Family planning isThe People's Republic of ChinaAn item ofBasic state policy, presspopulation policy Planned birth.In September 1982, it was determined as the basic national policy and written into the Constitution in December of the same year.The main content and purpose are to advocate late marriage, late childbearing, fewer and better births, so as to control the population in a planned way.Since the basic national policy of family planning was formulatedPopulation issuesAnd development issues can not be ignored.At the beginning of the 21st century, China's family planning policy has made some adjustments.The first batch born in the 1980sOnly childHas arrivedMarriageable ageIn many regions, especially economically developed regions,one-child policyRelax to a certain extent.
On May 31, 2021, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held a meeting, which pointed out that we should further optimize the fertility policy and implement a pair ofspouseThe three children policy and supporting measures are conducive to improving China'spopulation structureImplement the national strategy of actively responding to population aging and maintain China's human resource endowment advantages.[2]In June, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issuedFertility policyThe decision to promote the long-term balanced development of the population clearly proposes to implement the three child birth policy and supporting measures.[4]
On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress voted to adopt the decision on amending the Population and Family Planning Law. The amended Population and Family Planning Law stipulates that the state advocates age appropriate marriage and childbearingEugenicsA couple can have three children.[5]
On January 11, 2016, the State Council Information Office held a press conference to introduce the implementation of the comprehensive two child policy reform and improve family planning service management: the total population is expected to reach a peak of about 1.45 billion around 2030, and by the middle of this century, ChinaTotal populationIt will remain at about 1.38 billion peopleBasic national conditionsIt will not change fundamentally. We must adhere to the basic national policy of family planning for a long time and maintain a moderatePopulation size。
In 2016, the State Council issuedPopulation planning: The total population in 2030 will be about 1.45 billion (excerpt) The Planning points out that in the next ten years, especially in 2021-2030, Chinapopulation development Enter a critical turning point.According to the prediction, the total population will reach its peak around 2030,Working age populationThe fluctuation decreases,AgingThe degree continues to deepen,Population mobilityIt is still active, and the family shows a trend of diversification.In a comprehensive judgment, the basic national conditions of a large population will not be fundamentally changed, and population will affect the economysocial developmentThe pressure of will not fundamentally change, population andResources and environmentThe tension will not change radically.perfectPopulation development strategyandpopulation policy System, promote long-term balanced population development, maximize the dynamic role of population in economic and social developmentRealizing the Chinese Dream of the Great Revival of the Chinese NationIt is of great practical significance and far-reaching historical significance.[1]
The Plan emphasizes that we should focus on promoting balanced population development and adhere to family planningBasic state policyWe will encourage the birth of children in accordance with the policy, give full play to the effect of the comprehensive two child policy, and implement comprehensive policies to create the potential energy of the total population, structural dividends, and the overlapping advantages of quality capital that are conducive to development, so as to promote the coordinated and sustainable development of population, economy, society, resources, and environment.By 2020, the effect of the comprehensive two child policy will be fully exerted, and the fertility level will be moderately improved,population qualityContinuous improvement, gradual optimization of the structure, more reasonable distribution, the total population of the country reached about 1.42 billion people.By 2030, the trend of population self balanced development will be basically formed, and the coordination degree of population, economy, society, resources and environment will be further improved. The total population of the country will reach about 1.45 billion.[1]
Policy changes
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Changes in family planning policies at various stages
”Advocate a couple to have one child;Those who meet the conditions prescribed by laws and regulations may request to arrange for the birth of a second child.“
September 1, 2002
"Initiate and implement the policy that couples who have only one child can have two children"[10]（“Single second child”）
"Article 18 The State encourages a couple to have two children."[7]
January 1, 2016[7]
"Implement the policy that one couple can have three children and supporting measures"[6]
Meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on May 31, 2021[6]
May 31, 2021
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1. In July 1971, the State Council approved and forwarded the Report on Doing Well in Family Planning, which included the indicators of controlling population growth in the national economic development plan for the first time.
