman Hinshelwood ； Nikolay Semyonov	Andre Frederick Conan ； Werner Forssmann ； Dickinson W. Richards	Juan Ramon Jimenez	No award
1957	Yang Zhenning ； Li Zhengdao	Alexander R. Todd	Daniel Bovet	Albert Camus	Lester Bowles Pearson
1958	Pavel Cherenkov; Ilya Frank ； Igor Tamm	Frederick Sanger	George Wells Biddle ； Edward Laurie Tatum ； Joshua Ledberg	Boris Pasternak	George Peele
1959	Emilio Gino Segre ； Owen Chamberlain	Jaroslav Helovsky	Arthur Kornberg ； Severo Ochoa	Savador Quasimodo	Philip Noel Baker
1960	Donald Glaser	Willard Libby	Frank Macfarlane Burnet ； Peter Medawar	Saint-John Perse	Albert John Lutuli
1961	Robert Hofstadt ； Rudolf Mossbauer	Melvin Calvin	Gaiorge von Bekexi	Ivo Andric	Dag Hammarskjold
1962	Lev Landau	Max Perutz ； John Kendrew	Francis Crick ； James Dewey Watson ； Maurice Wilkins	John Steinbeck	Linus Carl Pauling
1963	Eugene Wigner ； Maria Geppett Meyer ； Johannes Jensen	Karl Ziegler ； Giulio Natta	John Carew Eccles ； Alan Lloyd Hodgkin ； Andrew Huxley	George Seifelis	international committee of the red cross ； International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
1964	Charles Hard Townes ； Nikolay Basov ； Alexander Prokhorov	Dorothy Crawford Hodgkin	Konrad Emil Bloch ； Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen	Jean-Paul Sartre	Martin Luther King
1965	Chaoyong Zhenichiro ； Julian Schwinger ； Richard Feynman	Robert Burns Woodward	Fang Sihua, Jia Kebo ； André Lwoff ； Jacques Monod	Mikhail Alexander Lovich Sholokhov	United Nations Children's Fund
1966	Alfred Castler	Robert S.Mulliken	Peyton Rous ； Charles Brandon Hawkins	Samuel Joseph Agnon ； Nelly Sachs	No award
1967	Hans Bate	Manfred Eigen ； Ronald George Wreyford Norrish ； George Porter	Ragnar Granit ； Holden Kefer Hartland ； George Wald	Miguel Angel Asturias	No award
1968	Louis Alvarez	Lars Onsager	Robert W. Holley ； Har Gobind Khorana ； Marshall Warren Nierenberg	Kawabata Yasunari	René Cassin
Since 1969, six Nobel Prizes have been awarded, including: The nobel prize in physics 、 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 、 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 、 The Nobel Prize in Literature 、 The Nobel Peace Prize 、 nobel prize in economics 。

