The Nobel Peace Prize

One of the Nobel Prizes

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The Nobel Peace Prize is based on Nobel Five established by the will of 1895 Nobel Prize The award is intended to recognize those who have done their utmost or made the greatest contribution to the promotion of national unity and friendship, the abolition or reduction of armaments, and the organization and promotion of peace conferences^[1] 。

The Nobel Peace Prize was first awarded in 1901. 1961 Dag Hammarskjold He won the Nobel Peace Prize after his death, and was the first winner to posthumously award the prize after his death. The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded by Norwegian Nobel Committee Winners are elected and usually announced in October each year. The award ceremony is held on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, in the capital of Norway Oslo And was awarded by the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, King of Norway Jian Li, this is different from other Nobel Prizes^[2] 。

According to the official website of the Nobel Prize, the Nobel Peace Prize is evaluated and awarded once a year, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee will award a gold medal, a certificate and a prize. By 2023, the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded 104 times, with 141 winners, including 111 individuals and 30 organizations ； 70 times were obtained by one person, 31 times were shared by two people, 2 times were shared by three people, and 1 time was shared by one person and two organizations; Among them, 19 years have been stopped for some reason; 19 women won prizes^[3] ； international committee of the red cross Three awards, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Two awards^[4] 。

Chinese name: The Nobel Peace Prize
Foreign name: English: Nobel Peace Prize; Norwegian: Nobels fredspris
Organizer: Norwegian Nobel Committee
First issue: December 10, 1901
First Winner: henry dunant ， Frédéric Passy
Time of publication: Every October
Award time: December 10th

Award place: Oslo, the capital of Norway
Presenter: Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee
Award cycle: Once a year
Reward content: A gold medal, a certificate and a bonus
Award object: People who have done their utmost or made the greatest contribution to promoting national unity and friendship, abolishing or reducing armaments, and to the organization and publicity of peace conferences

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Award History

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Nobel Testament Manuscript (four pages in total), from the official website of Nobel Prize (4 sheets)

On November 27, 1895, Alfred Bernhard Nobel (hereinafter referred to as: Nobel) The last will written one year before his death was signed at the Swedish Norwegian Club in Paris. According to the final will, his legacy will be used to establish a series of awards for those who have "made the greatest contribution to mankind" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature. The assets used to establish five Nobel Prizes account for 94% of the total assets of Nobel, i.e. SEK 31 million^[1] 。

On April 26, 1897, Nobel's will was approved and executed by the Norwegian Parliament. The executors, Longna Solman and Rudolf Lilljequist, established the Nobel Foundation to manage the heritage and prize money. After the will was passed, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded by Norwegian Nobel Committee Management, Norwegian Parliament Five people will be elected to form a committee to decide the winners. The Nobel Foundation subsequently reached an agreement on the criteria for awarding the Nobel Prize.

In 1900, the king of Sweden Oscar II Promulgate the new rules of the Nobel Foundation.

On December 10, 1901, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded for the first time on the fifth anniversary of Nobel's death.

In 1935, Carl von Ossietzky He was unable to attend to receive the award because Germany refused to issue him a passport at that time^[6] 。

In 1961, Dag Hammarskjold He died before the award, and the committee awarded him the award^[7] 。

In 1973, Vietnamese politicians Li Deshou Refusing to accept the Nobel Peace Prize is the only person who refuses the prize^[8] 。

In 1975, Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov He was unable to attend to receive the award because the Soviet government at that time refused to issue him a passport^[9] 。

In 1991, Aung San Suu Kyi She was unable to attend the award because she was under house arrest by the Myanmar government. After being released and elected as a member of Parliament, she received the award in person on June 16, 2012^[10] 。

On June 10, 2007, Desmond Tutu The Archbishop's Nobel Peace Prize medal was stolen from his home in Soweto, and was recovered by the police on the 16th. On June 17, the late Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat The Nobel Peace Prize medal was stolen in the chaos of Gaza^[11] 。