2. In September 1980, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued an Open Letter to All Communist Party Members and Communist Youth League Members on Controlling China's Population Growth, advocating that a couple only have one child.
3. In September 1982, the Twelfth National Congress of the CPC defined family planning asBasic state policy, written into the Constitution in December of the same year.
4. In May 1991, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council made the Decision on Strengthening Family Planning Work and Strictly Controlling Population Growth, clearly implementing the currentFertility policyAnd strictly control population growth.
6. In November 2011, the "Double Independence" policy was implemented in all parts of ChinaTwo child policy
7. In November 2013, the Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform proposed that "the party that initiates the implementation isOnly childThe policy that couples can have two children.
9. On the afternoon of December 27, 2015, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress voted to pass the amendment to the Population and Family Planning Law,Full second childIt will be officially implemented on January 1, 2016.
10. On May 31, 2021, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held a meeting, which pointed out that further optimizing the fertility policy, implementing the policy that one couple can have three children and supporting measures are conducive to improving China'spopulation structureImplement active responseageing of populationNational strategy, maintain China's human resources endowment advantage.[2]
The following conditions can occur“a second child”(Local regulations may differ slightly, so please refer to the local population and family planning regulations)
1. Both husband and wife are only children and have only one child;
3. Both parties are returned overseas Chinese, or have settled in the province for less than 6 yearsHong Kong、Macao、TaiwanResidents who have only one child settled in the mainland;
4. Remarried couples who have no more than two children before remarriage, but this does not apply to remarried couples;
5. Having been infertile after marriage, both the husband and the wife have reached the age of 30, and have adopted one child according to law;
6. The first child is a disabled child who cannot grow up to be a normal labor force. It is medically acceptableRebirthOf;
7. One of the husband and wife is a disabled soldier of Grade I to Grade VI;Class I to Class V persons who are disabled due to work and have only one child;
8. MinerDownhole operationHaving been engaged in underground work for more than 5 consecutive years, and having only one girl;
9. One of the rural couples is an only child and has only one child;
10. The husband settles down at the wife's house and the wife has no brothers in the countryside and has only one child (only one of the women's sisters);
11. Rural couples have only one girl;
12. In mountainous villages, the woman is in the countryside and has only one girl.
In the Decision adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, it was clearly proposed to "initiate the implementation of the policy of two children for couples whose one party is an only child", that is“Single twin”Policy.
laws and regulations
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Article 25 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China stipulates that "the State promotes family planning so that population growth is consistent with economic andSocial Development PlanAdapt. "Article 49 also stipulates: "Both husband and wife have the obligation to implement family planning." The Marriage Law regards family planning as abasic principleIt is established in the general rules.
Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Comprehensively Strengthening Population and Family Planning Work to Solve Population Problems as a Whole (2007)
Family Planning
The Decision recognizes the difficulty and urgency of comprehensively strengthening China's population and family planning work.It is pointed out that:Population issuesIt has always been a major issue restricting China's comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development, and a key factor affecting economic and social development.Since the implementation of family planning in China,More than 400 million fewer children were born in China, realized in advancetype of population reproduction The historic transformation of the "Three Gorges" has effectively alleviated the pressure of population on resources and environment, and effectively promoted economic development and social progress.Practical proofChina's unremitting implementation of the basic national policy of family planning has had a tremendous impact on building socialism with Chinese characteristics, achieving national prosperity and rejuvenationWorld populationAnd development.
