Apparent magnitude

term in astronomy

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This entry is made by Compilation and application of scientific encyclopedia entries of "Science Popularization China" to examine.

Apparent magnitude, an astronomical term, refers to the brightness of stars seen by observers with the naked eye. The magnitude of apparent magnitude can be negative, the smaller the value, the higher the brightness, and vice versa.

It is worth noting that the apparent magnitude is not only related to the luminous ability of stars（ luminosity ）It is also related to the distance between the star and the observer. Therefore, faint and even non luminous stars can have very low apparent magnitude, such as full moon The apparent magnitude of the moon is about - 12; And stars with strong luminous ability often have high apparent magnitude, because they often have tens of thousands of stars with the Earth Light year Distance.

Chinese name: Apparent magnitude
Foreign name: apparent magnitude
Presenter: Hipachas

Applied discipline: Astronomy
Definition: The brightness of stars seen by the observer with the naked eye
Meaning: Measure the brightness on the surface of an object

catalog

seven Star rank
eight Apparent magnitude comparison table

concept

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Apparent magnitude diagram

On a clear night, there are many stars, bright and dark. Astronomers use "apparent magnitude" to distinguish their brightness. There are more than 6000 visible to the naked eye in the whole sky fixed star 。 The stars visible to the naked eye are divided into six grades. The stars just visible to the naked eye are rated as magnitude 6, those brighter than magnitude 6 are rated as magnitude 5, and so on. The bright stars are rated as magnitude 1, and the brighter ones are rated as magnitude 0 or even negative.

Apparent magnitude (English: apparent magnitude , symbol: m) was first established by Greek astronomers Hipachas Yes, he divided 1022 stars in his catalog into six grades according to their brightness, that is, from first class stars to sixth class stars. In 1850, British astronomer Thompson found that a star of first order was 100 times brighter than a star of sixth order. According to this relationship, the magnitude is quantified. After the redefined magnitude, the brightness difference between each level is 2.512 times Lux The apparent star magnitude (brightness unit) is -13.98. However, magnitudes of 1 to 6 could not describe the brightness of all the celestial bodies found at that time. Astronomers extended the original level by introducing the concept of "negative magnitude". So the whole apparent magnitude system has been used up to now. For example, Altair is 0.77, Vega is 0.03, the brightest star except the sun Sirius − 1.45, − 26.7 for the sun, − 12.8 for the full moon, and − 4.89 for Venus at its brightest. Now the largest telescope on the ground can see 24 stars, and hubble space telescope You can see stars of magnitude 30. Because the apparent magnitude is a measure of the brightness of stars observed from the earth, it is actually only equivalent to the illuminance in optics; Because different stars have different distances from the earth, the apparent magnitude cannot indicate the luminous intensity of the star itself.

Since the apparent magnitude needs to take into account multiple factors such as the luminosity of the star itself and the distance from the earth, there will be situations where the apparent magnitude of the star near the earth is not as great as that of the star far away. for example Barnard star It is only 6 light years away from the earth, but cannot be seen by the naked eye (9.54, etc.). If people are in an ideal environment (a clear, sunny night without a moon), the half sky that can be observed by the naked eye will have an average of about 3000 stars (to 6.5, etc.), and the whole celestial sphere will have about 6000 stars that can be seen by the naked eye. Most stars visible to the naked eye are within hundreds of light years. The farthest objects that can be seen by human eyes are Triangle galaxy , its magnitude is about 6.3, and it is about 2.9 million light-years away from the Earth. The farthest object visible to the naked eye in history was GRB 080319B on March 19, 2008 Gamma ray bursts It is 7.5 billion light years away from the earth, and its apparent magnitude is 5.8, which is equivalent to the light emitted 7.5 billion years ago with the naked eye. In addition, a large amount of interstellar dust in the universe will also affect the apparent magnitude of stars. Due to the obscuration of dust, some bright stars will become very dim in visible light. Some stars that could have been seen by the naked eye have become invisible to the naked eye, such as the Pistol Star near the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.

The apparent magnitude of stars also changes with the evolution of stars themselves and their distance from the Earth. For example, when a supernova explodes, the apparent magnitude of the star has the opportunity to increase several levels. In the next tens of thousands of years, some stars gradually approaching the Earth will become significantly brighter, for example, Gliese 710 will become brighter from 9.65 to 1 with the naked eye in about one million years.

significance

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Measure the brightness level of the star on Earth. The closer the object is, the brighter it will appear; The farther away the object is, the darker it appears. For example, the near candlelight is brighter than the far street lamp. Apparent magnitude cannot be used as an indicator to measure the true brightness. The apparent magnitude can only measure the brightness of light on the surface of an object (the light energy received on the ground).