particular year	Physics Award	Chemistry Award	Physiology or Medicine Award	Literature Award	Peace Prize	Economics Award
1969	Murray Gelman	Derek Barton ； Odd Hassel	Max Delbruk ； Alfred Hershey ； Salvador Luria	Samuel Beckett	International Labour Organization	Rhone Frisch ； Jane Dimbergen
1970	Hannes Alfven ； Louis Neel	Louise Frederick Leroyer	Julius Axelrod ； ulf von euler ； Bernard Katz	Alexander Solzhenitsyn	Norman Bragg	Paul A. Samuelson
1971	Dennis Gabor	Gerhard Herzberg	Ehru Wilbur Sutran	Pablo Neruda	Willy Brandt	Simon Kuznets
1972	John Badin ； Leon Cooper ； John Robert Schrieffer	Christian Bermer Amphenson ； Stanford Moore ； William Howard Stein	Gerald Edelman ； Rodney Robert Porter	Heinrich Boll	No award	John Hicks ； Kenneth Joseph Arrow
1973	Leo Esaki ； Ivar Giaever ； Brain Josephson	Ernst Otto Fischer ； Geoffrey Wilkinson	Carl von Foley ； Konrad Lorenz ； Nikolaas "Niko" Tinbergen	Patrick White	Henry Kissinger ； Li Deshou	Huasili Leontief
1974	Martin Ryle ； Antony Hewish	Paul Flory	Albert Claude ； Christian de Duve ； George Emil Palade	Eyvind Johnson ； Harry Martinson	Sean Macbride ； eissaku sato	Friedrich Hayek ； Gunnar Myrdal
1975	Aage Niels Bohr ； Ben Roy Mortensen ； Leo James Rainwater	john cornforth ； Vladimir Prellog	David Baltimore ； Renato Dulbecco ； Howard Martin Temin	Ewugenio Montale	Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov	Leonid Cantorovich ； Jialin Kupumans
1976	Burton Richter ； Ding Zhaozhong	William Lipscomb	Baruch Samuel Blumberg ； Daniel Carlton Gadushek	Saul Bellow	Betty Williams ； Mairead Corrigan	Milton Friedman
1977	Philip Warren Anderson ； Nevill Francis Mott ； John Van Fulek	Ilya Prigozin	Roger Guillemin ； Andrew Vschally ； Rosalyn Sasman Yello	Alec Sandre Merlot	Amnesty International	Gotthard Betti Orin ； James Edward Mead
1978	Pyotr Kapitsa ； Arno Penzias ； Robert Wilson	Peter D. Mitchell	Werner Arber ； Daniel Nathans ； Hamilton Smith	Isaac Bashevis Singh	Mohamed Anwar al-Sadat ； Menachem Begin	Herbert Simon
1979	Sheldon Glashaw; Abdus Salam ； Steven Weinberg	Herbert C. Brown ； Georg Wittig	Alan McClaide Komack ； Godfrey Hausfeld	Odysseus Ellitis	mother teresa	William Arthur Lewis ； Theodore Schultz
1980	James Watson Cronin ； Val Logsdon Fitch	Paul Berger ； Walter Gilbert ； Frederick Sanger	Baruj Benacerraf ； Jean Dausset ； George Snell	Cheswav Miwalsh	Adolfo Peres Eskeville	Lawrence Lo Klein
1981	Kai Siegbahn ； Nicholas Blombergan ； Arthur Leonard Schawlow	Kenichi Fukui ； Rod Hoffman	Roger Wolcott Sperry ； David H. Hubel ； Torsten Wiesel	Elias Carnetti	UNHCR	James Tobin
1982	Kenneth Wilson	Aaron Klug	Suen Bergstrom ； Bengt I. Samuelsson ； John Fane	Gabriel Garcia Marquez	Alva Myrdal ； AIfonso Garcia Robles	George Joseph Stigler
1983	Chandraseka, Subramanian ； William Fowler	Henry Taube	Barbara McClintock	William Golding	Lech walesa	Roland Debreu
1984	Carlo Rubbia ； Simon van der Meer	Robert Bruce Merrifield	Niels Kaj Jerne ； Georges Kohler ； Cesar Milstein	Yaroslav Seifert	Desmond Tutu	Richard John Stone
1985	Klaus von Klitzing	Herbert A. Hauptman ； Jerome Karle	Michael Brown ； Joseph Leonard Goldstein	Claude Simon	International Organization of Doctors for the Prevention of Nuclear War	Franco Modigliani
1986	Ernst Ruska ； Gerd Binnig ； Heinrich Rohrer	Dudley R. Herschbach ； Li Yuanzhe ； John Charles Polanyi	Stanley Cohen ； Rita Levy Montalcini	Volley Soyinka	Elie Wiesel	James Buchanan
1987	Johannes Georg Bednortz ； Carl Alexander Miller	Donald J. Cram ； Jean Marie Lane; Charles J. Pedersen	Susumu Tonegawa	Joseph Brodsky	Oscar Arias Sanchez	Robert Solo
