Expository text

[shuō míng wén]

writing styles

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Expository writing is a kind of writing that focuses on explanation Expression Of writing styles ^[1] 。 yes objective things Make explanations or explanations of abstract facts, so that people can have a scientific understanding of the form, structure, nature, category, cause, function, relationship of things, or the concept, characteristics, source, evolution, similarities and differences of things. The center of the expository text is clear and prominent, and the article is scientific, organized, rigorous, practical, accurate and vivid. It explains the characteristics, essence and Regularity 。 The expository text generally introduces the shape, structure, category, relationship and function of things, and explains the principle, meaning, characteristics and evolution of things. The expository text is very practical, including advertisements, instructions, abstracts, hints, rules, regulations Caption Etc. Some expository texts are ordered by time and some by space; Some are written from the phenomenon to the essence, and some from the main to the secondary; Some press technological process Some of them are explained according to the nature, function and principle of things.

Chinese name: Expository text
Foreign name: expository-writing

Introduction: An article that introduces things and explains reasons
Genre: Explain the method
Features: section Academic nature , methodical, precise and vivid language

catalog

▪ Draw a chart
▪ Make an interpretation
▪ Compare
▪ To imitate one's appearance
▪ Citation
▪ Classification
▪ Column number
seven Reading methods
▪ Read and grasp the outline
▪ Fine reading
▪ Read taste
eight Analysis characteristics
nine Problem solving method
▪ Words cannot be separated from words
▪ Words cannot be separated from sentences
▪ Sentence does not leave the paragraph

Basic characteristics

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Explanation of Mind Map Composition Method

Giving priority to explanation is that expository writing and other literary styles follow Expression A distinguishing mark on the.

Among various styles of articles, the explanatory style is an objective explanatory thing, clarify A style of reasoning. In people's civil life The expository text increasingly shows its important role and practical value. Real life fully shows that expository writing is not an insignificant form of writing, but a widely used style. It is closely related to people's production, work and life, and because of the needs of social life, expository writing is emerging in large numbers and is more integrated into our life. (The content is highly scientific; the structure is clear and orderly; the language is rigorous accuracy )。

The characteristic of expository writing is "saying", and it has certain knowledge. This kind of knowledge may come from relevant science research data Or the results of personal practice, investigation and investigation are strictly scientific. In order to explain things clearly, we must grasp the characteristics of things, and then reveal the Essential attribute That is, not only "what", but also "why". The applied expository text generally only requires to explain the characteristics of things, while the expository expository text must reveal the origin and essence of the problem.

Expository writing is a style of writing that objectively explains things or clarifies reasons. The purpose is to give people knowledge: or explain the state, nature, function of things, or clarify the reason. 《 China Stone Arch Bridge 》Belongs to the former, which takes Zhaozhou Bridge and Lugou Bridge As an example, the Chinese stone arch bridge is characterized by "not only beautiful form, but also solid structure". 《 The Language of Nature 》Belonging to the latter, the article scientifically explains Phenology Knowledge. There are two types of expository writing: expository writing and expository writing.

In order to clarify the characteristics of things or explain the reason clearly, there must be appropriate Explain the method 。 Common instructions yes For example 、 Classification 、 Compare , column data（ Column number ）、 define , interpretation, analogy To imitate one's appearance , Reference Draw a chart (Make charts Column Chart ）Etc. The best method should be selected according to the description object and writing purpose. What explanation method should be adopted? On the one hand, the author should obey the needs of the content; on the other hand, the author has the freedom of choice. Whether to use a certain explanation method or multiple explanation methods, whether to use this explanation method or that explanation method, can be flexible and not unchangeable.

Although expository writing is a kind of language mainly expressed by explanation, if there is no other Expression The proper cooperation (such as narration, discussion, description, etc.) will not be able to successfully complete the task of introducing things to readers and explaining things; From the perspective of learning to write expository texts, if we can accurately understand the important role of the comprehensive use of expressions in expository texts, and pay attention to the accurate use of narrative, argumentation and other ways to help explain, expository texts can be written in a vivid and brilliant manner.

classification

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By description object

Object description text: object description text aims to introduce the physical characteristics of a thing, such as:《 Nuclear Boat Record 》Dinosaurs. In Chinese textbooks, "Chinese Stone Arch Bridge", "Underwater World", "Suzhou Gardens", "Look at the clouds and know the weather" and so on.

Reason expository text: The reason expository text is intended to explain the truth or internal laws of things, such as《 Fear nature 》Language of Nature. with Procedural expository text Similarly, writing expository writing also needs to follow the three principles of evasion; ① Understand the reason. You can understand the truth of things by observing and studying in person or consulting materials. Only when you understand the truth first can you introduce it to others; ② Arrange the writing order. The logic order (causality, progression and other relations of things) that the logic expository text follows first is the internal relations of things and the laws of understanding things. Logical order should not only be applied to the relationship between paragraphs, but also be written between sentences in this order; ③ Select the appropriate method of use.

Difference: according to the difference, the expository text is divided into object exposition and reason exposition Two categories. However, sometimes in an expository text, the introduction of things and the explanation of reasons are often used interchangeably. The object of the thing description is Specific things 。 Through the objective and accurate description of the shape, structure, nature, characteristics and use of specific things, readers can understand and understand this or this kind of things. The explanation object of the reasoning text is a certain Abstract matter 。 Explain the cause, relationship and principle of the abstract reason clearly, so that the reader should know both its nature and its reason, and understand why it is like this is its main purpose. Therefore, the author is required to give a true introduction to the object of explanation, whether it is a matter of fact or a matter of reason. Among them, we can feel the scientific spirit in the text. The thing expository text is a stylistic form that introduces things in detail, while the reason expository text is a stylistic form that introduces truth in detail. The difference is that the former is for things, and the latter is for truth. The object of the expository text is what you want to explain.

Press style of language branch (Explain the characteristics of the language, the vividness of the language, etc.)

Plain explanation Article: Plain expository text often explains the object directly. There is no description, exaggeration or implication, such as mathematics, physics, biology and other textbooks. The expository articles chosen for plain explanation are generally articles that explain scientific principles, explain the production process and steps, or introduce buildings. It is applicable to expository texts with strong scientificity and orderliness, and more importantly, it gives readers a rational understanding.