At present, China's population and family planning work situation is generally good.At the same time, we must be soberly aware that China's population development presents an unprecedented complex situation, and the low fertility level faces the realistic risk of rebounding.In the first half of the 21st century, the total population, working age population andElderly populationPeak.In the next ten years,Population inertiaThe growth momentum is still strong, and the total population will still increase by 3-6 million per year;Difficult to adapt to intensecomprehensive national strengthCompetition requirements;Working agepopulation sizeHuge,Employment situationMore severe;Sex ratio at birthStaying high brings hidden dangers to social stability;The floating population continues to increaseResource allocationConstitute a huge challenge;The structure of the poor population tends to be diversified, and the task of promoting balanced social development is arduous.In a word, the national conditions of large population and small per capita occupancy, the situation of heavy pressure of population on economic and social development, and the tense relationship between population and resources and environment are the conditions of building a well-off society in an all-round wayBuilding a Harmonious Socialist SocietyThe prominent contradictions and problems faced.
realizationChina's economySociologySound and fast developmentAll the major problems we are facing are closely related to the population size, quality, structure and distribution. Any mistakes on the population issue will have an irreversible long-term impact on economic and social development.withHuman's all-round developmentTo solve the population problem as a whole, turn the population pressure into a human resource advantage, and provide a lasting impetus for economic and social developmentRealize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nationStrategic choice.The Decision points out that we should unswervingly stabilize the low fertility level;We will comprehensively address the high sex ratio at birth;Continuous improvementfloating populationAdministrationService system；Earnestly increase the security of population and family planning undertakings;Further strengthen the leadership of population and family planning work.The whole Party must, from the perspective of comprehensively implementing the Scientific Outlook on Development, from the perspective of building the Party for the public and governing for the people, from the perspective of building a well-off society in an all-round way and building a harmonious socialist societyChinese nationWith a high degree of responsibility for future development, we will continue to do a good job in population and family planning in the new era.
Stabilizing the low fertility level is the primary task of population and family planning work in the new era, and the 11th Five Year Plan period is the key period to achieve this task.Comprehensive analysis of China's economy, society and populationDevelopment trendBy the end of the 11th Five Year Plan period, the total population of the country should be controlled within 1.36 billion people;By 2020, the total population should be controlled at about 1.45 billion,Total fertility rateStable below replacement level.To this end, we must adhere to the basic national policy of family planning and stabilize the current family planning policy unswervingly. The first hand of the Party and the government is to take charge of the overall responsibility,stable populationAnd family planning work institutions and teams, and constantly innovate the population and family planning work system, mechanism, means and methods.Comprehensively strengthen basic work at the grass-roots level, adhere to administration according to law, ideological and political education andBenefit orientationWe should combine legal, administrative, educational, economic and other means to establish and improve the long-term effect of legal management, village (residents) autonomy, quality services, policy promotion and comprehensive governanceWorking mechanism。
On May 31, 2021, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held a meeting and pointed out that in order to further optimize the fertility policy, the policy of one couple can have three children and supporting measures were implemented.Although the CPC Central Committee has made decisionsThree child policyIt still needs a process.This requires the state to revise the Population and Family Planning Law of the People's Republic of China andStanding Committee of Hunan Provincial People's CongresscombinationHunanAccording to the actual situation of Hunan Province, after the revision of the current Regulations on Population and Family Planning of Hunan Province, the newly revised Regulations were announced to be implemented at the time of implementation and the relevant regulations issued after the adjustment of the national three child birth policy were implemented at the time of implementation.currentlaws and regulationsNot modified,Fertility certificateIt can only be handled according to the original regulations.[3]
On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress voted to pass the decision on amending the Population and Family Planning Law. The amended Population and Family Planning Law stipulates that the state promotes age appropriate marriage and good birth and good childbearing, and a couple can have three children.[5]
Local regulations
On November 29, 2021,GuangdongThe 37th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th Provincial People's Congress deliberated the Amendment to the Regulations of Guangdong Province on Population and Family Planning (Draft).The reporter learned that the draft amendment will completely delete the restrictive measures that are incompatible with the three child birth policy, such as the relevant punishment and punishment provisions on the collection of social maintenance fees.[13]
About 70%birth defect It occurs in the case of unplanned pregnancy.causeCongenital malformationThere are many reasons for, for example, physical factors,environmentFactors unfavorable to the healthy development of the fetus, of course, before pregnancy orPregnancy nutrientsLack is also a very important reason... In fact, many of the above factors can be avoided or improved in the preparation period for pregnancy.Expert adviceYou'd better leave yourself a three-month "preparation period" to adjust yourself from all aspects and create the best maternal environment for your baby.This move is against the burdenworking pressureIs especially suitable for white-collar women, which is also suitable for the futureBaby healthIs responsible for.