Shown on the star map the magnitude The number reflects the brightness and darkness of the stars we see. The smaller the magnitude, the brighter the stars. This magnitude does not reflect the true luminosity of the star itself, because the distance of the star is not considered here (the farther the star with the same luminosity is, the smaller the apparent brightness we see), so we call this magnitude apparent magnitude. According to long-term observation, the star just visible to the naked eye is a sixth order star. The apparent magnitude ranges from first to sixth, with a difference of five grades and a difference of 100 times in apparent brightness. It can be seen that the equality of the two stars is the same, and their apparent brightness is 2.512 times different.

Luminosity of star

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The true brightness of a star is also expressed in luminosity. Luminosity is the total energy radiated by a star per second. The luminosity of a star is determined by its temperature and surface area. The higher the temperature, the greater the luminosity; The greater the surface area of a star, the greater the luminosity. The size and temperature of stars are two important physical quantities that determine the luminosity of stars. The luminosity of stars and Absolute magnitude There is a close relationship between them. The absolute magnitude difference is one order, and the luminosity difference is 2.512 times. For example, the luminosity of a star with absolute magnitude 1 is 2.512 times that of a star with absolute magnitude 2 and 100 times that of a star with absolute magnitude 6. This is similar to the relationship between magnitude and apparent brightness.

Astronomers call stars with high luminosity giant stars and those with low luminosity giant stars dwarf star 。 Brighter than a giant star Supergiant 。 It can be seen from the law that the greater the surface area, the greater the luminosity, the larger the size of a giant star, and the smaller the luminosity, the smaller the size of a dwarf star. The sun is a yellow dwarf star, which is relatively weak in brightness. But there are dwarfs weaker than it. Such as the famous Sirius companion It's a White dwarf Its luminosity is less than one thousandth of that of the sun. In recent years, astronomers have found some faint stars with absolute magnitude of about 20 degrees with large telescopes. Their luminosity is only about 400000 to 500000 times that of the sun. Their luminosity is not as good as that of the full moon.

Radiation per second for photometry Erg (ergs/second). Not only for optics band It is also applicable to other bands, such as infrared, ultraviolet, radio, X-ray and gamma ray bands. All sky star map It is usually marked with stars of the fifth order or above. Through these brighter stars, you can know the shape of the constellation and become familiar with the starry sky. Large star maps are marked with stars of 10 or even 15 grades for telescope observers.

Development history

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As early as the 2nd century BC, ancient Greek There is an astronomer named Hipachas (also known as Ibagu, English: Hipparchus), he was in aegean sea Of Rhode Island It's built on Star Observatory He is very familiar with the star sky. Once, he was scorpio A strange star was found in. Judging from his rich experience, this star is not planet , but there is no such star in the previous records. What kind of celestial body is this? This leads to an important idea of the careful astronomer. He decided to draw a detailed map of stars in the sky. Through tenacious efforts, a star marked with more than 1000 stars' precise positions and brightness star map It was finally born in his hands. In order to clearly reflect fixed star The brightness of the star is divided into brightness and darkness by Hipparchus. He used the 20 brightest looking stars as First-class star Take the weakest star seen by the eye as a sixth order star. There are second, third, fourth and fifth class stars in the middle.

Hipachas The concept of "magnitude", which was laid more than 2100 years ago, is still in use today. By 1850, because Photometer stay Astrophotometry British astronomer M.R. Pogson compared the first to sixth magnitude stars we saw with the naked eye, and found that the ratio of brightness with a magnitude difference of 5 is about 100 times. So we propose a unit to measure the brightness of celestial bodies. The brightness ratio of one magnitude is defined as 100 times below the fifth root, that is, about 2.512 times, First-class star It is 2.512 times brighter than a second-class star, 2.512 times brighter than a third class star, and so on. It is an important content of astrophotometry. Of course, the measurement of the luminosity of celestial bodies is very accurate, and the magnitude is also very fine. Because the magnitude range is too small, the negative magnitude is introduced to measure extremely bright celestial bodies. The stars that are brighter than first-class stars are rated as first-class stars, and the stars that are brighter than first-class stars are rated as first-class stars, and so on. At the same time, the magnitude is also expressed in decimal numbers.