Vivid expository text: also called vivid expository text Literary expository text (or Scientific essay , Knowledge essay ）。 Often use a more vivid way to explain things, so that the explained things have Vividness And image, easy to arouse the interest of readers. The methods that can make the language vivid are: 1. Use the rhetoric methods of metaphor and personification (personification must be vivid and appropriate, otherwise the image of things will be weakened) to strengthen the image of things to be explained; 2. Speaking from one's own experience and making use of life experience can make the article more authentic and Interest in life , easy to accept; 3. Proper use of narration and description can make the explained things lifelike rather than dull. The expository articles with vivid language are mostly literary sketches and popular science books. While giving people knowledge, such articles emphasize the vividness of the articles.

difference:

The plain expository text is purely illustrative, simple and concise in language, specific in content, and can make people understand when they read it. Such as various textbooks of natural science Technical Information Data Experimental report , instructions, etc.

Literary expository text It focuses on explanation, supplemented by narrative, description, lyric and other expressions, and often uses some rhetorical methods to visually introduce things or explain things, so that readers can enjoy art while acquiring knowledge.

According to the characteristics:

Natural science expository text (such as Language of Nature)

Social science expository articles (such as Chinese Stone Arch Bridge)

Three elements

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1. Tightness of content:

Reflect truthfully objective things , grasp the characteristics, essence and laws of things, and give readers a correct understanding.

2. Orderliness of description:

Write and in chronological order Narrative be similar; Write the observation points according to the spatial order, and pay attention to the position and direction of things inside and outside, size, up and down, front and back, left and right, southeast and northwest; When writing in logical order, we should pay attention to finding out the internal relationship of each part, from the outside to the inside, from the simple to the deep, from the phenomenon to the essence.

3. Accuracy of language:

The time, space, quantity, scope, degree, characteristics, nature, procedure, etc. are required to be accurate. The language is concise, the explanation is rigorous, scientific and rigorous.

For example:

(1) Human life is inseparable sunlight Given light and heat, the sun can provide normal heat for humans for another 4 billion years. After 4 billion years, the sun will continue to expand until it engulfs the earth. There is no problem that the sun will continue to heat the earth for 40 million years, because the heat provided by the 40 million years is less than 1% of the total amount of the sun. Therefore, people can set 40 million years as a time target to live on the earth. (column number)

(2) If we say that 200 years ago industrial revolution It is a qualitative leap in human technology natural resources It was consumed in the previous four million years Total resources N times of. In industry, agriculture and life, there is waste and destruction everywhere. If we continue to develop in this direction, within 400 years, the earth will be totally different.

Description Structure

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structure

There are generally four kinds of structures of expository texts:

1. Total fraction

Common structural forms of thing expository texts:

(1) Total - points, such as Suzhou Gardens (general summary first, then points out. There is no summary language at the end)

(2) General - sub - general, such as the Palace Museum (first general summary, then specific, and finally summary)

(3) Score - total.

two . Parallel

There is no distinction between primary and secondary contents in each part of the article. For example, Bacon's《 On Reading 》The three parts respectively talk about the purpose of reading, the method of reading, and the benefits of reading, that is, the parallel structure

three Coherent form

Between layers according to Development of things Process arrangement level, (time as a clue) to each other.

4. Progressive

(The structural form commonly used in reasoning texts) The relationship between the layers is from simple to deep, from the outside to the inside, from phenomenon to essence. The relationship between the layers is progressive. Such as《 March into the desert 》。 The main forms of progressive structure are: ① phenomenon essence; ② Features - purpose; ③ Cause result; ④ Overall - partial; ⑤ Primary - secondary; ⑥ General - specific.

thinking

1. Arrange the structure according to the order of the description object

Everything has its own order law. Grasping this law and arranging the structure according to it can make the explanation content orderly and clear. Generally speaking, the order of things that move, change and develop is shown in time sequence. Different times have different forms, and the explanation time can arrange the structure in time sequence. For example, From Oracle to Microbook is structured in chronological order. It first writes about the emergence of characters and the rudiments of books, then formal books, and finally modern books, which explains the evolution and development of books.

be in Quiescent state Things such as buildings, places of interest, objects, etc spatial location It reflects its orderliness. It is better to explain such things in a spatial order, from the outside to the inside and from the inside Outer rear Is described in. For example, the Forbidden City Museum shows an ancient architectural complex, which is located in a certain Spatial orientation First, they are arranged in order, and the internal buildings are primary and secondary. According to the space position, the article first writes about the external city gate, then about the buildings in the city, and then about the main part, and then about the second part. The whole article is well organized.

2. Arrange the structure according to people's understanding of the explanation object

For the explanation objects that are unfamiliar to readers and difficult for readers to understand, the explanation is often from concrete to abstract, from superficial phenomenon to internal reason. From individual to general. In the specific description, it is better to write the state first, then the function or cause, and finally reveal the nature and characteristics. For example, The Dead Sea Undead is a logical exposition. The specific explanation part first tells a phenomenon: it is said that about 2000 years ago, Roman commander Didu threw the captured slaves into the dead sea, but the slaves came up unharmed and told an old fairy story. Then explain why, because of the dead sea water Salinity Very high. Then we will further explain the cause of the Dead Sea, stating that it is the result of natural changes after narrative. This shows that readers can easily understand.

For things or reasons that are not unfamiliar to readers, they can be explained first in general and then in general Individual phenomenon 。 This writing method should first write about the nature and characteristics, and then write about the state. People can first get the overall understanding of things or things, and then understand them specifically. For example, Suzhou Gardens, general readers know about gardens, but Suzhou gardens are different from other gardens. Therefore, when writing, it is appropriate to first describe the nature and characteristics of gardens that are different from other gardens, and then specifically describe their forms. This kind of structural arrangement is conducive to readers' understanding of things as soon as possible.

The end of the expository text usually ends naturally. When the explanation is clear, the article ends. Some expository articles finally summarize the characteristics again, which is helpful for readers to distinguish things. For example, the Forbidden City Museum finally wrote: "Standing at the height of Jingshan Mountain, you can see the Forbidden City, with many palaces, layers of pavilions and walls, Intertwined , but in good order. Such magnificent buildings and such harmonious and unified layout are amazing. " The end directly points out the characteristics of the Forbidden City buildings: grand, harmonious and unified. Some expository articles end with some supplementary explanations, or broaden the readers' horizons, or enhance the accuracy and rigor of the explanations. For example, at the end of "Seeing the Cloud to Know the Weather", it is written that "In some cases, seeing the cloud to know the weather is often limited, so we still need to rely on the weather forecast." This supplement comprehensively explains the role of "seeing the cloud to know the weather", and enhances the scientificity of the explanation.