Choose the best time for pregnancy
In fact, there is no obvious difference between the time of pregnancy and taboo. From a comprehensive perspective, experts believe that it is better to be pregnant in March and April every year.This is because there are plenty of fruits and vegetables in the summer after pregnancyexpected date of childbirthFor January and February of the next year, the baby born just can avoid wintercold、influenzaIn the high incidence season, with the warmer weatherpostpartum recovery And baby's development is a good season.
Alcoholism, smoking, staying up late, drinking coffeepartial eclipse, picky eating may lead toLow birth weight infants, abortion, etc.If you plan to have a baby, please pay attention to that both the husband and wife should work together to change these bad habits that are not conducive to the health of the baby.If you still take the contraceptive pill, you should stop taking it for at least 3 months before you become pregnant becausehormoneIt also affects the early development of embryos.
Experts remindPreparing for pregnancyBoth sides of the couple should go to the hospital for a physical examination first, especially for the couple who are planning to have a child several years after marriage. It is necessary to have a physical examination before pregnancy, so as to avoid genetic and other medical problems and ensure pregnancy when the body is in the best state.
Vitamin supplementation in advance
In the preparation period, exceptbalanced dietYou should also start taking multivitamins for pregnant women, which can ensure that from the beginning of pregnancytrace elementThere will be sufficient reserves of heliotropin, so as to avoid and prevent earlyVitamin deficiencyCaused byFetal developmentDefects andCongenital malformation。Some vitamin products for pregnant women can effectively prevent babiesNeural tube malformation。stayEarly pregnancyVitamin supplementation can also improve nausea, vomiting, dizziness and other symptoms.For dads, they should also take adequate vitamin supplements, such asvitamin CCan improve sperm quality and mobility.
Contraceptive knowledge
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Contraception Mechanism
so-calledcontraceptionThe principle is to use scientific methods to prevent and destroy the normalPregnancy processSome links in order to avoid pregnancy and prevent childbirth.There are many contraceptive methods used. According to their contraceptive principles, they can be summarized as follows:
Contraception Mechanism
Contraceptive methods
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Inhibition of ovarian ovulation
Short actingLong-acting contraceptive as well asContraceptive implantEtc.Egg cellThe development and maturity ofhypothalamusAnd pituitary glandacyeterionIt can inhibit the function of hypothalamus and pituitary gland to prevent the development of egg cells, so as to achieve the purpose of contraception.In addition, women inlactationIt also has the effect of inhibiting ovarian ovulation, so it can also prevent pregnancy during lactation.
Inhibition of normal sperm development
Gossypol extracted from cottonseed can inhibit the normal development of sperm and can be taken for a long timegossypolCan makeSperm countObvious reduction or complete disappearance, so as to achieve the goal of infertility.This male contraceptive has not been popularized.In recent years, some places have adoptedPhysical methods(For example, ultrasound, microwave, hyperthermia, etc. stimulate the testes) to inhibit the spermatogenic function of the testes, and some progress has also been made.
Prevent sperm from combining with egg
There are many such contraceptive methods, whose purpose is to prevent sperm from combining with eggs, so as to achieve the purpose of contraception.For example, condoms, vaginal diaphragms, etc., prevent sperm from entering the vagina, or prevent sperm entering the vagina from entering the uterine cavity;External contraceptivesIt has a strong spermicidal effect. If it is put into the vagina, it can kill the sperm that has entered the vagina, so that the sperm cannot enterUterine cavity；men and womensterilization operationIt can prevent sperm from discharging or combining with eggsPermanentOfcontraception measures；During sexual intercourse, external ejaculation or perineal urethra compression method is used to drain semen out of the vagina or retrograde into your own bladder, so that semen does not enter the vagina. However, due to the poor practical operation of external ejaculation, it is not easy to achieve the purpose of real contraception, so it is not recommended to use it.