1988	Leon Ledman ； Melvin Schwartz; Jack Steinberger	Johann Deisenhofer ； Robert Huber ； Hartmut Michel	James W. Black ； Gertrude B. Erin ； George Higgins	Naguib Mahfouz	United Nations peacekeeping forces	Maurice Allais
1989	Norman Ramsey; Hans Georg Dehmelt ； Wolfgang Paul	Sidney Altman ； Thomas Cech	Michael Bishop; Harold Varmus	Camilo Jose Cela	——	Trygve Haavelmo
1990	Germ Friedman; Henry Kendall; Richard Tyler	Elias James Corey	Joseph Murray ； E. Donnall Thomas	Octavio Paz	Mikhail Gorbachev	Merton Miller ； Harry M. Markowitz ； William Sharpe
1991	Pierre-Gilles de Gennes	Richard R. Ernst	Irwin Nell ； Bert Sakmann	Nadine Gordimer	Aung San Suu Kyi	Ronald Coase
1992	Georges Charpak	Rudolph A. Marcus	Edmund Fisher ； Edwin Krebs	Derek Walcott	Ringweta Menchu Tum	Gary Becker
1993	Russell Hulls ； Joseph Houton Taylor	Kary Mullis ； Michael Smith	Richard J. Roberts ； Philip Sharp	Toni Morrison	Nelson Mandela ； F. W. de Klerk	Robert Fogel ； Douglass North
1994	Bertram Brockhouse; Clifford Shull	George Andrew Olah	Alfred Guman Gilman ； Martin Rodbell	Kenzaburo Oe	Yasser Arafat ； Shimon Peres ； Yitzhak Rabin	John Nash ； John Harsanyi ； Reinhard Zerten
1995	Martin Perl ； Frederick Reines	Paul Crutzen ； Mario Molina ； Frank Sherwood Rowland	Edward Lewis ； Christian Newslin Walhard ； Eric F. Wieschaus	Seamus Hiny	Joseph Rotblat ； Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs	Robert E. Lucas Jr
1996	David Lee ； Douglas Ocherov ； robert richardson	Robert Curl ； Harold Kroto ； Richard Smalley	Peter Duherty ； Rove Xinkenaji	Simposka, Vislava	Simmons Bello ； Jos é Ramos Horta	James Mirrlees ； William Vickrey
1997	Chu Diwen ； Cohen Tannoudji ； William Phillips	Paul Boyer ； John Walker ； Jens Christian Skou	Stanley Bruchner	dario fo	International Anti Mine Organization ； Jody Williams	Robert C. Merton ； Myron Scholes
1998	Horst Ludwig Stormer ； Robed Laughlin ； Cui Qi	Walter Kohn ； John Pope	Rob Fochegott ； Luis Luignalo ； Ferry Murad	Jos é Salamago	John Hume ； David Trimble	Amartya Sen
1999	Gerard T. Hooft ； Martinus J. G. Veltman	Ahmed Zweiler	Günter Blobel	gunter grass	Doctors Without Borders	Robert Mundell
2000	Jores Alferov ； Herbert Kroemer ； Jack Kilby	Alan Haig ； Alan McDilmead ； Hideki Shirakawa	Arvid Carlsson ； Paul Greengard ； Eric Kandel	Gao Xingjian	Kim Dae jung	James J. Heckman ； Daniel McFadden
2001	Eric A. Cornell ； Carl Weiman; Wolfgang Ketterle	William Knowles ； ryoji noyori ； K B Sharpless	Leland Hartwell ； Tim Hunt ； Paul Nurse	V. Su Naipaul	the United Nations ； Kofi Annan	George Aklov ； Michael Spence ； Joseph Stiglitz
2002	Raymond Davis ； Masatoshi Koshiba ； Ricardo Giacconi	Kurt Wüthrich ； John Bennett Finn ； Koichi Tanaka	sydney Brenner ； H Robert Horvitz ； John E. Sulston	Keltais Imre	Jimmy Carter	Daniel Kahneman ； Vernon L. Smith
2003	Alexei Alexeevich Abrikosov ； Vitaly Ginzburg; Anthony James Leggett	Peter Agrel ； Roderick McKinnon	Paul Lauterbur ； Peter Mansfield	J. M. Coetzee	Shirin Ebadi	Clive Granger ； Robert Engle
2004	David Gross ； Hugh Polizer ； Frank Welch	aaron ciechanover ； Avram Hershko ； Owen Ross	Richard Axel ； Linda Barker	Alfred Jelinek	Wangari Maathai	Finn E. Kydland ； Edward C. Prescott
2005	Roy Glauber ； John Hall ； Theodor Hansch	Robert H. Grubbs ； Richard R. Schrock ； yves chauvin	Barry Marshall ； Robin Warren	Harold Pinter	International Atomic Energy Agency ； Mohamed ElBaradei	Thomas Cromby Schelling ； Robert John Aumann
2006	John Mather ； George Smoot	Roger Kornberg	Andrew Z. Fire ； Craig Mello	Orhan Pamuk	Muhammad Yunus ； Grameen Bank of Bangladesh	Edmund Phelps