On April 3, 2013, Arthur Henderson The Nobel Peace Prize medal was stolen in Newcastle, England^[12] 。

Award setting

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Award Overview

The Nobel Peace Prize includes a gold medal, a certificate and a prize. The amount of the prize depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation that year^[13] (For all prizes since 1901, please refer to the official website of Nobel Prize^[14] ）。 If there is more than one winner, the bonus will be shared equally, or one of them will get half, and the other two will each get a quarter.

bonus

Every Nobel Peace Prize winner will receive a prize and a document recording the amount of the prize. The bonus in 2009 was SEK 10 million (about US $1.4 million)^[13] 。 In 2012, the bonus was reduced to SEK 8 million (about US $1.1 million) due to budget reduction^[15] 。 The amount of the prize will change with the income of the Nobel Foundation that year. If there are more than one winner at the same time, the bonus can be shared equally; If there are three winners at the same time, the bonus can also be distributed at a ratio of 2:1:1, that is, one person gets half, and the other two get a quarter.

Organizational process

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Selection process

From September to January 31 of the next year, the Norwegian Nobel Committee is ready to accept nominations.

The deadline for nomination is February 1 of each year. The Committee evaluates the nomination (postmark date must be no later than February 1 of that year). If the postmark date is later than the deadline, the nomination will be included in the next year's discussion. The committee has received nearly 200 different nominees for the Nobel Peace Prize. The number of nomination letters is much higher, because many candidates nominated the same candidate.

Short list in February and March every year. The committee evaluates candidates and prepares a short list. In March and August, the consultant reviewed.

In the middle of October every year, the list of Nobel Prize winners will be announced.

On December 10 every year, the Nobel Peace Prize awarding ceremony will be held in Oslo City Hall, Norway^[16] 。

Nomination process

According to the regulations of the Nobel Foundation, the Nobel Peace Prize Committee will send confidential documents to those who have the ability and qualifications to nominate, and they will recommend candidates for Nobel Peace Prize winners. The requirements for qualified nominees are as follows:

one Sovereign state Members of the National Assembly and members of the national government (cabinet members/ministers) and current Head of State ；

two International Court of Justice in The Hague Members and Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague Members;

three Institute of International Law member;

four International Women's Alliance for Peace and Freedom Member of the International Committee;

5. University professor, history professor, historian, associate professor of history, social science, law, philosophy, theology and religion; University President (or equivalent); Director of the Peace Research Institute and the Foreign Policy Research Institute;

6. Nobel Peace Prize winners;

7. Board members of Nobel Peace Prize winning organizations (or their equivalent organizations);

8. Current and outgoing Norwegian Nobel Committee Members (their nominations may be after February 1, but before or on the day of the first meeting of the Committee);

9. Permanent adviser to the Norwegian Nobel Committee.

Unless otherwise specified, the term "member" shall be understood as the current member^[16] 。

Nomination process of Nobel Peace Prize winners, from the official website of Nobel Peace Prize^[16]

Selection and assessment

The Norwegian Nobel Committee is responsible for the selection of candidates and winners of the Nobel Peace Prize Norwegian Parliament Five members appointed^[16] 。

Rewards

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Award result

By 2023, the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded 104 times, with 141 winners, including 111 individuals and 30 organizations^[17] ； 70 times are obtained by one person, 31 times are shared by two people, 2 times are shared by three people, and 1 time is shared by one person and two organizations^[4] 。