Prevent the implantation of fertilized eggs
The uterus is the place where the fetus is conceived. If you try to interfere with the internal environment of the uterus, it is not conducive to the fertilization of eggsGrowth and development。Placed in the uterusBirth control ringAnd variousFamily visiting contraceptive pillCan be usedendometriumChanges occur to prevent the implantation and development of fertilized eggs.
Contraception during stagger ovulation
staggerperiod of ovulationContraception isContraception during safety period, that is, the menstruation cycle calculation method, basic body temperature measurement method andCervical mucusObservation methodTo master the ovulation period of women, avoid sexual intercourse during ovulation to prevent contraception, so that sperm and eggs miss the chance to meet.Because a lotFemale ovulationIt is not fixed and difficult to master in actual operation, so it is recommended to carry out under the guidance of doctors.
Commonly used by men
Although there are many contraceptive methods that people can use, there are few male contraceptive methodsCondom、Vas deferensLigation or blockage, othersOral contraceptivesExternal ejaculation and perineal urethral compression for contraception.
1. Condom is a male contraceptive tool that is used more frequently. As long as it is used correctly, the contraceptive effect is better. But some people are unwilling to use it because they are afraid of affecting their sex appeal or are not used to it.
2. Vasectomy or blockage of vas deferenssterilization operation, applicable to couples who no longer have children or husbands whose wives are unable to have children due to illness.
3. MaleOral contraceptivesAlthough it has been successfully researched, it has certain shortcomings and cannot be popularized.
4. External ejaculation and perineal urethral compression are not easy to master, so the contraceptive effect is not reliable, and few people use them.
There are many kinds of contraceptivesShort-acting contraceptive 、Long-acting contraceptive 、Family visiting contraceptive pill、Subcutaneous implantationContraceptivesExternal contraceptivesAmong them, short acting contraceptives are the most widely used. If taken correctly, the contraceptive effect will be almost 100%.Long acting contraceptives are only used once a month, and some can be used once 2-3 months;It can reduce the trouble of taking pills every day, and the contraceptive effect is slightly inferior to that of short acting contraceptives.The contraceptive pill implanted subcutaneously at one time can be used for contraception for about 5 years. Since it has not been produced in China and is imported, it cannot be widely used.The family visiting contraceptive pill is a quick acting contraceptive pill, which is mainly applicable to visiting couples, as well as newly married couples.The main function of topical contraceptives is to kill spermContraceptive filmBest effect, contraceptionointmentThe effect is poor.
Contraceptive ring is one of the most widely used long-term contraceptives.Commonly usedstainless steelThe round ring, which can be used for contraception for about 20 years after being put into the ring at one time, has the disadvantage of high dropout rate and pregnancy rate with the ring.The contraceptive effect of copper contraceptive ring is good, and the dropping rate and pregnancy rate of the ring are low. It has been widely used in various places.
The vaginal contraceptive ring is easy to use and has good contraceptive effect. It has been popularized in some areas.
contraceptive diaphragmIt is troublesome to use. If you cannot master the placement technology correctly, it will easily lead to failure, so it cannot be widely used.
Fallopian tubesterilization operationAs a permanent contraceptive measure, one operation can provide lifelong contraception, especially for women who no longer have children or are unable to have children due to illness.
Safety periodAnd lactation contraception methods are not easy to master correctly.It is easy to cause failure, so it should not be popularized.
How to ensure that contraception does not fail
China's Marriage Law stipulates that the marriage age of women is 20 years old, and women still have more than 20 years of childbearing period after marriage. It is advocated that a couple only have one child, so women need to adhere to contraception for most of the whole childbearing period, otherwise they will fail.So, how can we ensure that contraception does not fail?