2007	Albert Fert ； Peter Gruneberg	Gerhard Ertl	Mario Capecchi ； Martin Evans ； Oliver Smith	Doris Lessing	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ； Al Gore	Leonid Herwicz ； Eric Maskin ； Roger Merson
2008	Kobayashi Cheng ； Toshihide Maskawa ； Yoichiro Nambu	Xiacun Repair ； Martin Chalfie ； Qian Yongjian	Harald zur Hausen ； Francois Barr Sinosi ； Luc Montagnier	Jean Marie Gustav Le Clezio	Martti Ahtisaari	paul krugman
2009	Kao Kun ； Willard Boyle ； George Smith	Ada Yonat ； Vankataraman Lemakrisnan ； Thomas Steitz	Elizabeth Blackburn ； Carol Greider ； Jack Szostak	Herta Muller	Barack Obama	Eleanor Ostrom ； Oliver Williamson
2010	Andre Geim ； Konstantin Novoselov	Richard F. Heck ； Ei-ichi Negishi ； Suzuki seal	Robert Geoffrey Edwards	Mario Vargas Llosa	——	Peter Diamond ； Dale Mortensen ； Christopher A. Pissarides
2011	Saul Perlmutter ； Brian Schmidt ； Adam Ries	Daniel Shechtman	Bruce Boytler ； Jules A. Hoffmann ； Ralph M. Steinman	Thomas Transtr ö mer	Ellen Johnson Sirleaf ； Leyman Gubowei ； Tawakkul Karman	Thomas Sargent ； Christopher A. Sims
2012	Serge Haroche ； David Vanland	Robert Lefkowitz ； Brian Kobilka	John Gurdon ； shinya yamanaka	Mo Yan	European Union	Alvin Roth ； Lloyd Shapley
2013	Francois Engler ； Peter Higgs	Martin Kapras ； Michael Levitt ； Ariel Wascher	James Rothman ； Randy W. Schekman ； Thomas Judkhov	Alice Munro	Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons	Eugene Fama ； Lars Peter Hansen ； Robert Shiller
2014	Akasaki Yong ； Hiroshi Amano ； Shuji Nakamura	Eric Betziger ； Stefan Hell ； William Esco Molnar	John O'Keefe ； May-Britt Moser ； Edward Moser	Patrick Modiano	Satyarsi ； Malala Yusuf Zai	Jean Tirole
2015	Kajida Takashi ； Arthur MacDonald	Thomas Lindal ； Paul Modrich ； Aziz Sanjar	William C. Campbell ； Tomura ； Tu Youyou	Svilana Alecevich	Quartet of Tunisian National Dialogue	Angus Deaton
2016	David Solis ； Duncan Haldane ； Michael Costlitz	Jean Pierre Sawa ； James Fraser Stuart ； Bernard Felinga	Yoshinori Ohsumi	Bob Dylan	Juan MANUEL Santos	Oliver Hart ； Bent Homestrom
2017	Rainer Weiss ； Barry Barish ； Kip Thorne	Jacques Dubochet ； Achim Frank ； Richard Henderson	Jeffrey Hall ； Michael Rothbush ； Michael Young	Kazuo Ishiguro	International Campaign for the Abolition of Nuclear Weapons	Richard Thaler
2018	Gerald Muru ； Arthur Ashkin ； Donna Strickland	Frances Arnold ； George Smith ； Gregory Venter	James Ellison ； My common blessing	Olga Dorkhai	Denis Muqq ； Nadia Murad	William Nordhaus ； Paul Romer
2019	Jim Peebles ； Didier Queiroz ； Michel Mayor	John B. Goodenough ； Stanley Whittingham ； Akira Yoshino	William Kelling ； Peter Ratcliffe ； Greg Semenza	Peter Handke	Abi Ahmed Ali	Abhijit Banerjee ； Esther Duvreau ； Michael Kraemer
2020	Roger Penrose ； Reinhard Genzel ； Andrea Gaz	Emmanuel Sharponge ； Jennifer Dodner	Harvey Alter ： Michael Horton ； Charles Rice	Louise Gltick	World Food Programme	Paul Mil grum ； Robert Wilson
2021	True pot Shulang ； Klaus Hasselman ； Giorgio Parisi ^[76-77]	Benjamin Lister ； David Macmillan^[78]	David Julius ； Arden Pataputian^[75]	Abdullazak Gulna^[79]^[81]	Maria Reza ； Dmitry Muratov^[82]	David Card ； Joshua D. Angrist ； Guido W. Innes^[84]
2022	Alain Aspect 、 John Francis Crowze 、 Anton Salinger	Caroline Bertozi Carl Barry Sharpless Morten Merdar^[92-93]	Svante Pbo	Annie Elno	Ales Bialiazki Russian Human Rights Organization Memorial Hall and Ukrainian Human Rights Organization Civil Freedom Center	Ben Bernanke ； Douglas Diamond ； Phil DiBwick
2023	Pierre Agostini 、 Ferenc Krausz 、 Anne Rullier	Mengji Bawendi 、 Louis Bruce 、 Alexei Yekimov	Katarin Korico 、 Drew Weisman	Jon Fosse	Nargis Mohammadi^[108]	Claudia Golding
ginseng Test materials:^[12-51]^[86-91]^[94-97]^[100-105]