[Analysis of ideas]

Reason expository text clarifies abstract reason. This kind of expository text mainly explains the nature of things, the internal relations between things or the internal relations between things, and finds the causes, functions, relations, etc. of things to explain.

Here are some tips for writing a story telling text

[Problem solving process]

matters needing attention

1. Examining the topic - clarifying the description object.

To clarify the object of explanation, we should first make clear whether to write an expository text or an expository text. To clarify the explanation object, we can start from examining the topic. For example, where does food come from? Its grammatical structure is "where does food come from". The article wants to explain where food comes from, that is, how it comes from. The Magnificent Great Hall of the People Modifier The "Great Hall of the People" is the description object. From this, we can judge that "Where did food come from" is an expository text, and "The Great Hall of the People" is an expository text.

After clarifying the explanation object, it is necessary to define the theme - determine the central idea. When determining the central idea, pay attention to the following three points. The first is right. That is to say, the essence and Regularity It should have scientific basis and stand the test of practice. The second is profundity. Profound means to explain that things should reveal the essence through the phenomenon and reflect the internal regularity of things. The reader should not only understand that things "are like this", but also understand "why they are like this". The third is concentration. The so-called concentration means that the focus is prominent and the center is clear. We are right objective things The understanding of, sense data It is rich, but when determining the center, we should not be without focus. Without center, we should not try to talk about it all in one article. If face face All told If you don't get deep enough, you will obliterate the central idea.

2. Note the order of description - logical order.

Arrange materials and explain according to the internal relations of things in logical order. Reason expository text is to explain reason, which is easy to explain clearly with logical order. Text we learned《 March into the desert 》It is the order of explanation of cause and effect. The elaboration of relatively abstract principles of natural science is generally explained in a logical order from concrete to abstract, from the appearance of things to the essence of things. Because it conforms to the law of people's understanding of things. For example, the article "Why are flowers so red" begins with the introduction of "the red of flowers is the color of passion..." and then analyzes the appearance of red flowers to the essence of "why are they so red". When students write, what kind of explanation order they use is mainly determined according to the rules of the explanation object and people's understanding of things. There is no fixed format.

Description order

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The instructions should be in order, which makes the contents of the instructions organized necessary condition 。 common Description order yes: Chronological order 、 Spatial order 、 Logical order 。 The chronological order of explanation is similar to that of narration. The spatial order should pay special attention to the position of the space, and pay attention to the position and direction of things on the outside, inside, size, up and down, front and back, left and right, southeast and northwest. Logical order is often represented by reasoning process. The order adopted mainly depends on the characteristics of the objects described by the author. Explain the development and change of things, and the time sequence is easy to express clearly. It is difficult for readers to understand the structure of buildings without spatial order. The logic order is used to explain the reason, which is convenient to reflect the reason Internal contact 。

Logical order

Logical order is common Description order one of.

Logical order That is, according to the internal nature of things and reasons logical relationship , or from individual to general, or from concrete to abstract, or from primary to secondary, or from phenomenon to essence, or from cause to result, etc. Whether it is physical things, such as mountains and rivers, flowers and plants, trees, artifacts, etc., or abstract things, such as ideas, opinions, concepts, principles, technology, etc., it is applicable to explain all kinds of causal relationships or other logical relationships between things and things in logical order. It is most appropriate to write in logical order.

The logical order of explanation refers to determining the order of explanation contents according to the relationship between things or between the internal parts of things. Although the relationship between things is complex, there are always primary and secondary, cause and effect, general, individual, general and special. The author arranges the sequence of explanation content according to these, so that it is easy to clarify the relationship between things and introduce the complicated content in an orderly manner The logical order is mainly divided into 12 kinds - from cause to result, from main to secondary, from whole to part, from generalization to concrete, from phenomenon to essence, from concrete to general, from result to cause, from secondary to main, from part to whole, from concrete to generalization, from essence to phenomenon, from general to concrete.

Chronological order

Chronological order It is a common narration Description order one of.

That is to say, introduce the order of explanation of a thing according to the order of the development process of reason. The development and change of everything can not be separated from time, as shown in Production technology , product production Working methods , historical development, character evolution, character growth, animal and plant growth, etc. should be in chronological order.

The proper use of time sequence in the article can make the finishing point, explain clearly and make the reader clear at a glance, so the time sequence in the article is also a unique skill.

Spatial order

Spatial order That is, according to things space structure To explain, or from outside to inside, or from top to bottom, or from the whole to the part Description order It is conducive to comprehensively explaining the characteristics of all aspects of things. This order is usually used to describe a static entity (such as a building). In our textbook《 Nuclear Boat Record 》It is written in the spatial order of hull bow stern back, and Liang Heng Description of Jinci Temple The goddess Hall ——Gallery - roof truss—— stoa ——Roof - clay sculpture; The Palace Museum first summarizes the general characteristics of the buildings in the Palace Museum, then introduces them in detail gate of Supreme Harmony 、 the Hall of Supreme Harmony 、 the Hall of Central Harmony 、 the Hall of Preserving Harmony 、 Palace of Heavenly Purity …… imperial garden When introducing each building, we should follow the principle of "from outside to inside" and "from top to top" Rear lower Order of. This arrangement conforms to people's habit of observing things, and is the most reasonable order of all. Spatial order, which describes the structure of things or buildings in the order of spatial parts. This order is often used to explain group things.

Explain the method

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For example

Make the article more specific, more persuasive and more objective. Make the more abstract and complex things or things popular, make them easy to understand and convincing. Examples must make people feel authentic.

Analogy

Compare the similarities between two different things to highlight the shape characteristics of things and enhance the explanatory Imagery And vivid explanation is called analogy. The analogy in the explanatory text is the same as Rhetorical method The metaphor in is consistent. In this way, we can make abstract and complicated things easy to understand, concrete and vivid. The difference is that figurative rhetoric has Simile , metaphor, and metonymy, while the explanation uses similes and metaphors more than metonymies. (For example, it reflects the...... Characteristics of things)