First, both husband and wife must realize the importance of family planning and attach great importance to contraceptionlactation）None of them can existFluke psychology。
Contraception is a matter for both husband and wife, especially the husband should care, love and be considerate of his wife, and should not completely blame the woman for contraception.For the health of his wife, the husband should take more responsibility. He should not only seek temporary convenience, which will lead to contraceptive failure and bring unnecessary pain to his wife.
There are many contraceptive methods used, each of which has its own characteristics. When choosing a contraceptive method, both convenience and effect should be taken into consideration, as well as personal circumstances, especially the woman'shealthAccording to the characteristics of different periods, we should correctly choose a feasible and effective contraceptive method suitable for ourselves.Some contraceptive methods, such as safety period contraception, lactation contraception and extracorporeal ejaculation contraception, should not be used as far as possible because the contraceptive effect is not reliable.
Learn to use condoms correctlycontraceptive diaphragmAnd other external contraceptives, or failure will result.If the use of external contraceptives fails (such as condom rupture), it should be timelyTake remedial measuresPrevent pregnancy.
In short, contraception is a long-term and arduous task, and we should not be careless at any time.
Policy review
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Positive comments
one-child policyIt has always been the focus of attention from all walks of life. To evaluate China's family planning policy, there should be several footholds:
First, since the implementation of the family planning policy, great achievements have been made,Effective controlThe population has grown too fast.Statistics show that ChinaBirth rateFrom 33.4 ‰ in 1970 to 12.1 ‰ in 2012,natural population growth rateFrom 25.8 ‰ in 1970 to 4.95 ‰ in 2012, half of the world average;womanTotal fertility rateFrom 5.8 in 1970 to 1.5 to 1.6 in 2012developed countryAverage level of;China in 1970Birth population27.39 million people, a net increase of 23.21 million people. The number of births in 2012 was 16.35 million, a net increase of 6.69 million people.
Third, family planning does not advance aloneEugenicsdo many things at once.
In addition, China's family planning policy makesWorld 7 Billion Population DayDelayed by 5 years for otherdeveloping countryWe have set an example in solving the problem of population and development, and established a good image of a responsible country with a large population.this pointNot to be ignored。
yesDemographerI believe that we should let go of "independent" family studentsa second child, born in ChinaPolicy adjustmentThe "one small step" of has little impact on China's population growth, but it hasWind vaneThe meaning of.Fundamentally, it is still necessary to restore the true nature of "family planning" and make it truly "family planning", so that families and individuals can enjoy fertilityDecision power。No matter how it is adjusted, its goal should be to respect and protect national rights and interests and promote healthy economic development.
Other benefits:
1. It is conducive to national accelerationCapital accumulation。The implementation of family planning will reduce the consumption of the country for the new population, thus accelerating the accumulation of funds.
3. It is conducive to improving the nationalPopulation quality。By implementing family planning, the state can use the accumulated funds for education, so that more people can receive more education andtechnical trainingSo as to improve the population quality of the whole nation.
5. It is beneficial for farmers to have fewer children and become rich quickly.The implementation of family planning will reduce the population of each family, which will not only increaseHousehold consumptionAnd spare more time for major family members to invest in developmentFamily economyAnd health entertainment, so as to ensure family happiness and social stability.