statistical data

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Award statistics

prize	frequency	Number of people	One winner	Two winners	Three winners
Physics Award	one hundred and seventeen	two hundred and twenty-five	forty-seven	thirty-two	thirty-eight
Chemistry Award	one hundred and fifteen	one hundred and ninety-four	sixty-three	twenty-five	twenty-seven
Physiology or Medicine Award	one hundred and fourteen	two hundred and twenty-seven	forty	thirty-five	thirty-nine
Literature Award	one hundred and sixteen	one hundred and twenty	one hundred and twelve	four	——
Peace Prize	one hundred and four	111 + 30	seventy	thirty-one	nine
Economics Award	fifty-five	ninety-three	twenty-six	twenty	nine
total	five hundred and ninety-seven	one thousand	three hundred and fifty-eight	one hundred and forty-seven	one hundred and six
Note: The above statistics are from the official website of Nobel Prize by 2023. reference material:^[3-4]^[107]

Specific statistics

project	Specific description
Stop sending	Physics awards: 1916, 1931, 1934, 1940, 1941, 1942 Chemistry Awards: 1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940, 1941, 1942 Physiology or Medicine: 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1921, 1925, 1940, 1941, 1942 Literature Awards: 1914, 1918, 1935, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943 Peace Prize: 1914, 1915, 1916, 1918, 1923, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1948, 1955, 1956, 1966, 1967, 1972
Age (the youngest winner of all awards)^[41]	1． Malala Yusuf Zai , age 17, Pakistani, 2014 Nobel Peace Prize 2． Lawrence Bragg , 25 years old, British, 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics 3． Nadia Murad , 25 years old, Iraqi, 2018 Nobel Peace Prize 4． Werner Heisenberg , 31 years old, German, 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics 5． Li Zhengdao , age 31, Chinese American, 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics 6． Carl David Anderson , age 31, American, 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics 7． Paul Dirac , age 31, British, 1933 Nobel Prize in Physics 8． Frederick Banting , age 32, Canadian, 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 9． Tawakul Kaman , 32 years old, Yemeni, 2011 Nobel Peace Prize 10． Rudolf Ludwig Mossbauer , 32 years old, German, 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics 11． Mairead Corrigan , 32 years old, Northern Ireland, 1976 Nobel Peace Prize
Age (the youngest individual winner)	Physics Award: William Lawrence Bragg , 25 years old, British, won the prize in 1915 Chemistry Award: Jean Frederick Jolio Curie , 35 years old, French, 1935 Physiology or Medicine Award: Frederick Banting , age 32, Canadian, awarded in 1923 Literature Award: Joseph Rudyard Kipling , age 41, British, won the prize in 1907 Peace Prize: Malala Yusuf Zai , age 17, Pakistani, won the prize in 2014 Economics Award: Esther Duvreau , age 46, French, 2019
frequency	Marie Curie (France): 1903 Physics Prize; 1911 Chemistry Award Linus Carl Pauling (USA): 1954 Chemistry Award; 1962 Peace Prize John Badin (USA): 1956 Physics Prize; 1972 Physics Award Frederick Sanger (UK): 1958 Chemistry Award; 1980 Chemistry Award international committee of the red cross : 1917 Peace Prize; 1944 Peace Prize; 1963 Peace Prize Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees : 1954 Peace Prize; 1981 Peace Prize Carl Barry Sharpless : 2001 and 2022 Chemistry Awards
Refuse to accept a prize	In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre Refusing to accept the Nobel Prize for Literature In 1973, Li Deshou Refusing to accept the Nobel Peace Prize In 2004, Elfrid Jelinek Refusing to accept the Nobel Prize for Literature
Government block	In 1935, Carl von Ossietzky (Germany) won the Nobel Peace Prize and was banned by Nazi Germany In 1938, Richard Kuhn (Germany) won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and was banned by Nazi Germany In 1939, Adolf Butenandt (Germany) won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and was banned by Nazi Germany In 1939, Gerhard Domagk (Germany) won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine and was banned by Nazi Germany In 1958, Boris Pasternak (Soviet Union) won the Nobel Prize for Literature, which was prohibited by the Soviet government In 1970, Alexander Solzhenitsyn (Soviet Union) won the Nobel Prize for Literature, which was prohibited by the Soviet government
Arrested at the time of award	Carl von Ossietzky (Germany) Aung San Suu Kyi Myanmar