In the expository text, if the purpose is to make abstract things concrete, to make profound problems simple, to make strange things familiar, and to use Figurative rhetoric At this time, we can also call it the "analogy" explanation method. (But the premise must be that it serves the purpose of explaining and introducing the thing.) From this point of view, metaphor is a metaphor. For example, Suzhou Gardens: "There is no such thing as a pagoda Pine and cypress There are no roadside trees like a military parade. The winding and jagged branches are a good picture. "This sentence uses the rhetorical device of metaphor, which can also be said to use the method of analogy to explain that Suzhou garden pruning and planting trees focus on mood of a painting , pay attention to the characteristics of natural interest. For example, in the last few paragraphs (23-28) of the Mingwen "Laugh", "Laugh, you are a flower on your mouth, blooming in the garden on your neck. Laugh is a cloud on your face, flying between your eyes and eyebrows. You are the sister of beauty, the artist's Jiao Er 。 You are the companion of love... Laugh, you are a good medicine and a healthy friend. You are a kind of driving force to promote work and production. Laughter is a kind of personal creation, and also a kind of expression of harmonious feelings in collective life. "It is the author who eulogizes" Laughter "with beautiful words like poems, which is not the content of explaining or introducing" Laughter ". Therefore, these paragraphs only use figurative rhetoric, rather than analogy.

define

Use concise Language pair The essential characteristics of a concept Prescriptive The description of is called definition. So as to reveal the characteristics/reasons of things more scientifically, more essentially and more generally. Defining can accurately reveal the essence of things scientific exposition Common methods. A is B, B is A. Make readers have a clear understanding of the concept.

Draw a chart

In order to explain complex things clearly, we can also use the method of drawing charts to make up for the lack of words alone, and explain some things more directly and specifically. It enables readers to intuitively understand the characteristics of things at a glance.

Make an interpretation

Hermeneutic method Also called interpretation. From one side, explain a certain feature of things. This method is called interpretation. (It concretely and vividly explains the characteristics of things for readers to understand.)

Compare

1. Explain that some abstract or unfamiliar things can be compared with specific or familiar things, so that readers can get specific and distinct impressions through comparison. 2. Compare the similarities between two different things to highlight the shape characteristics of things.

To imitate one's appearance

In order to make the explained object more specific and vivid, the description of appearance can be carried out. This description method is called description of appearance.

Note: Most schools do not advocate this method, which is rarely encountered in the article. This method of explanation and description should be distinguished. Although they are the same, they are in different styles.

Citation

Strongly explain, and Citation explain. The range of cited data is very wide, which can be explained by classic works, famous sayings, formula laws, allusions and proverbs, literature, poetry, ballads, legends, etc. Citation of data can make the explanation more specific and substantial.

1. Export description objects; 2. Inspire readers by quoting stories Reading interest ； 3. Quote poetry to make the article more interesting.

Classification

Objects to be described, in order land certificate Certain standards are divided into different categories and explained one by one. This method of explanation is called classification. Help readers grasp the characteristics and have a clear idea.

Column number

In order to make the things to be explained accurate, you can also use the method of listing numbers so that readers can understand. It should be noted that the quoted figures must be accurate, inaccurate The number of% should never be used. Even estimated figures should have reliable basis.^[2]

Reading methods

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Textbooks related to expository text reading training

The expository text takes "explanation" as the main expression to teach scientific knowledge It is a fundamental task to introduce things, clarify reasons, and explain the laws of movement, change, and development of things. Therefore, when reading such articles, we should naturally grasp the object and its characteristics of explanation and see how it "speaks". For example, Unit 4 in the first semester of Junior Two《 Wonderful cloning 》One article, let's do this“ three readings ”：

Read and grasp the outline

The purpose of expository writing is to tell readers something or some knowledge of something. The knowledge conveyed by the author is explanation, which is the central idea of the expository text. There are three main ways to grasp the central idea:

First of all, we can grasp the title of the article to clarify the point. It is said that "the title is the eye of the article", and the title of the expository text often reveals the center of the explanation. First, look at the general title: Wonderful Cloning. It is about magic Cloning technology To reveal the secret of "cloning"; Look at the content again, the full text uses four Subtitle : What is a clone, clone Crucian carp Before and after the birth of fish Cloned sheep "Duoli" and cloning technology benefit mankind. As long as you browse the subtitles of the text, you will have a general understanding of the content of the text.

Secondly, we can grasp the structure of the article and summarize the explanation points. Generally speaking, expository texts tend to focus on a major issue or content, while some expository texts require us to summarize the points of the novel to form the points of the full text. For example, The Wonderful Clone uses a juxtaposition structure, which explains cloning from different aspects. In addition to the subtitle we mentioned earlier (or if there is no subtitle like some articles), we can also summarize it according to the content structure of the four parts. That is, the meaning, experiment, development and benefits of cloning.

In addition, the order of explanation can be grasped to clarify the explanation points. Things have their own order, and people also have a certain order to understand things. Therefore, clarifying the order of the article will help to clarify the center of explanation. For example, this text is mainly about logic, which undoubtedly follows a logical sequence: first write the meaning of cloning, then write Cloning experiment , then write about the development of cloning, and finally write about the benefits of cloning to human beings and thinking about cloning. The context of writing is very clear, indicating that the reason is advancing step by step, and the center of the article is clear at a glance.

Fine reading

If you want to explain things clearly, you can't do without explanation. Therefore, when reading expository texts, we should grasp the main expository methods, and make clear the relationship and role of various expository methods, so as to accurately grasp the content of the explanation and the structure of the article. We may start from the following two aspects:

First, the explanation methods of each part can be obtained from the full text. You may wish to list the tables for a glance.

The second is to grasp the key paragraphs and analyze the specific explanation methods. For example, in the section "What is cloning", the author uses three explanation methods to explain "cloning": examples, definitions and references. Examples: list plants Animal kingdom Among them, people are familiar with the examples to illustrate that the difficult scientific knowledge is simple and easy to understand; Definition: trace the origin of the word cloning and explain it; References: importing《 Journey to the West 》Medium Sun WuKong The story of pulling out a monkey's hair and turning it into a group of monkeys vividly illustrates what "cloning" is, and makes science and technology rich interest 。

Read taste

Like other styles, expository texts also "speak" the author's emotional attitude, which is indispensable for us to understand the text. 《 Wonderful cloning 》A biologist Tan Jiazhen Write a popular science article. To learn this text, we should not only understand the concept of cloning Scientific and technological achievements We should learn from it the spirit of scientists' perseverance and constant climbing on the road of science, and on this basis“ double-edged sword ”Have a preliminary understanding.

In order to explain what is "cloning", the author carefully organizes the materials, "what is cloning" and "the development context of cloning technology"“ Clone sheep Dolly The birth of "cloning technology how to benefit mankind" is clearly introduced. But the author is not limited to generality Instead of introducing knowledge, we should integrate our appreciation and serious thinking. To be specific, this article not only introduces the knowledge of cloning science to us, but also shows the "scientific spirit" of Chinese scientists, and at the same time leads readers to view the development of science and technology comprehensively. When reading, we need to find sentences from the text that can show scientists' rigorous, realistic, persevering attitude and spirit, and appreciate them.