particular year	winner	Country or region	reason
1901	henry dunant	Switzerland	international committee of the red cross a founder member^[18]
1901	Frédéric Passy	France	The main founder of the Inter Parliamentary Union, also the first World Peace Conference Primary Organizer of^[19]
1902	Elie Ducommu	Switzerland	International Peace Bureau First Honorary Secretary General^[20]
1902	Charles Albert Gobat	Switzerland	Inter-Parliamentary Union First Secretary General^[21]
1903	William Randal Cremer	britain	Father of the Inter Parliamentary Union^[22]
1904	Institute of International Law	Belgium	As an unofficial institution, strive to formulate general principles of international law^[23]
1905	Bertha von Suttner	Austro Hungarian Empire	《 Drop your weapon 》He also contributed to the establishment of the Nobel Peace Prize^[24]
1906	Theodore Roosevelt	U.S.A	Successfully mediated and ended Russo Japanese War His contribution to arbitration also provided the Permanent Court of Arbitration with the first case^[25]
1907	Ernesto Teodoro Monetta	Italy	Italy Peace Movement Key leaders of^[26]
1907	Louis Renault	France	French international jurist, Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague member^[27]
1908	Klas Pontus Arnoldsson	Sweden	Founder of the Swedish Peace and Arbitration Union^[28]
1908	Fredrik Bajer	Denmark	Scandinavia The most important peace advocate, plus his important contribution to the Inter Parliamentary Union International Peace Bureau First Chairman of^[29]
1909	Auguste Bernard	Belgium	Leaders of the Inter Parliamentary Union, twice Hague Peace Conferences On behalf of^[30]
1909	Paul de Konstan	France	stay International arbitration A brilliant career in the field, and diplomatic work between France and Germany and Britain and France^[31]
1910	International Peace Bureau	Switzerland	Ties between countries and peaceful societies^[32]
1911	Tobias Michael Carel Asser	Netherlands	Members of the Court of Arbitration, Hague Conference on Private International Law Initiator of^[33]
1911	Alfred Herman Fried	Austro Hungarian Empire	Founder of the German Peace Association^[34]
1912	Elihu Root	U.S.A	Strong interest in international arbitration and establishment International Tribunals Scheme for^[35]
1913	Henri La Fontaine	Belgium	International Peace Bureau Director^[36]
1914	No award^[37]
1915	No award^[38]
1916	No award^[39]
1917	international committee of the red cross	Switzerland	Do your best to protect the First World War Rights of prisoners of war of all parties, including the right to let prisoners of war establish contact with their families^[40]
1918	No award^[41]
1919	woodrow wilson	U.S.A	stay League of Nations Has played a vital role in the establishment of^[42]
1920	Leon Bourgeois	France	Participated twice in 1899 and 1907 Hague Peace Conferences , he was right League of Nations Has made great contributions to the establishment of the Alliance, and is often called the "spiritual father" of the Alliance^[43]
1921	Carl Yalma Blanting	Sweden	stay League of Nations Made important contributions^[44]
1921	Christian Lous Lange	Norway	Norwegian Nobel Committee The first Secretary General, Inter-Parliamentary Union Secretary general^[45]
1922	Fridtjof Nansen	Norway	Millions of Russian people struggling to fight the famine Asia Minor and Thrace Help of refugees^[46]
1923	No award^[47]
1924	No award^[48]
1925	Austen Chamberlain	britain	by Locarno Treaty Has made contributions to the signing of^[49]
1925	Charles G. Dawes	U.S.A	Formulated for German compensation Dawes Plan In 1925 Locarno Treaty The economic pillar of^[50]
1926	Aristide Berian	France	yes Locarno Treaty Has made contributions to the signing of^[51-52]
1926	Gustav Stretzeman	Germany
1927	Ferdinand Edward Besson	France	Contribution to Franco German reconciliation^[53-54]
1927	Ludwig Quidde	Germany	Contribution to Franco German reconciliation^[53-54]
1928	No award^[55]
1929	Frank B. Kellogg	U.S.A	Advocate for signing《 Berian Kellogg Non War Convention 》, the signatory states have renounced war as a means of national policy and can only resolve international disputes or conflicts by peaceful means^[56]
1930	Natan Sedbrum	Sweden	by Christianity And world peace^[57]
1931	Jane Adams	U.S.A	Reward her for her work in social reform and her commitment to International Women's Alliance for Peace and Freedom Contributions made by leaders^[58]
1931	Nicholas Murray Butler	U.S.A	Promotion《 Non war convention 》Signed by the leader of the US peace movement^[59]
1932	No award^[60]
1933	Norman Angell	britain	The author of The Great Illusion, League of Nations Supporters, influential propagandists and peace educators^[61]