The magnitude is also divided into apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude. The apparent magnitude is the brightness of celestial bodies seen by observers on the earth, for example, the apparent magnitude of the sun is - 26.71, full moon Is - 12.6, Venus is - 4.6 at its brightest, and Sirius is - 1.45 at its brightest, Elderly Star Is -0.73, Vega is 0.00 and Altair is 0.77. The absolute magnitude is 10 Second gap (32.616 light years), the absolute magnitude of the sun is 4.75, and the thermal magnitude is the magnitude obtained by measuring the whole radiation of the star rather than only a part of visible light; Monochromatic magnitude is only measured Electromagnetic spectrum The magnitude obtained by radiation in some narrow ranges; Narrow band magnitude is the magnitude obtained by measuring a slightly wider frequency band, and the measurement range of wide-band magnitude is wider; The human eye is most sensitive to yellow, so Visual magnitude It can also be called yellow star, etc.

On a clear and moonless night, there are about 3000 stars in the sky in front of us celestial sphere There are about 6000 stars that can be seen directly by the eyes. Of course, by Astronomical telescope You will see more stars. China's largest Optical telescope The objective lens has a diameter of 2.4 meters and is equipped with a special receiver. It can observe 23-25 stars. Orbiting the Earth launched by the United States on April 24, 1990 Hubble Space Telescope A star of magnitude 28 can be observed.

Absolute magnitude

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Only by observing the brightness of a star from a known distance can we determine its own luminous intensity and compare it with other stars. We put the distance from the star 10 Second gap The visual brightness (that is, the apparent magnitude) seen at Absolute magnitude 。 According to this measurement method, Niulang Star 2.19, etc, Vega 0.55, etc, Sirius 1.44, 4.83 for the sun.

because planet 、 asteroid 、 comet Such celestial bodies can only be seen by reflected starlight. Even if viewed from a fixed distance, their brightness will be different, so the absolute magnitude of planets, asteroids, comets needs to be defined separately.

Differences and examples

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Visual magnitude

It refers to the magnitude we see with the naked eye. It seems that the stars that are not prominent and bright do not necessarily represent their poor luminous ability. The reason is very simple: the apparent brightness of the stars we see is not only related to the radiance of the stars, but also the distance is very important. The stars with the same brightness are closer to us, so they look naturally brighter. So a dark star does not mean that it is relatively bright and dark.

Absolute magnitude

because Visual magnitude There is no practical physical significance, so astronomers formulated absolute magnitude to describe the actual luminous ability of stars. Suppose the star is placed at a distance of 10 seconds (i.e. 32.6 light-years, the second difference is also a commonly used distance unit in astronomy, and the 1-second difference=3.26 light-years), and the observed apparent magnitude is the absolute magnitude. Generally, the absolute magnitude is represented by the capital letter M. The visual magnitude and absolute magnitude can be converted by the formula as follows:

M=m+5－5 lg d

M is the absolute magnitude; M is Visual magnitude ； D is the distance.

The following table shows the apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude of some familiar bright stars:

Astral body	Apparent magnitude	Absolute magnitude
sunlight	-26.71	four point eight three
Moon	-13.00	Not applicable
Venus	-4.6	Not applicable
Sirius	-1.47	one point four four
Vega	zero	zero point five five
Niulang Star	zero point seven five	two point one nine

Please note: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, the moon and other celestial bodies in the solar system (except the sun) do not emit light by themselves. They emit light by reflecting the sun's light.

Star rank

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Note: Konductra Or multi star system is calculated according to the comprehensive apparent magnitude; Variable star Calculated according to the average apparent magnitude.

