synonymNott(Female mathematician) generally refers to Amy Nott
Emmy Noether (1882.3.23-1935.4.14), female, German mathematician, was born on March 23, 1882 in German University TownErlangenOne ofIsraelFamily, FatherMax Nott(Max Noether, 1844-1921) was a famous mathematician. He was a professor at Erlangen University from 1875 until his death in 1921.[1]Her research field isAbstract algebraandTheoretical physics。She is good at using thorough insight to establish elegant abstract concepts, and then formalize them.coverPavel Alexandrov、Albert EinsteinJean DionneHermann Weyl andNorbert WienerDescribed as the most important woman in the history of mathematics.She revolutionized the theory of rings, fields, and algebras.In physics,Nott's theoremExplainedSymmetryandconservation lawShe is also known as the "mother of modern mathematics". She allows scholars to use her work unconditionally, and therefore is honored as the "co-author of contemporary mathematical articles"[2]。
She was born in GermanyBavariaErlangen, named Amalie Noether.Her fatherMax NottHe is an outstanding mathematician and professor of Erlangen.She didn't show outstanding mathematical ability in her early years, and she liked music and dancing when she was a teenager[1]。
Academic career
In 1916, Ying was a famous mathematicianHilbertandKleinA 34 year old female mathematician came to the holy land of mathematics at the invitation ofGottingen。Soon, in the name of Professor HilbertUniversity of GottingenTeach math courses.
Nott
Hilbert admired the young man's talent very much and wanted to help her find a formal job at the University of Gottingen.At that time, there was no special mathematics department in Gottingen University. Mathematics, linguistics and history were all included in the philosophy department. The appointment of lecturers must be approved by the philosophy professor meeting.Hilbert's efforts were strongly opposed by linguists and historians in the professor conference. They refused to hire him as a "private lecturer" because of their traditional prejudice against women.
Hilbert argued repeatedly but failed. He was very angry and said angrily at a professor's meeting: "I can't imagine that the gender of the candidate has become the reason against her promotion to lecturer. Gentlemen, don't forget that this is a university, not a bathhouse!"
Hilbert's fame did not help the female mathematician to open the door of Gottingen University.However, those who opposed it soon became ashamed of their wrong decision.Because only a few years later, this woman who was discriminated against and could only take the place of others, shocked Gottingen and the whole world's mathematical world with a series of mathematical creations, and became one of the famous mathematicians in the 20th century.
This outstanding female mathematician is Amy Nott.
Big scientistEinsteinHe spoke highly of Nott's work and praised her as "the most outstanding creative mathematical genius since women received higher education".Einstein pointed out that with the method discovered by Nott“Pure mathematicsIt has become a poem of logical thought ".She is the greatest female mathematician in history.
Nott lives in a system that openly discriminates against women to develop their mathematical talents. Her road to success is more difficult and tortuous than others.Nott was born in Germany on March 23, 1882ErlangenA Jewish family whose father was a famous mathematics professor at Erlangen University.Famous“InequalityProfessor Gao Dan, the king, is a close friend of her father and often comes to her house as a guest.Under their influence, Nott was full of enthusiasm for mathematics.
In the winter of 1900, Nott was admitted to Erlangen University at the age of 18.At that time, female students were not allowed to register in universities. At most, female students had the qualification to attend at their own expense.Among the hundreds of students in the university, there are only two girls. Nott sat in the front row of the classroom squarely, listened carefully and studied hard. Later, her diligent spirit moved the lecturer and allowed her to take the exam as well as the boys. In July 1903, Nott successfully passed the graduation exam, and the boys all obtained diplomas,But she became a college graduate without a diploma.
In the winter of her graduation, she came to the famous University of Gottingen and listened inHilbert、Klein、MinkowskiWhen the master of mathematics gave a lecture, he felt that it was an eye opener and was greatly encouraged, and he became more determined to devote himself to mathematical research.
Soon, Nott heard the news that Erlangen University allowed girls to register for study, and immediately rushed back to his alma mater to specialize in mathematics.In December 1907, she passed the doctoral examination with excellent results, becoming the first female doctor of mathematics.Since then, under the guidance of the famous mathematicians Gao Dan and Feier, she has made in-depth research in the field of mathematical invariants.
In 1916, Nott was invited to the University of Gottingen for the second time to teach the course of invariant theory in the name of Hilbert.Within two years, she published two important papers under the influence of Hilbert and others.In a paper, Nott gave Einstein's general theory of relativity a strictly mathematical method;Another paper“Nott's theorem”It has become a basic problem in modern physics.In this way, with her outstanding scientific achievements, Nott forced those who discriminated against women to allow her to become a lecturer in 1919.
Since then, Nott has embarked on a completely independent mathematical path.In 1921, she started from similar phenomena in different fields, abstracted and rationalized different objects, and then dealt with them in a unified way《ringThe Theory of Idealism in Chinese.
This is a great mathematical creation, which marks that abstract algebra really becomes a branch of mathematics, or marks the beginning of the modernization of this branch of mathematics.As a result, Nott has gained great reputation, known as "the great pioneer of modern mathematical algebra" and "the mother of abstract algebra".
In 1930, her student Van der Walden of the Netherlands systematically summarized the achievements of the entire Nott School and published《Modern mathematics》A book, immediately swept the world of mathematics.A famous mathematician recalled the situation when he saw the book in his youth and said, "I was shocked to see the new world displayed in front of me."
In 1932, Nott's scientific reputation reached its peak.The 9thInternational Congress of MathematiciansAt the meeting, Nott made a speech at the conference for one hour, which was widely praised.
However, the huge reputation did not improve Nott's difficult situation.Under the unreasonable system, disasters and the shadow of discrimination entangled her.
In 1922, with the recommendation of mathematician Hilbert and others, Nott finally won the title of professor in the all male world - Gottingen University.However, it was just a kind of extra professor without formal salary, so the greatest female mathematician in history could only draw a little salary from students' tuition fees to maintain an extremely simple life.
stayGerman fascistsIn the eyes of the Jewish people, the Jewish people are inferior, and Nott is also discriminated against.In 1929, Nott was kicked out of his apartment.Hitler's persecution of Jews intensified when he came to power.In April 1933,fascistThe authorities even deprived Nott of his right to teach and expelled a group of Jewish professors from the campus.
Later, Nott went to the United States by ship and died of a surgical operation on April 14, 1935. He was only 53 years old.
Key achievements
Nott's manuscript
In the field of physics, she proposed“Nott's theorem”。This is one of the central results of theoretical physics. On this basis, the basic laws of linear energy conservation and energy conservation have been developed.Nott's work has been used in the study of black holes;For decades after her death, her work was still the object of science fiction[2]。
Related obituaries
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April 26thBryn Mawr College A memorial meeting was held for Nott, Einstein wrote an obituary for her, and Weir wrote a long eulogy for her to cherish her life, work and personality:[3]
She was once a model full of vitality,
With her fortitude and life courage,
Stand firmly on our planet,
So everyone was unprepared for this.
She is at the peak of her mathematical creativity.
Her profound imagination,
With her skills accumulated through long-term experience,
It has reached a perfect balance.
She enthusiastically began to study new problems.And all of this suddenly came to an end,
Her work was abruptly interrupted.
Falling into the dark tomb,
Beautiful, kind, kind,
They all went quietly;
Smart, witty, brave,
They all went quietly;
I know, but I will never approve,
And I will not comply.
Our memory of her scientific work and her personality will never fade away soon.She is a great mathematician, and I firmly believe that she is also one of the greatest women ever produced in history.