1934	Arthur Henderson	britain	Commend him for his League of Nations Contributions, especially in the field of disarmament^[62]
1935	Carl von Ossietzky	Nazi Germany	Strive to oppose Germany's rearmament^[6]
1936	Carlos Saavedra Lamas	Argentina	He is Paraguay and bolivia urge Mansion Valley War end^[63]
1937	E. A. Robert Cecil	britain	Commend him for his League of Nations Contribution^[64]
1938	Nansen International Office for Refugees	League of Nations	Commend the organization for its help to refugees^[65]
1939	No award^[66]
1940	No award^[67]
1941	No award^[68]
1942	No award^[69]
1943	No award^[70]
1944	international committee of the red cross	Switzerland	Commend the organization for its the Second World War A lot of humanitarian work during the period^[71]
1945	Cordell Hull	U.S.A	He was commended for his struggle against isolationism in his hometown, his efforts to establish the League of Peace Countries in the American continent, and his work for the United Nations Organization^[72]
1946	Emily Balch	U.S.A	Former professor of history and sociology, International Women's Alliance for Peace and Freedom Honorary President of International^[73]
1946	John Mulder	U.S.A	World YMCA president, International Missionary Council chairman^[74]
1947	Friends Service Council	britain	Compassion for others and desire to help them^[75-76]
1947	American Quaker Association	U.S.A	Compassion for others and desire to help them^[75-76]
1948	No prize was awarded because "there is no suitable and living candidate". Since the Nobel Peace Prize will not posthumously award the deceased winners, the committee was assassinated recently Mahatma Gandhi salute^[77-78]
1949	John Boyd Orr	britain	Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Director General and distinguished organizer, President of the World Peace Organization Alliance and the National Peace Council^[79]
1950	Ralph Johnson Bunche	U.S.A	Harvard University Professor, for his mediation in 1948 wars between Arabian countries and Israel Efforts^[80]
1951	Leon Joo	France	European Council The Chairman of the International Committee, International Confederation of Free Trade Unions vice president, World Federation of Trade Unions vice president, International Labour Organization Member of the Council, representative of the United Nations^[81]
1952	Albert Schweitzer	France	The preacher, Lambarene founder^[82]
1953	George Catlett Marshall	U.S.A	American Red Cross President, former US Secretary of State and U.S. Department of Defense Long, representative of the United Nations, marshall plan Initiator of^[83]
1954	Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	the United Nations	The United Nations was founded in 1951 International rescue organizations^[84]
1955	No award^[85]
1956	No award^[86]
1957	Lester Bowles Pearson	Canada	The former Foreign Minister of Canada, United Nations General Assembly At the end of the seventh meeting, the President Suez Crisis And try to solve it through the United Nations The Middle East issue Efforts made^[87]
1958	George Peele	Belgium	Dominican Order Father, leader of refugee relief organization^[88]
1959	Philip Noel Baker	britain	European parliament Member, devoted to international peace and cooperation all his life^[89]
1960	Albert Lutuli	South Africa	African National Congress President, he "stands at the forefront of the struggle against apartheid in South Africa"^[90]
1961	Dag Hammarskjold	Sweden	Secretary General of the United Nations For his contribution to strengthening the role of the United Nations^[7]
1962	Linus Carl Pauling	U.S.A	Commend his efforts in opposing nuclear weapon tests^[91]
1963	international committee of the red cross	Switzerland	Commend the organization for its efforts in safeguarding human rights over the past 100 years^[92]
1963	International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies	Switzerland
1964	Martin Luther King	U.S.A	Civil rights activist, the first person in the western world to prove to us that the struggle can be launched through nonviolence^[93]
1965	United Nations International Children's Emergency Relief Fund	the United Nations	International rescue organizations^[94]
1966	No award^[95]
1967	No award^[96]
1968	René Cassin	France	European Court of Human Rights chairman^[97]
1969	International Labour Organization	the United Nations	^[98]
1970	Norman Bragg	U.S.A	Commend him for green revolution The contribution to the world, especially Asia and Latin America The grain production of^[99]
1971	Willy Brandt	West Germany	Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, honoring him in West Germany Eastern policy Contributions on^[100]
1972	No award^[101]