Award after death	In 1931, Eric Axel Karfeldt He won the Nobel Prize for Literature after his death In 1961, Dag Hammarskjold He won the Nobel Peace Prize after his death In 2011, Ralph M. Steinman He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine three days after his death
Father and son win prizes	Joseph John Thomson (1906, Physics Prize) and George Paget Thomson (1937, Physics Prize) William Henry Bragg (1915, Physics Prize) and William Lawrence Bragg (1915, Physics Prize) Niels Bohr (1922, Physics Prize) and Aage Niels Bohr (1975, Physics Prize) Manne Siegbahn (1924, Physics Prize) and Kai Siegbahn (1981, Physics Prize) Hans von Oyle Cherpin (1929, Chemistry Award) and ulf von euler (1970, Physiology or Medicine Award) Arthur Koenberg (1959, Physiology or Medicine Award) and Roger David Kornberg (2006, Chemistry Award) Suen Bergstrom (1982, Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine) and Svante Pbo (2022, Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine)
Couple wins	In 1903, Marie Curie and Pierre Curie Won the Nobel Prize in Physics In 1935, Jean Frederick Jolio Curie and Irina Jolio Curie Nobel Prize in Chemistry In 1947, Gerty Theresa Cori and Carl Ferdinand Curry Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine In 1974, Gunna Murdal Nobel Prize in Economics awarded by Nobel; Alva Myrdal Won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1982 In 2014, May Brett Mossel and Edward Moser Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine In 2019, Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duvreau Won the Nobel Prize in Economics
Mother and daughter win prizes	Marie Curie (1903 Physics Prize; 1911 Chemistry Prize) and Irina Jolio Curie (1935 Chemistry Award)
Father and daughter win prizes	Pierre Curie (1903 Physics Prize) and Irina Jolio Curie (1935 Chemistry Award)
Brother wins the prize	Jane Dimbergen (1969 Economics Award) and Nicholas Dimbergen (1973 Physiology or Medicine Award)
Ten universities with the largest number of winners (alumni, faculty and formal researchers)^[52-53]	1． Harvard University (160 persons) 2． University of Cambridge (120 persons) 3． University of California at Berkeley (107 persons) 4. United States University of Chicago (100 persons) 5． Massachusetts Institute of Technology (97 persons) 6． Columbia University (96 persons) 7． Stanford University (83 persons) 8． California Institute of Technology (74 persons) 9． Oxford University (72 persons) 10． Princeton University (68 persons)
Five Asian universities with the largest number of winners (alumni, faculty and formal researchers)^[54-55]	1． Kyoto University, Japan (19 persons) 2． University of Tokyo, Japan (16 persons) 3. Israel Hebrew University (15 persons) 4． Nagoya University (6 persons) 4. Israel Wizmann College (6 persons)
Ten countries with the most nationality and original nationality at the time of award^[56-58]	1. United States, 366 2. UK, 131 3. Germany, 106 4. France, 62 5. Sweden, 30 6. Switzerland, 26 7. Japan, 26 8. Canada, 23 9. Russia, 23 10. Austria, 21
Winners in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan	In 1957, Li Zhengdao 、 Yang Zhenning Nobel Prize in Physics Chinese Taipei Native place^[59-61] Li Zhengdao became a US citizen in 1962, and Yang Zhenning became a US citizen on February 23, 1964)^[62] In 2012, Mo Yan get The Nobel Prize in Literature (The first Chinese scholar who won the award)^[63-64] In 2015, Tu Youyou get Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (The first Chinese scientist who won the award)^[65-66] The first Chinese native scientist to win the Science Nobel Prize^[67]
Overseas Chinese winner	In 1976, Ding Zhaozhong (born in 1936 in the United States, ancestral home Rizhao, Shandong) won the Nobel Prize in Physics at the age of 40 In 1986, Li Yuanzhe (Born in Taiwan in 1936, naturalized in the United States in 1974) won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry at the age of 50 In 1997, Chu Diwen (born in 1948 in the United States, ancestral home in Taicang, Jiangsu) won the Nobel Prize in Physics at the age of 49 In 1998, Cui Qi (Born in Pingdingshan, Henan in 1939) won the Nobel Prize in Physics at the age of 59 In 2000, Gao Xingjian (Born in Jiangxi in 1948, naturalized in France in 1997) The Nobel Prize in Literature ； The first Chinese writer to realize the dream of Nobel Prize^[68] In 2008, Qian Yongjian (born in 1952 in the United States, originally from Hangzhou, Zhejiang) won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry In 2009, Kao Kun (Born in Shanghai in 1933, British and American dual nationality) won the Nobel Prize in Physics at the age of 75
Note: above Statistics as of 2019 are from the official website of Nobel Prize. reference material:^[3-4]

