Argument structure refers to argumentativeBasic structure, structured by“Introduction 、The theoryConclusion.Generally speaking, the introduction is the beginning, the theory is the subject, and the conclusion is the end.That is, the topic or argument must be put forward at the beginning, the main part should select materials and demonstrate the point of view in several times, and the end should be summarized.The common argumentation structures in this part are as follows.
Progressive type means that the later argumentation is based on the previous argumentation, and the relationship between the front and the back is progressive and in-depth.The sequence of each level and paragraph in the hierarchical structure is intrinsically closely linked and cannot be changed at will.The advantage of this layout is that it can reflect the author's strictnessLogical thinking ability。
There are two kinds of progressive methods:
From here to there
JiangsuprovinceCollege Entrance Examination CompositionLeader of marking groupHe YongkangThe professor said: "When playing on the spot, some people are too nervous, and suddenly 'get stuck'. How to respond? Here I provide an emergency measure, that is, facing the topic or argument, answer respectively: what is this, why should it be like this, and how can it be done - this is a standard progressive way."
For example, the article "Creating a Relaxed Reading Environment" can first point out the reality that today's students are trapped in a sea of books and titles, eager to have a relaxed reading environment;Then analyze the reasons for this situation (no time to read, no book to read, no reason to speak, no profit);Then it points out the way out of the dilemma (understanding in place, measures in place, guidance in place);Finally, the result of this is pointed out in implicit sentences.In this way, the thinking is clear, the argument is powerful and profound.
From shallow to deep
When choosing this structural form, examinees must have a clear understanding of the level content of the exposition, and understand whether the relationship between them is from simple to deep, from small to large or from outside to inside.
For example, in the question of "Modern Ink" and "Modern Zhu", we should first point out what is "ink" and what is "Zhu", so as to solve the problem of who should be "near".Then it further points out that people who are completely "red" and completely "black" do not exist, and most of them are both "red" and "black", so we must divide them into two and analyze the problem dialectically and comprehensively.Finally, it can be discussed that people with more ink, that is, people with more shortcomings, should be "close" and help.In this way, in-depth and dialectical analysis can reflect the rigorouslogical relationship。
Contrast formula
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The contrast formula is to describe the relationship betweenArgumentative argumentAtThe theorySome selected arguments for comparison.It refers to the relationship between positive and negative comparison or correlation comparison.The specific arrangement is to compare two things or meanings, or use one thing or meaning with anotherCompare。Its advantages are that the layout is clearly contrasted, the priorities are clear, and the arguments are outstanding.
There are two ways of comparison:
Positive negative contrast
It can be a comparison of positive and negative views, or a comparison of positive and negative examples.For example, in the introduction of the article "Be Broad minded", it can be pointed out that only a broad mind can lead to success, and it is impossible to achieve great things by being careful.The first level is positive reasoning. First, it is said that only with a broad mind can we achieve great things, and then it is said that with a broad mind and a good career, we can also make up for our own shortcomings;The second level argues from the opposite side, pointing out that people who are narrow-minded and penny pinching will not do anything.When selecting specific examples, there should be both positive and negative examples.
Correlation comparison
It can be a comparison of primary and secondary, weight, advantages and disadvantages, gains and losses.For example, in the article "People who are near ink may not be black", this part can first point out that the situation of people who are near ink does exist, but this is not the mainstream, and then list the fact that people who are near ink are not black and analyze its reasons.It is also possible to first demonstrate that people who are near ink are not black, and point out that this is the mainstream of the times, and then use a small amount of space to explain that people who are near ink are black, but not the main aspect of real life.This structural layout not only achieves a clear view, but also avoids one sidedness.Generally speaking, this part needsdialecticalThis layout is often used for analysis.
Total fraction
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The total fraction is to introduce the relationship between the general statement and the separate statement into the paragraphs and hierarchical structure of the argumentDemonstration method。The application of this method can make the outline of argumentation content clear and well arranged.
Such as《one loses by prideThe article "modest benefits" always starts with the statement that "conceit will cause losses, and modesty and prudence will benefit";Then, we will recruit losses from the full (Nape feather、Guan YuAnd modest benefit (based onConfucius、Tang TaizongTwo different aspects are divided: finally, it summarizes the view that "modesty makes people progress, and pride makes people lag behind".
The total fraction generally has the forms of "total - sub - total", "total - sub" and "sub - total". No matter what form, we should first work on the word "total". We should use accurate and concise language to summarize the main idea of the content of the separate statements, so that it can become a general program that can "make people look good".At the same time, the separate statement must be consistent with the general statement in terms of the central theme, which should be demonstrated from different angles and sidesthesis statement , which cannot be repeated or crossed.Of course, in actual writing, according to the needs of argument, these three ways are often combined.
Juxtaposition
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In the argumentation idea, the central argument is analyzed in detail, and severalSub argumentLet's elaborate on the central point of the article. This is juxtaposition.
Each sub argument is listed in parallel and expounded.Juxtaposition structureOfExternal languageSigns include "first", "second", "third", or "on the one hand", "on the other hand", or "one of them", "the other", etc.The contents of several parallel sub arguments cannot overlap, repeat, contain or contradict.