1973	Henry Kissinger	U.S.A	By Paris Peace Pact The positive role played in achieving the ceasefire in Vietnam War and the withdrawal of US troops^[102]
1973	Li Deshou	North Vietnam	^[8]
1974	Sean Macbride	Ireland	International Peace Bureau President, Chairman of the Namibian Commission, commended his contribution in the field of human rights: trial implementation through the European Parliament《 European Convention on Human Rights 》, assist in the establishment Amnesty International And served as the leader and Secretary General of the International Commission of Jurists^[103]
1974	eissaku sato	Japan	Prime Minister of Japan , announced that Japan gave up development nuclear weapon And strive to promote regional reconciliation^[104]
1975	Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov	Soviet Union	Commending his efforts in fighting for human rights, disarmament and promoting cooperation among all countries^[9]
1976	Betty Williams	UK/Ireland	Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed as the Peace People's Association)^[105-106]
1976	Mairead Corrigan	UK/Ireland
1977	Amnesty International	britain	Efforts to protect the rights of prisoners with conscience^[107]
1978	Mohamed Anwar al-Sadat	Egypt	sign Camp David Agreement , bringing peace to Egypt and Israel through negotiations^[108-109]
1978	Menachem Begin	Israel
1979	mother teresa	India	Founder of the Missionary Sisters of Charity^[110]
1980	Adolfo Peres Eskeville	Argentina	A human rights leader who founded a nonviolent human rights organization to fight against the military government that ruled Argentina^[111]
1981	Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	the United Nations	The United Nations was founded in 1951 International rescue organizations^[112]
1982	Alva Myrdal	Sweden	They have won the recognition of the international community for their important role in the United Nations disarmament consultation^[113-114]
1982	AIfonso Garcia Robles	Mexico
1983	Lech walesa	poland	United Trade Union Founder and human rights activist of^[115]
1984	Desmond Tutu	South Africa	Johannesburg Bishop of^[116]
1985	International Organization of Doctors for the Prevention of Nuclear War	U.S.A	Releasing authoritative information helps people realize the disastrous consequences of atomic war, which in turn helps to increase public opposition to the proliferation of atomic weapons, redefine their priorities, and pay more attention to the pressure faced by health and other humanitarian issues^[117]
1986	Elie Wiesel	U.S.A	Chairman of the US Presidential Holocaust Committee^[118]
1987	Oscar Arias Sanchez	Costa Rica	Commending his contribution to the peace of Central America, his efforts led the parties to Guatemala Signed the agreement^[119]
1988	United Nations peacekeeping forces	the United Nations	Has made important contributions to the realization of one of the basic principles of the United Nations^[120]
1990	Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev	Soviet Union	Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union General Secretary and President of the Soviet Union And commended him for his leading role in the peace process and helping to form an important part of today's international community^[121]
1991	Aung San Suu Kyi	Myanmar	For her nonviolent struggle for democracy and human rights^[122]
1992	Ringweta Menchu Tum	Guatemala	Commending her efforts to promote social justice and national cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples^[123]
1993	Nelson Mandela	South Africa	For ending South Africa through peaceful means Apartheid And laid the foundation for a democratic new South Africa^[124-125]
1993	F. W. de Klerk	South Africa
1994	Yasser Arafat	Palestine	Commend the two sides for their great courage in fulfilling their commitments through political actions and opening up new development opportunities for the Middle East to move towards fraternity^[126-128]
	Yitzhak Rabin	Israel
	Shimon Peres	Israel
1995	Joseph Rotblat	britain	Commend their efforts in international politics to reduce nuclear weapons and move towards the long-term goal of eliminating nuclear weapons^[129-130]
1995	Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs	Canada
1996	Simmons Bello	Timor-Leste	Commend them for their efforts to achieve a just and peaceful settlement of the conflict in East Timor^[131]
1996	Jos é Ramos Horta	Timor-Leste
1997	International Anti Mine Organization	Switzerland	Commend their efforts in banning and clearing anti personnel mines^[132-133]
1997	Jody Williams	U.S.A
1998	John Hume	Ireland	Commend their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland^[134-135]
1998	David Trimble	britain