Cultural tradition

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Purpose of establishment

The Nobel Prize is based on Nobel The five awards established by the will in 1895, including the physics award, the chemistry award, the peace award, the physiology or medicine award and the literature award, are intended to recognize people who have "made the greatest contribution to mankind" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine and literature; And the Nobel Prize in Economics set up by the Swedish Central Bank in 1968 to honor people who have made outstanding contributions in the field of economics^[1] 。

Award Ceremony

Nobel Prize Awarding Ceremony (13 sheets)

The Nobel Prize awarding ceremony is held on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, respectively in the Swedish capital Stockholm Concert Hall And the Norwegian capital Oslo Held. Every award ceremony is held in the afternoon, because Nobel died at 4:30 p.m. on December 10, 1896. When the first award was given in 1901, people chose to hold the ceremony at the moment of Nobel's death. This special practice has always been followed. At the ceremony, the winner will be presented with a certificate, a medal and a document recording the amount of the bonus^[69] 。

The number of people who attend the award ceremony every year is limited to 1500 to 1800; man Swallowtail or National costume Ladies should wear serious clothes Evening dress ； The white and yellow flowers used in the ceremony must be San Morey (Saint Morey is the place where Nobel died.) It means commemoration and respect for Nobel^[70] 。

In 2021, due to the COVID-19 epidemic, the awarding ceremony of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Economics will be held online again, and the Nobel Prize awarding dinner will be canceled.^[85]

Medal certificate

medal

The gold medal of the Nobel Prize weighs about 270 grams and contains gold. The diameter of the medal is about 6.5 cm. The front is a relief of the Nobel Prize. Different awards and medals have different patterns on the back.