Analysis characteristics

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Grasp the description object and characteristics

When reading expository texts, first of all, we should accurately grasp the explanatory objects, so as to distinguish reason exposition and object exposition To further understand the description. Then we should focus on the characteristics of the description object. This is the key to analyzing an expository article. Only by accurately grasping the characteristics of the explanation object can we deeply understand the explanation object Breakthrough And then clarify the structure level and central content of the article. In order to accurately grasp the characteristics of the explanation object, we must carefully read and understand the content of the text, especially carefully figure out the key words and sentences（ Central sentence 、 Transitional sentence , sentences that reflect the author's ideas and sentences that appear repeatedly in the article).

Clarify the structure, analyze and explain the order

The structure of expository text is not complicated. The common structural forms are "total sub", "total sub total", "sub total", parallel, progressive, coherent, etc. Clarifying the structure can help us understand the author's ideas and understand the content more clearly. The order of explanation is varied. The description order depends on the characteristics and purpose of the description object. The commonly used description sequence is Chronological order 、 Spatial order 、 Logical order Three. Sometimes an article can cross use several explanation sequences. For example, the article "Chinese Stone Arch Bridge", in addition to the chronological order from the ancient to the present, is also explained in the logical order from generalization to concrete, from the whole to the part. Each order has certain marks in language. Grasping the language that has a certain symbolic function when reading can analyze and explain the order more smoothly. In a word, the structure of the expository text and the order of explanation are inseparable and complementary, and the analysis can be carried out synchronously.

Analysis description method

In order to clarify the characteristics of things, appropriate explanation methods must be adopted. Common explanation methods include giving examples, listing numbers, making comparisons, making comparisons, classifying, defining, interpreting, and drawing tables. Read the expository text and understand the explanatory method it adopts. First, it depends on what kind of explanatory method is used, what objects are explained, and what functions are played. Second, it depends on what language form the explanatory method is expressed through, so that the analysis can be thorough and solid.

Experiencing expository Language characteristics

Accurate, concise and plain Expository language The main characteristics of. Of course, the language style of expository writing is also diverse and distinctive, some of which are good at plain writing, while others are good at liveliness. Based on this, it can be summarized as Plain explanation and Vivid description Two ways. Generally speaking, expository texts, which focus on explaining things, focus on grasping the characteristics of things and explaining them in simple language. and scientific essay We should pay attention to interest and literature, and make necessary vivid and vivid explanations.

Take care to extract the original

I'm afraid no one can answer completely without raw materials. Therefore, the most important and effective way to accurately answer reading questions is to find answers in the original text. Most of the questions can be found out in the article. Of course, the sentences found may not be able to be used directly, but must be processed according to the requirements of the topic, or extracted words or compressed backbone, or extracted key points or reorganized. even if it is Inductive generalization The whole paragraph and the whole text must also make full use of the original text.

Problem solving method

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In reading, we should also pay attention to the fact that many students have strong memory ability of basic knowledge, but weak transfer ability, especially for the contextual meaning and function of words, words and sentences. Here, we provide the solution of the sixteen character formula for your reference.

Words cannot be separated from words

A word in Chinese Polysemy Quite common. When understanding the meaning of a word in a word, we must put it into the word to investigate, that is, the word does not leave the word, so that we can accurately understand the meaning of the word. For example:

Hearsay, "Tao" refers to the road; Like one another, Tao means truth.

Words cannot be separated from sentences

In comprehensive reading questions, it is often required to context Understand the meaning and function of words. Such requirements include the following aspects:

The word is polysemy. This is common in classical Chinese. Such as: the policy is not based on its own way, the policy is to whip; Make a decision and face it, make a decision, Horsewhip 。

In modern writing, it is mainly expressed as context meaning, which should be based on the specific Language environment That is, the sentence itself infers its meaning, that is, words do not leave the sentence. For example, the original meaning of the word "see a teacher" is Polite remarks , meaning of pointing (me). It has different meanings in different language environments. On《 The move 》In the article, Fan Jinzhong faces Hu Butcher "Teaching", said "father-in-law is teaching".

As for a word in a sentence Expression It is more important to understand according to the specific language environment than to interpret it alone without sentences.

Sentence does not leave the paragraph

In other words, the analysis and understanding of sentences cannot be separated from the concrete sentence group , cannot leave the specific language environment. Many sentences can only be understood narrowly or even unintelligibly if they leave the specific language segment and language environment. Only by combining the specific paragraph and language environment can we know what position this sentence occupies in the full text.

Duan Buliwen

Paragraph is an organic part of the article, which reflects the author's writing ideas. Therefore, the reading comprehension of a paragraph should not deviate from the main meaning of the article or the center of the article. Otherwise, the understanding of the content or function of the paragraph will be biased.

Beginning mode

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At the beginning, introduce the general situation of things in simple language to give people an overall image. Such as《 the palace museum 》It starts like this:

In the center of Beijing, there is a city within a city, which is the Forbidden City 。 People call it the Imperial Palace , also known as the Palace Museum. The Forbidden City was the imperial palace of the Ming and Qing dynasties. It is the largest and most complete ancient palace complex in China, which has been around for more than 500 years.

It begins with the introduction of the geographical position , name, nature and age. Through the introduction of the overview, we can roughly understand the general situation of the Palace Museum.

Descriptive form

The beginning describes the characteristics or state of things, so that readers have an intuitive overall understanding. Such as《 China Stone Arch Bridge 》It is described as follows at the beginning:

Stone arch bridge Of Bridge opening In an arc, like a rainbow. In ancient mythology, the rainbow after rain is a "bridge on earth", through which you can go to heaven. Chinese poets compare the arch bridge to a rainbow, saying that the arch bridge is a "lying rainbow", and the flying rainbow describes the arch bridge on the water as a "long rainbow lying on the waves".

It begins with the description of the state characteristics of the "bridge opening", an important part of the stone arch bridge, and then uses myths and legends and the poet's description of the stone arch bridge Supplementary notes This feature.

Postulate

Ask questions at the beginning, which can stimulate readers Reading interest They are eager to understand things or reasons. For example, the first paragraph of Why Flowers Are So Red. Described by safflower It is natural to ask the question of "why are flowers so red" because of their bright and beautiful colors, so that people can understand their reasons and explore their knowledge with the specific explanation of the author.