1999	Doctors Without Borders	Switzerland	Commend the organization for its pioneering humanitarian work on many continents^[136]
2000	Kim Dae jung	the republic of korea	Commend him for his contribution to the cause of democracy and human rights in South Korea and even East Asia, especially for reaching peace and reconciliation with North Korea^[137]
2001	the United Nations	the United Nations	Commend the organization for its contribution to promoting world peace^[138-139]
2001	Kofi Annan	Ghana
2002	Jimmy Carter	U.S.A	Commending him for his decades of seeking peaceful solutions to international disputes, promoting democracy and human rights, and promoting economic and social development^[140]
2003	Shirin Ebadi	Iran	Commending her efforts for democracy and human rights, she also paid special attention to the struggle for women's and children's rights^[141]
2004	Wangari Maathai	Kenya	Commend her for her contributions to sustainable development, democracy and peace^[142]
2005	International Atomic Energy Agency	the United Nations	Commend their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy is used peacefully in the safest way^[143-144]
2005	Mohamed ElBaradei	Egypt
2006	Muhammad Yunus	The People's Republic of Bangladesh	Commend them through entrepreneurship Microfinance To promote the economy and contribute to providing social opportunities for the poor, especially women^[145-147]
2006	Grameen Bank of Bangladesh	The People's Republic of Bangladesh
2007	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change	the United Nations	Commend their efforts in disseminating knowledge about man-made climate change, and lay the foundation for the measures needed to deal with this change^[148-152]
2007	Al Gore	U.S.A
2008	Martti Ahtisaari	Finland	He was commended for his efforts to resolve international conflicts in several continents over the past 30 years^[153-154]
2009	Barack Obama	U.S.A	In recognition of his extraordinary efforts in promoting international diplomacy and cooperation among people of all countries^[155-156]
2011	Ellen Johnson Sirleaf	Liberia	Commend them for their nonviolent struggle for women's security and their right to participate fully in peace building^[157-164]
	Leyman Gubowei	Liberia
	Tawakkul Karman	Yemen
2012	European Union	european union	Commend the organization for its contribution to promoting peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe in more than 60 years^[165-166]
2013	Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons	Netherlands	Commend the organization for its great efforts in eliminating chemical weapons^[167-168]
2014	Satyarsi	India	They fight against the oppression of children and adolescents and fight for all Children's right to education And struggle^[169-170]^[218]
2014	Malala Yusuf Zai	Pakistan
2015	Quartet of Tunisian National Dialogue	Tunisia	In 2011 Jasmine Revolution Later, the decisive contribution to the establishment of a pluralistic and democratic Tunisia^[171]
2016	Juan MANUEL Santos	Columbia	His unremitting efforts ended the Colombian civil war, which lasted more than 50 years and caused at least 220000 Colombians to die and nearly six million people to become homeless^[172]
2017	International Campaign for the Abolition of Nuclear Weapons	Switzerland	Draw the attention of all parties to the disastrous humanitarian consequences of the use of any nuclear weapons, as well as the breakthrough efforts to achieve a treaty banning these weapons^[173]
2018	Denis Muqq	Democratic Republic of the Congo	They are committed to ending the use of sexual violence as a weapon in war and armed conflict^[174]
2018	Nadia Murad	Iraq
2019	Abi Ahmed Ali	Ethiopia	Commend him for his efforts to achieve peace and international cooperation, especially his decisive initiative to solve problems with neighboring countries Eritrea 's border conflict^[175-176]
2020	World Food Programme	/	In recognition of their contribution to improving peace conditions in conflict affected areas^[5]^[177-178]
2021	Maria Reza	the Philippines	To commend their efforts to defend democracy and the premise of lasting peace - freedom of expression
2021	Dmitry Muratov	Russia
2022	Ales Bialiazki	Belarus	Commending their outstanding efforts in recording war crimes, human rights violations and abuse of power, which jointly proved the importance of civil society for peace and democracy^[218]
	Russian human rights organization "Memorial"	Russia
	Ukrainian human rights organization "Center for Civil Liberties"	Ukraine
2023	Nargis Mohammadi	Iran	Commends her for opposing the oppression of Iranian women and her struggle to promote human rights and freedom for all^[219-221]