side effect
The family planning policy has also brought greatsocial problemIt is mainly reflected in two aspects. One is the population structure, and the most prominent is the aging problem;The second is gender selection, which has led to the problem of imbalance between men and women.[15]
Problems and difficulties
IChinese populationMany problems related to family planning work are concentrated as follows: firstLow fertilityinstable.China's low fertility is due to the fact thatproductivityunderdeveloped、social security systemUnsoundMass cultureWhen the level is not high enough, it is mainly achieved by administrative constraintsFertility policyThere is still a gap between them, and the low fertility level is under pressure to rebound.Second, regional development is unbalanced.Urban and economically developed areasfertility rateLower, but especially in rural areasCentral and western regionsThe fertility level in rural areas is still relatively high, and family planning work is still very difficult. The situation of "more and more poor, more and more poor" in many poor areas has not been fundamentally reversed.Third, overallWorking levelNot high enough.adaptSocialist market economyRequired population and family planning workManagement mechanismNot yet fully established.Fourth, the quality of the family planning teamnot suited toMany places still rely mainly on the requirements of the new situation and new tasksAdministrative compulsionTo promote the work;In the face of the growing demand of the masses, it is common to be unable to serve and serve well, and the concept of quality service has not been fully established.Party and government leaders and family planning cadres in many places are blindly optimistic, passive and afraid of difficulties.
Since these problems are the biggest obstacles to stabilizing the low fertility level at present, population and family planning work in the new era is still "the most difficult work in the world".There are still many challenges in the work of family planning.
Despite China's achievements in population and family planninginternational situationThe major changes of the new era make it face greater challenges.Especially after China's entry into the WTO, family planning work has both opportunities and challenges.The current population situation must not be blindly optimistic or taken lightly.China is facingTotal populationPeak, aging population peakWorking age populationPeak period and peak period of migrant population.However, the low fertility level is not stable, the regional development is unbalanced, the family planning level needs to be further improved, and the quality of the family planning cadre team cannot meet the requirements of the new situation and new tasks.
Population and family planningAdministration according to lawThere are still difficulties and problems.It is manifested in the lack of awareness of the importance and urgency of administration according to lawWorking methodsSimple and rude, unable to act in accordance with the law.The target assessment system is not scientific and reasonable enough,social compensation fee “Revenue and expenditure”management systemNot fully implemented.The daily management service is weak, and we are still used to relying on concentrated action to promote our work.Administrative law enforcement supervisionIn some places, the problem was just a formality and could not be corrected in time.Family planning at the grass-roots level in some placesAdministrative law enforcementThe staff strength is insufficient, and the quality needs to be improved.These problems seriously restrict and affect the improvement of population and family planning administration according to law, and damage the Party and the massesRelationship between cadres and massesWe must attach great importance to it and take practical and effective measures to solve it.
2、 Population changes, both in terms of quantity and structure, will have a profound impact on national security. Today, China is in a new roundDemographic changeMedium.
Since entering the new century, China has facedPopulation reproductionThe situation has changed fundamentally.In the 1950s and 1960s, China's population changed from the traditional high birth, high death and low growth to the high birth, low death and high growth. Only about 30 years later, it has transited to the low birth, low death and low growth since the 1990s.and,birth rateThe downward trend is basically irreversible in the short term.
It can be predicted that the industrialization andUrbanization processWhile still accelerating, whetherpopulation policy How to adjustFertility conceptIt will also be difficult to turn back, and the total birth rate will continue to be maintained in generationsReplacement level Even further down.JapanRussiaAnd the experience of population changes in the process of modernization in South Korea and other countries has illustrated this point.These two changes determine the future of Chinapopulation structureChange trend, such asAgingTime has come,sex ratioImbalance, andOnly childIt has become the backbone population in the mainstream urban society, the proportion of minority population in China's population has increased, and the degree of settlement in the western region has increased (at the same time, it should be noted that under the constraints of the family planning policypopulation growth rate It is far lower than the same ethnic group abroad).
These changes have made Chinanational securityFacing new problems and challenges.
The first is to develop security.Due to the deepening of aging,Total social dependency ratioWith the increase of expenses for the elderly and medical carenational incomeThe part used for consumption will increase while the part used for investment will have to decrease, which will restrict the financial capacity to support the long-term development of the country.If this happens in Chinaeconomic stagnationToday, the Chinese people are keen to talk about the "rise of great powers", "great rejuvenation" and so on, which will be nothing but wishful thinking.(However, population decline will also bring benefits, such asecological damageAnd land and other resources become relatively cheap,High house priceThe phenomenon will be alleviated.)