Definitional expression

Start to define things, prompt the connotation (essential characteristics) and extension (included scope) of things, so that people can understand the essence of things. Such as《 Overall planning method 》The opening part defines things as follows: "The overall planning method is to arrange the work process Mathematical method It has a wide range of applications. "

Nine ending methods

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Summary method

It is the method of summarizing the description object. At the end of The Strange Laser, we use this method:

"Laser as Human history The unique light source that has never been seen before not only greatly promotes the development of science and technology, provides a powerful tool for exploring new scientific fields, but also inspires scientific workers to produce more and more beautiful Science fiction : Laser may be the key to open the endless treasure house of energy; Lasers may enable humans to see phenomena that have never been seen before; Laser may become Space navigation Of course, it takes a long journey to turn so many possibilities into reality, and we need to further explore. " The conclusion of the summary method can focus the purpose and intention of the author to reveal to the readers, so that the readers have a general impression of the full text.

Exclamation method

It is the writing method of expressing deep exclamations after speaking to the explanation object. For example, at the end of Poplar, we use this writing method: "... Let's use a spade to plant trees to write new stories in the 1980s on the land of our motherland‘ Euonymus Praise ’Let's go! " This exclamation is used at the end of the article and has a strong appeal , can enhance the appeal of the article.

Prospect method

It is the method of looking forward to the future after the description of the object. At the end of What's in the Universe, this method is used: "... Today, the manned spacecraft The flight around the earth has been successfully realized. In the future, more secrets of the universe will be revealed and the process of human conquest of the universe will be accelerated. " Prospects at the end of the article Faergy Give people hope, can arouse people's Association and imagination 。

Review law

It is a method of evaluating and discussing things after they are explained. For example, at the end of Jinci, this method is used: "Jinci is really a shining pearl in China's beautiful rivers and mountains." The appraisal method is used at the end of the article to make a final evaluation of the explanation object, which can effectively express the author's feelings of love and hatred and give a clear impression.

Call law

It is the method of calling on readers. At the end of Cultivation of Crop Varieties Resistant to Disease, this method was used: "There is no doubt that in order to keep increasing crop yields, we need not only to constantly research and cultivate superior varieties with higher disease resistance, but also to ensure that all crops in various regions have varieties that can resist different diseases. This is a major task for plant protection workers and breeding workers." The ending call method can arouse the attention of readers and have an effect on readers.

Rhetorical method

It is a way to use the negative form to express the positive meaning, or use the positive form to express the negative meaning. At the end of Cicada, this method is used: "What kind of cymbals Acoustic energy Is it loud enough to praise its hard won happiness? " Using rhetorical questions at the end can strengthen the momentum, play an important role, and enhance the Expression effect And the power of logic.

Figurative method

It is the method of using metaphor to explain the object. At the end of From Oracle to Pocket Library, it uses this method: "... It seems to set up solid steps, calling on people who are not afraid of hardships to climb." Figurative method It is not only vivid, but also conveys profound meaning, giving people education and enlightenment.

Descriptive method

It is the method of describing the object. At the end of the Great Hall of the People, we used this method: "When we spent a whole day looking at this building, all the rays of the sun shone on the green trees outside, on the apricot yellow walls Tiananmen Of red walls The yellow tile radiates a brilliant splendor. " End with Descriptive method , can express the author's feelings, can give people an image of infection, can give people a deep impression.

Side compensation method

It is the writing method to supplement its shortcomings at the end of the article. At the end of Understanding the Weather by Seeing the Clouds, we use this writing method: "... However, the weather changes are extremely complicated, and there is a certain limit to understanding the weather by watching the clouds. We have to rely on weather forecast 。” side Complement method It is conducive to maintaining the scientificity and objectivity , can help people accurately and correctly understand objective world 。

Exam related

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Analysis of examination questions

Expository writing is an important part of modern chinese reading test in senior high school entrance examination. From the examination papers in various places, Expository reading The test points are as follows: 1. Understand and grasp the explained object and summarize its characteristics; 2. Order of identification and judgment description; 3. Analyze the method of explanation and understand its role in the text; 4. Analyze the accuracy of the language of the expository text; 5. Comprehend the contents of the instructions as a whole, and correctly screen and refine the information in the text; 6. Read graphics, identify tables, explain tables, or design tables according to the content of the article; 7. Analyze the function of paragraphs and sentences in the text from the structure; 8. Talk about your own perception, discovery or creation and invention in connection with the article and life practice.

To do well in expository text reading, first of all, you should master the relevant common sense of expository text reading, such as the type of expository text (thing expository text and reason expository text), the common order of explanation (spatial order, temporal order, logical order), and nine common types Explain the method (give examples, list numbers, make analogies, classify, compare, define, annotate, describe, list charts), explain that the sentences in the text are Structural role （ Total , separation, summary, transition, reference, etc.), the characteristics of expository language (the premise is accurate, and there are two basic styles: plain and vivid), etc. Secondly, we should focus on the whole, accurately grasp the central sentence and key sentence of the paragraph, understand the relationship between the central sentence and the supporting sentence, explore the combination rule of the paragraph, and summarize the content of the paragraph. Finally, it is necessary to use association, imagination, reasoning, verification and other methods to carry out personalized expression in combination with the content of the passage.

The expository text mainly tests the examinee's ability to accurately obtain information from the text. The question setting mainly focuses on quasi confirmation reading, accurate understanding and accurate screening.

The test questions are often set with interference factors: (1) Increase, decrease, expand and shrink, that is, change the sentences of the original text, expand or narrow the scope of explanation by adding some words or reducing some words. (2) Fish's eyes mingle with pearls, that is, to replace the correct words or sentences with specious words or sentences, resulting in ambiguity. (3) Distortion means that when setting options, the relationship between sentences in the original text is deliberately disrupted, resulting in difficulty in understanding, such as reversing causal relationship , disordering the sequence. (4) What is out of nothing is the use of examinees Thinking inertia , entice candidates to take it for granted instead of sober Rational thinking 。

Problem solving procedure, with sentences Jingle : "Read the original text first to get the general idea, and then read stem Mark and find the corresponding sentences of the range. "

Read the original text first and complete three tasks: (1) Understand the main idea of the article, namely, the object of explanation, the relationship between paragraphs, the author's opinions and relevant materials. (2) Number the paragraphs. (3) Mark important sentences and key words.

Secondly, the reading stem is very important, and important words should be marked. For example, the first question in the 1999 volume can be marked as follows: paragraphs A hypothesis is put forward, and the one that is not correctly understood is the "3 mark". The first is the position of the proposition point, the second is the content of the examination questions, and the third is the criteria for selecting answers.