The medals of the Physics Prize, the Chemistry Prize, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Literature Prize were created by Swedish sculptor Eric Lindbergh. The Nobel suit and shoes on the medals were engraved with his name and the year of birth and death. The reverse patterns of the four awards and medals are different, but the styles are similar. All of them take the beautiful images in the myth to carve meaningful patterns. Among them, the medals of physics prize and chemistry prize have the same pattern, and motherhood is the god of fertility Isis The goddess of science is lifting the veil of Isis, the god of motherhood and fertility. In western culture, "lifting the veil of Isis" refers to solving mysterious phenomena; On the back of the medal of the Physiology or Medicine Award, there is a book on the knee of the goddess of medicine, who collects spring water for patients to drink; On the back of the medal of the Literature Award, it means Muse The goddess played the lyre, and a young man sat under the laurel tree, listening and recording.

The Peace Prize medal was designed by the Norwegian sculptor Gustav Vigeland. Compared with other medals, his name and year of birth and death were also moved to the edge of the medal in addition to the image of the Nobel character on the front. The pattern on the back shows three people on each other's shoulders, showing brotherly friendship. The inscription on the medal is "For the peace and brotherhood of mankind".

The designer of the economics prize medal is the Swedish sculptor Gunwal Swenson Lundquist. There are two intersecting fertile corners under the front Nobel head, surrounded by the words "The Bank of Sweden Commemorates Alfred Nobel, 1968". On the back is the Polaris emblem of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences^[71] 。

The front of the Nobel Prize in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature	The front of the Nobel Peace Prize medal	The front of the Nobel Prize in Economics	The back of the Nobel Prize in Physics and Chemistry
The back of the medal of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine	The back of the medal of the Nobel Prize in Literature	Back of Nobel Peace Prize medal	Back of the Nobel Prize in Economics

certificate

King of Sweden The Nobel Prize will be awarded to the winners in person. Certificate by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Design, each winner's certificate is unique. There is a picture on the certificate, as well as the name of the winner and the reason for winning the prize^[72] 。

Awards anecdote

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No Nobel Prize in Mathematics

There is no Nobel Prize in mathematics. It is widely said that Nobel Prize is related to Nobel's personal emotional life. But mathematicians are more inclined to believe that this is related to Nobel's view of science. Nobel terminated the education in the public middle school at the age of 16, but he did not continue to go to university. He received some private education from Zinin, an excellent Russian organic chemist. In fact, it was Zinin who directed Nobel's attention to nitroglycerin in 1855. Nobel was a typical genius inventor in the 19th century. His invention requires materials, determination and intuition, but does not need any knowledge of advanced mathematics. In the second half of the 19th century, the field of chemistry generally did not need advanced mathematics, and Nobel's mathematical knowledge may not exceed four operations and the ratio. The basic changes in mathematical chemistry only occurred after the death of Nobel. In the few years after 1900, it is impossible for Nobel Prizes to ignore the influence of mathematics^[73] 。

coincidence

On October 10, 2007, the 2007 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was announced as a German scientist Gerhard Ertl He was lucky to win the prize for his outstanding contributions in the field of surface chemistry research. Coincidentally, it was Etel's 71st birthday^[73] 。

Wait 55 years

In 1911, Peyton Rous It was announced that the tumor was caused by a virus, but he waited 55 years until he was 85 years old and won the 1966 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine^[73] 。

Curie family

Marie Curie , 1903 Physics Prize, 1911 Chemistry Prize, husband Pierre Curie , 1903 Physics Prize. Eldest daughter Irina Jolio Curie 1935 chemistry prize, husband of the eldest daughter Jean Frederick Jolio Curie , 1935 Chemistry Prize. the youngest daughter Eve Curie Not a scientist nor won the Nobel Prize, but the husband of the youngest daughter, Henry Rapois United Nations Children's Fund The Executive Director received the 1965 Peace Prize^[73] 。

Social evaluation

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Nobel Prize is generally considered as the highest honor that can be obtained in all awarding fields (physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, literature and economics) worldwide^[74] 。（The Nobel Prize is widely considered the world’s most prestigious award. It is awarded for achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, peace and economics.）^[74]

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