Secondmilitary security。Over the past 20 yearsChina's national interestsThe demand for military security is increasing with the expansion.However, in the three parts of national income: consumption, investment and defense, due to the increase of the part used for consumption, the national income invested in national defense may have to be reduced or greatly restricted in the future.An aging society will inevitably tend to be psychologically conservative and defensive in general, and the public willsocial securityThe pressure from the government will make it impossible for the country to use more wealth for national defense construction.This problem is not yet obvious in China, but in another 10 or 20 years, the situation may change significantly.
With China's national interests expanding day by day, if there is not enough financial capacity to support enough military capacity, it will not only affect military security, but also affect development security.At the same time, a society in which only children account for the majority of the labor force and the aging degree is deepening will also erode a country's ability to prevent and carry out war.stayOnly child familyWhen it accounts for almost half of the total number of Chinese families, the whole society will have a completely different ability to withstand war.
ThirdSocial security。China has yet to initially establish a sound social security system for the whole people, especially in terms of social security, urban and rural areas are obviously different. China's two kinds of society and population - urban society andrural community、urban populationAndrural population The antagonism between the two may intensify in the future, thus affecting social stability.
China's population is changing fromTraditional agricultural populationThe transformation to modern industrial and commercial populationagricultural populationOnce entering the cityurban economy In case of crisis, many people will become refugees or vagrants in cities.From some countries to traditionagricultural societyFrom the perspective of transformation to a modern industrial and commercial society,Demographic transitionIt also caused serious social problems, and even led to revolution.(However, this urban-rural difference comes fromoverpopulationInsufficient resources, forcingLimited resourcesGive priority to cities, and only by reducing the total population can such problems be fundamentally solved.)
Another thing that cannot be ignored is that a large number of marriageable men willMale female ratioUnbalanced and unable to organize normal family life will not only induce traffickingDemographic phenomenonAnd may increaseunderworldActivities and other factors endangering social stability.
FourthCultural security。The increasingly prominent belief crisis and value problems in China in recent years are also largely related to the changes in population structure since the 1970s.The inheritance of Chinese traditional Confucian civilization depends on China's specificFertility cultureTo support.However, the only child group is not only changing the population structuresocial structure, is also changing the structure of civilization.A survey shows that only children are responsible for their family and societyCollective consciousness, the spirit of cooperation and the concept of sacrifice and dedicationfamily originCompared withsignificant difference In this generation, ChinaTraditional valuesThe color of is lighter.
Some of the national security problems brought about by population changes are in the period of gradual outbreak, and some are still in the period of accumulation, which is not particularly serious, but will shape China's development in the futuresignificant impact 。Therefore, China's population policy should be adjusted accordingly.
Different from the prevention of sudden population growth from the 1950s to the 1980s, what China should prevent in the future is that new birthsPopulation sizeDue to the decline of the birth rate, there has been a significant decline, and the imbalance of the population sex ratio has increased.Therefore, the proportion of only child families in the number of families in the country should be gradually reduced to ensure the security of national development, as well as ensure that the traditional belief structure and civilization tradition of China will not be completely cut off between one or two generations, and ensure the futureChinese ArmyMost of the members in the group are not only children.For another example, in terms of population policy, China treats different population groups separately in different regions, which is necessary for a certain period, but it has already been necessary to adjust.
More importantly, China should“demographic dividend ”The situation that may be lost around 2015 should be acceleratedIndustrial upgrading, get rid of simple labor-intensiveeconomic development model 。At the same time, promoteIndustrial transferPromote the development of industry and commerce in the western region and drive the spatial movement of population.In the western region, especiallyethnic minorityIf the place with a high degree of population concentration can also achieve a higher degree ofIndustrialization and urbanizationWill greatly reduce regional development differences and promotesocial developmentFairness, and population exchanges between the East and the West.