Third, find out the scope of the answer and the corresponding sentence is the answer Substantive Phase. Generally speaking, the search interval of the answer should be near the proposition point, for example, the answer to question 1 is in the first or second paragraph. It is more important to find the corresponding sentence. It can be said that if you find the corresponding sentence, you will basically find the answer. The last step is to compare the options and find out the difference, that is, to complete the answer. As item B in question 1 says, "Compared with humans, hibernating mammal Changes have taken place in a broader context. " The word "accommodative" is omitted, which is not in line with the original meaning of the article.

Canonical analysis

Into the forest

Zhang Zhiyi

① The forest is composed of many living things with trees as the main body Biome 。 The forest is rich in resources, Forest resources Press natural quality It can be divided into Biological resources and Abiotic resources Two categories. Among them, biological resources can be divided into plant resources 、 Animal resources and Microbial resources Three types. Plant resources include forest resources（ tree , shrubs and bamboo Sub) and non forest resources（ algae 、 Lichens 、 moss and lichen , ferns and others seed plant Etc.); Animal resources mainly include mammals, reptiles Forest insect 、 birds and fish Etc; Microbial resources mainly include various Fungi 、 mycoplasma 、 chlamydia Etc. Non living resources mainly refer to support Forest organism Forest soil, water and other resources. It can be seen that the forest is one of the Rich and colorful Of Resource library And its main part is Forest biological resources Some of them can be used continuously renewable resource 。

② Forest resources are the basic resources for human survival. At the same time, forests also have the ability to maintain life on the earth and improve the living environment of human beings ecological value 。

③ Forests can provide people with wood products and Forest by-product 。 Wood products mainly include logs Sawn timber , pulp Artificial plate Etc; Forest by-products mainly include Forest animal And various products provided by microorganisms. Providing these products for human beings is undoubtedly an important function of forests.

④ The forest is ecological equilibrium Main points of Regulator 。 Forests can transform solar energy into chemical energy , make Inorganic Change to organic compound , is biological and Abiotic Between substance and energy exchange An important link for maintaining ecosystem The overall function of Leverage 。 It can be said that there is no ecological balance without forests.

⑤ Forests can effectively conserve water and Prevention of water and soil loss 。 With its huge canopy and deep Litter layer And developed root system, can play a good role in water and soil conservation and reduce the surface Erosion 。 It is estimated that the water storage capacity of 50000 mu forest is about one million cubic meters. In areas where forests are destroyed or no forests exist, soil erosion is serious, and many rivers and water conservancy facilities It is constantly silted up and often causes floods.

⑥ Forests can be effectively protected bio-diversity 。 More than half of the 5 to 30 million species of life on the earth live and multiply in forests.

⑦ Forest can effectively alleviate“ greenhouse effect ”。 Due to the extensive use of modern humans Petrochemical fuel , so that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere methane etc. Greenhouse gas concentration The continuous increase causes the "greenhouse effect" on the earth. Each hectare of forest can absorb 20-40 tons per year on average carbon dioxide At the same time, 15~30 tons of oxygen will be released.

⑧ According to the research of relevant experts, one hectare of forest can attract more than 700 kilograms of carbon dioxide every year on average, which can reduce industrial production acid rain Hazards; The forest belt beside the road in the city can block the sand and dust, and the dust retention rate is as high as 70%~90%. At the same time, the forest belt also has the function of reducing noise. The noise can be reduced by 6-8 decibels after passing through a 30 meter wide forest belt.

⑨ Forests can produce direct economic performance At the same time, there is a huge ecological environmental effect , which is irreplaceable by anything else.

1. From which two aspects does the article explain the value of forests?

2. According to the understanding of paragraph ①, fill in the corresponding content on the horizontal line below.

(1) Biological resources: plant resources, ________, microbial resources.

(2) _________: Forest soil, water, etc.

3. What is the role of the underlined sentence in paragraph ⑤ of the article in enumerating numbers for explanation?

4. In the underlined sentence in paragraph ⑦, can the word "ease" be changed to "eliminate"? Why?

5. What should be filled in at the line drawn in paragraph ⑧ of the article indicates this paragraph Text description What is the central sentence? Please write it below.

6. It is reported that land desertification in China is averaging 2460 per year Square kilometers The speed of expansion is equivalent to that of a medium-sized county Land area 。 It is imperative to prevent land desertification. Please draw up a slogan for harnessing land desertification based on the role of forests. The language shall be concise and appealing.

（ Hebei Provincial 2004 Senior High School Entrance Examination)

[Parse]

The first question is to check the ability to understand and grasp the overall content of the article. Just find out the central sentence or the summary sentence of the full text. The reference answer is: forests can produce direct economic benefits, and at the same time, they have huge ecological and environmental effects. (Or forest resources are the basic resources for human survival. At the same time, forests also have the ecological value of maintaining life on the earth and improving the living environment of human beings.)

Question 2 Examination Information filtering Ability. The solution idea is: according to the meaning of the question, determine the information screening scope as paragraph ①, then extract and condense from it Valid information 。 The reference answer is: animal resources, non biological resources

Question 3 Check linguistic data Functional Evaluation ability 。 Read the whole paragraph carefully, and you will find that the underlined sentence is the supporting sentence of the central sentence of the whole paragraph, "The forest can effectively conserve water and prevent soil erosion", and it is a specific explanation around "conserving water", so the answer can be organized as: specifically and accurately describe the important role of forests in conserving water. (The same intention is enough)

Question 4 examines the ability to understand the explanatory language. This type of question usually first explains what it accurately describes, then analyzes the results after deletion or replacement, and finally summarizes the answers. The reference answer is: No, forests only absorb part of carbon dioxide to reduce greenhouse gases Concentration to reduce the greenhouse effect; It cannot absorb all greenhouse gases and make the greenhouse effect disappear. (The meaning is right)

Question 5 Check your understanding of the content of the article and Generalization ability The key to solving this problem is to summarize accurately and comprehensively. Read the whole paragraph and you will find that the following text mainly writes about two functions of forests: Purified air , reduce noise. The central sentence of this passage can be summarized as follows: forests can effectively purify air and reduce noise.

Question 6 This is a question Openness The requirements for knowledge storage are high. When answering questions, you should first consider the content of the passage, Recombine own Knowledge accumulation Give play to your imagination and try to write new ideas. The answer is very flexible. As long as it is related to the role of forests and the prevention and control of land desertification, the language is concise, incisive and vivid, and can be scored. For example, building an oasis of life to prevent land desertification.