Statistics

The following statistics are from the official website of Nobel Prize as of 2023:^[4]
frequency	international committee of the red cross Won three Nobel Peace Prizes (1917, 1944 and 1963 respectively); Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Won two Nobel Peace Prizes (in 1954 and 1981 respectively)
Age	The youngest Nobel Peace Prize winner is Malala Yusuf Zai (17 years old at the time of award in 2014); The oldest Nobel Peace Prize winner is Joseph Rotblat (87 years old when he won the prize in 1995)
Gender	A total of 19 women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, including Bertha von Suttner (1905) Jane Adams (1931) Emily Balch (1946) Betty Williams (1976) Mairead Corrigan (1976) Mother Teresa (1979) Alva Myrdal (1982) Aung San Suu Kyi (1991) Ringweta Menchu Tum (1992) Jody Williams (1997) Shirin Ebadi (2003) Wangari Maathai (2004) Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (2011) Leyman Gubowei (2011) Tawakkul Karman (2011) Malala Yusuf Zai (2014) Nadia Murad (2018) Maria Reza (2021) and Nargis Mohammadi (2023).^[219] Among the six Nobel Prizes, it has the most female winners
Stop sending	It stopped for 19 years (1914-1916, 1918, 1923, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1939-1943, 1948, 1955-1956, 1966-1967 and 1972)
delay	In 11 years, the issuance was delayed by one year (1912, 1919, 1925, 1929, 1933, 1935, 1944, 1952, 1954, 1960, 1962, 1976)
Refuse to accept a prize	Vietnamese politicians Li Deshou (1973) was the only person who refused the Nobel Peace Prize
Arrested at the time of award	Carl von Ossietzky (Germany) Aung San Suu Kyi (Myanmar) Ales Bialiazki (Belarus) Nargis Mohammadi Iran^[4]
Posthumous grant	Dag Hammarskjold (In 1961, the plane crashed and died)

Nomination record

According to the official website of the 2020 Nobel Prize, politicians and state leaders have been nominated but not awarded the Nobel Peace Prize^[4] ：

Country or region	full name
U.S.A	William Howard Taft ； Warren Gamaliel Harding ； Herbert Clark Hoover ； Franklin Roosevelt ； Harry S. Truman ； Charles Evans Hughes ； John Foster Dulles ； Dwight David Eisenhower
britain	Arthur Neville Chamberlain ； Robert Anthony Eden ； Clement Richard Attlee ； Ramsay MacDonald ； winston churchill
Germany	Konrad Adenauer (West Germany); Adolf Hitler (Nazi Germany, 1939)
Former Soviet Union	Joseph Visario Norwich Stalin
Czechoslovakia	Thomas Masarik ； Edvard Bene
France	Pierre Mendes France
Argentina	Evita Perón
India	Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (5 nominations); Jawaharlal Nehru
Finland	Basikivi
Italy	Benito Mussolini

According to the official website of the 2020 Nobel Prize, the artist was nominated but not awarded the Nobel Peace Prize^[4] ：

Erich Maria Remarque (German writer)	Pablo Casals (Spanish cellist)
Nicolas Loric (Russian painter)	Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy (Russian writer)

According to the official website of the 2020 Nobel Prize, the nominees are not mainly known for their peaceful work^[4] ：

John Maynard Keynes (British economist)	Robert Baden-Powell (British lieutenant general, writer World Scout Movement Organization Founder)
Pierre de Coubertin (French historian and educator international olympic committee And well-known)	Mair Montessori (Known for her philosophy and early childhood education methods, her education methods have been used in public or private schools around the world)