Linguistic analysis

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Quality analysis 1

The language of the whole article is generally analyzed from two perspectives: A、 Accuracy; B、 Vivid or concise and plain.

A is the common feature of general expository texts. B is from the perspective of different language styles. This kind of review and analysis of the whole article Language characteristics For example, you can choose a sentence as an example.

The normative answer format is as follows: This article fully reflects the characteristics of accurate language/vivid image/concise and plain, such as the sentence "...", which accurately, vividly, concisely and plainly explains the characteristics/principles of things "...". There are many examples like this.

Quality analysis 2

For the evaluation of specific articles, sentences and words, the functions of articles and sentences are basically the same as above. The functions of words can be examined in the following ways:

A、 What's the use of adding some words? B、 Can you replace it with another word? C、 Can I delete some words?

This topic is often combined with the accuracy of the description language (sometimes the expression language Vividness ）The characteristics of the answer. The second type of question also needs to compare the difference between the two in the answer. The third type of question should also add "it does not conform to people's understanding after deletion objective things "Or" and objective facts Inconformity ". Or add "if it is removed, it is inconsistent with the actual situation, and the use of this word reflects the accuracy of the language of the expository text"

Writing analysis

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1. Combined with explanation method

The normative answer mode is as follows:

This article mainly uses the explanation method of...... To explain...... (content: characteristics or reasons of things), so as to explain...... (function: refer to the previous explanation method to clarify its function)

2. Talking about combining expression mode

Narration and description make the description more specific; Lyricism and discussion make the explanation more emotional. Then, from this perspective, the normative format of the answer is as follows:

This article uses a variety of ways of expression. In addition to explanation, there is...... (choose from "narration, description, lyricism, discussion" according to the content). For example,...... (specific examples) is the use of...... (ways of expression) to make the explanation more specific/emotional.

Reading Focus

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Identify objects

read object exposition Whether it is the whole article or the whole paragraph, we should first start from the whole, grasp what the article explains, that is, what the object is; read reason exposition , make clear what the article explains.

How to find the right description object?

1. Look at the title, many of them are the objects of explanation. Such as《 China Stone Arch Bridge 》One wen.

2. Catch the beginning and include the sentence Central sentence 。 Good expository texts often use such sentences to highlight the things and features to be explained.

Grasp features

Introduce the shape, nature and composition of things, and explain the cause, function and relationship of things. Must grasp the characteristics of things. The so-called "feature" is the sign that one thing is different from other things. To understand the characteristics of things, we should not stay on the surface, but understand the internal essence of things. So, how to grasp the characteristics of things? It can also start from two aspects:

First, focus on the title. Some titles point out the characteristics of the article while pointing out the object of the article, such as the article "The Great Hall of the People". The title points out the object of the article "The Great Hall of the People", and also points out its characteristics "majestic"; Some titles use the form of hypothetical questions to guide readers to grasp the characteristics of the description object in a targeted way. For example, where does food come from? The title points out that the description object is "food", and at the same time leads readers to read the text. It is not difficult to see that "food is a substance that can form a body and supply energy" points out that "food" is characterized by "forming a body and supplying energy"; Some titles use vivid metaphors and personification to describe the characteristics of things, for example, the article "Your Majesty the Weather" uses personification Rhetorical method The weather is called "Your Majesty", which vividly and interestingly illustrates the prestige of the weather.

Second, starting from the analysis of materials, that is, paragraph by paragraph analysis of what aspects of the characteristics of the things the author introduced, and then summarized. The author has clearly pointed out the essential characteristics of some things in the article, and should find out these key sentences when reading. For example《 China Stone Arch Bridge 》In the article, "This bridge is not only beautiful in form, but also solid in structure" and "Chinese Stone arch bridge There is a long history ", which points out the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridges: beautiful form, solid structure and long history. Another example is the sentence in Suzhou Gardens, "make sure that no matter where you stand, there is always a perfect picture in front of you", which summarizes the characteristics of Suzhou gardens, "beautiful pictures". Some expository texts have no obvious key sentences, so it is more necessary to carefully consider and refine them when reading. For example: "When the Yongding River was flooded, it was very powerful. The river banks on both sides were often washed away before, but the bridge has never had an accident, which shows its solidity. The bridge deck is paved with stone slabs, and there are stone columns on both sides. Each column head is carved with lions of different poses. These stone lions, some mothers and children Embrace Some are whispering, and some are like listening to the sound of water There is no key sentence in this passage, but Compare Of Explain the method And vivid description. For example, the comparison between the fact that the riverbanks on both banks are often destroyed and the fact that the bridge has never been damaged is to illustrate that Lugou Bridge "Solid structure"; The use of parallelism and personification to describe the manner of lions carved on the capitals is to illustrate the "beautiful form" of Lugou Bridge.

Inductive method

When reading the expository text, mark what the article uses Explain the method , and then summarize the main methods used, and then analyze the role of these explanation methods in accurately explaining the characteristics of things.

Summarize paragraph by paragraph

When summarizing the main points, we should pay attention to the role of the first sentence, the last sentence or the question type sentence, and pay attention to the concept of giving define Or the role of explanatory statements. You can draw these sentences when reading. When summarizing the main points, it is better to use complete sentences, and the meaning should be concise and to the point. On the basis of summarizing the main points paragraph by paragraph, the full text is divided into several relatively independent parts by the method of "merging the same kind", and the general idea of each part is summarized Description order Has. The order of description depends on the object. Generally speaking, it is used to describe the evolution of things Chronological order ； To describe a building, use Spatial order ； introduce high-tech product Or to illustrate the connection between things Logical order 。

Grasp the center

On the basis of clarifying the explanation order, it is easy to see the relationship between paragraphs, parts and parts Basic structure Has. In the case of a general - fraction We should also focus on the analysis of the principle by which the "sub" parts are combined, whether they are parallel, progressive, or inclusive Total score relationship 。 Progressive structure It is necessary to focus on how the meaning of each level is gradually developed, from phenomenon to essence, from individual to general, or from result to cause, etc. After grasping the structure, it is better to draw the structure Sketch Map 。 The explanation center is to sum up an expository text to explain what kind of characteristics of the things to be explained, or explain what kind of reasons. It is not difficult to summarize the explanation center on the basis of clarifying the explanation order and grasping the structure of the article.

accuracy

Accuracy is the characteristic of language. analysis Expository language Is to see how words and sentences accurately describe the characteristics of the things to be explained.^[3]

Pay attention to the role of key words.

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