According to the official website of the 2020 Nobel Prize, royal nominees^[4] ：

czar nicholas ii （1901）	Prince Carl of Sweden (1919)	King of Belgium Albert I （1922）
Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie I （1938）	King of Greece Paul I （1950）	Queen of the Netherlands William Minna （1951）

According to the official website of the 2020 Nobel Prize, the nomination statistics are as follows^[4] ：

Most nominations	From 1916 to 1931, Jane Adams He was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize 91 times before he finally won the Nobel Peace Prize
Minimum number of nominations	Emily Balch 、 Fridtjof Nansen 、 Theodore Roosevelt He won the Nobel Peace Prize when he was first nominated

Reference source:^[4]^[179-210]

Award Ceremony

Nobel Prize Awarding Ceremony

The award ceremony of the Nobel Peace Prize is held in Oslo on December 10, the anniversary of the death of Nobel. Every award ceremony is held in the afternoon, because Nobel died at 4:30 p.m. on December 10, 1896. When the first award was given in 1901, people chose to hold the ceremony at the moment of Nobel's death. This special practice has always been followed. At the ceremony, the King of Norway will personally award the award to the winners^[211] 。

The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in Oslo, Norway, rather than Stockholm, Sweden. It is the only Nobel Prize not awarded in Stockholm^[211] 。

Cultural tradition

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Purpose of establishment

The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established according to Nobel's will in 1895. The Nobel Peace Prize aims to commend those who have made the greatest efforts or contributions to promoting national unity and friendship, abolishing or reducing armaments, and organizing and promoting peace conferences^[1] 。

Medal certificate

medal

The front of the medal of the Nobel Peace Prize is printed with the left head of Alfred Nobel, but the design is slightly different from the Nobel Prize in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine and Literature. There are three brothers on the back of the medal, which is also engraved with: Pro space et fraternitate gentium (translation: for the peace and friendship of mankind), and the year of award and the name of the winner are engraved on the edge of the medal. The Nobel Peace Medal was designed by Gustav Vigeland. Since 2012, the Nobel Medal has been produced by Det Norske Myntverket in Konsberg, Norway^[212] 。

Medal front

Back of medal

Social disputes

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In 2006, Gail Lundstad, president of the Norwegian Nobel Institute, said: "In the 106 year history of the Nobel Prize, there is no doubt that the biggest mistake is not to award the Nobel Peace Prize (Mahavira of India) Gandhi 。” Gandhi was included in the final list of candidates for the Nobel Peace Prize five times, including twice before the Second World War and three times in 1946, 1947 and 1948^[213] 。

In 2007, former Vice President of the United States Al Gore He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for enhancing the awareness of global climate change. Critics say Al Gore is not a scientist, or even does not understand climate change^[214] 。

In 2009, Washington Post The online version said, "For people who were almost unknown before, (being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize) is really incredible news, Obama When the President was awarded this award for a short time, it can also be interpreted as a satire and criticism of former President George W. Bush of the United States^[215] 。 On March 21, 2011, Chairman of the Russian Liberal Democratic Party Vladimir Wolfowitz Zhirinovsky Calling for the cancellation of Barack Obama's Nobel Peace Prize^[216] 。

On May 2, 2023, Hungarian legislator and former defense minister Himichko Ishtwan When attending the Hungarian parliament meeting, I said that today's european union Not worthy of the Nobel Peace Prize, he called on the EU to return the Nobel Peace Prize won in 2012 to the Nobel Committee, or transfer it to vatican or Hungary Because these two European countries advocate the peaceful settlement of the Russian Ukrainian conflict.^[222]

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On the evening of June 20, 2022 local time, at the auction in New York, the chief editor of the Russian newspaper Xinbao Dmitry Muratov The price of the Nobel Peace Prize medal for the Nobel Peace Prize was 103.5 million dollars, breaking the record of 4.76 million dollars before the Nobel Prize.^[217]

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