Top 100

ranking	Chinese name	Western Star Name	Apparent magnitude
zero	sunlight	----	-26.74
one	Sirius	Canis Major alpha	-1.47
two	the elderly	Bottom seat α	-0.73
three	Alpha	Alpha Centauri	-0.29
four	arcturus	Hercules alpha	-0.04
five	Vega	Lyra alpha	zero point zero three
six	Capella	Auriga alpha	zero point zero seven
seven	Rigel	Orion beta	zero point one two
eight	Nanhe III	Procyon	zero point three six
nine	Water Commission I	Poseidon alpha	zero point four five
ten	Betelgeuse	Orion alpha	zero point five five
eleven	Agena	Centaurus beta	zero point six one
twelve	Hegu II	Aquila alpha	zero point seven seven
thirteen	Cross II	Southern cross α	zero point seven nine
fourteen	A desperate battle	Taurus alpha	zero point eight six
fifteen	Antares	Scorpio alpha	zero point nine five
sixteen	Cornucopia	Virgo alpha	zero point nine seven
seventeen	Beihe III	Gemini β	one point one four
eighteen	Beiluo School	Southern Pisces alpha	one point one five
nineteen	Tianjin IV	Cygnus alpha	one point two four
twenty	Cross III	Southern Cross Beta	one point two six
twenty-one	Xuanyuan XIV	Leo alpha	one point three six
twenty-two	Sagittal Seven	Canis Major ε	one point five zero
twenty-three	Beihe II	Gemini alpha	one point five eight
twenty-four	Ursula	Scorpio λ	one point six two
twenty-five	Cross One	Southern cross γ	one point six three
twenty-six	Betelgeuse	Orion gamma	one point six four
twenty-seven	Five cars five	Taurus beta	one point six six
twenty-eight	South Ship Five	Ship base β	one point six seven
twenty-nine	Betelgeuse	Orion ε	one point six nine
thirty	Alnair	Crane alpha	one point seven four
thirty-one	Alnitak	Zeta Orion	one point seven seven
thirty-two	Yuheng	Epsilon Ursa Major	one point seven seven
thirty-three	Tianchuan Three	Perseus alpha	one point eight zero
thirty-four	Tianshu	Ursa Major α	one point eight zero
thirty-five	Tiansheji	Sail seat γ 2	one point eight one
thirty-six	Wezen	Canis Major δ	one point eight three
thirty-seven	Jisusan	Sagittarius ε	one point eight four
thirty-eight	Shake light	Ursa Major η	one point eight six
thirty-nine	Caudal Five	θ Scorpio	one point eight six
forty	Haishi I	Bottom seat ε	one point eight seven
forty-one	Five cars and three cars	Auriga beta	one point nine zero
forty-two	Triangle three	South Triangle α	one point nine two
forty-three	Inoue Suzuki	Gemini γ	one point nine three
forty-four	Peacock Eleven	Peacock alpha	one point nine three
forty-five	Tianshe III	Sail seat δ	one point nine five
forty-six	Junshi I	Canis Major β	one point nine eight
forty-seven	Xingxiu I	Serpentine alpha	one point nine eight
forty-eight	Gou Chen Yi	Ursa Minor α	one point nine nine
forty-nine	Xuanyuan Twelve	Leo γ	two
fifty	Lou Susan	Aries alpha	two point zero one
fifty-one	Diphda	Cetus beta	two point zero four
fifty-two	Dousu IV	Sagittarius σ	two point zero five
fifty-three	Warehouse building III	Centaur θ	two point zero six
fifty-four	alpheratz	Andromeda alpha	two point zero seven
fifty-five	Mirach	Andromeda beta	two point zero seven
fifty-six	saiph	Orion κ	two point zero seven
fifty-seven	Arctic II	Little Bear Beta	two point zero seven
fifty-eight	Crane Two	Sagittarius beta	two point zero seven
fifty-nine	Hou	Ophiuchus alpha	two point zero eight
sixty	Five Tombs	Perseus beta	two point zero nine
sixty-one	General Tian No.1	Andromeda gamma	two point one zero
sixty-two	Five Emperors One	Leo beta	two point one four
sixty-three	Policy	Cassiopeia gamma	two point one five
sixty-four	Storeroom 7	Centaurus gamma	two point two zero
sixty-five	Sagittal increased by 22	Stern seat ζ	two point two one
sixty-six	Haishi II	Bottom seat	two point two one
sixty-seven	Alphecca	Corona Borealis alpha	two point two two
sixty-eight	Tianji	Sail seat λ	two point two three
sixty-nine	Kaiyang	ζ Ursa Major	two point two three
seventy	Tianjin I	Cygnus gamma	two point two three
seventy-one	Wang Liangsi	Cassiopeia alpha	two point two four
seventy-two	Eltanin	Draco gamma	two point two four
seventy-three	Betelgeuse	Orion δ	two point two five
seventy-four	Wang Liangyi	Cassiopeia beta	two point two eight
seventy-five	South Gate I	Centaur ε	two point two nine
seventy-six	Teresa Fang	Scorpio δ	two point two nine
seventy-seven	Tara	Epsilon Scorpii	two point two nine
seventy-eight	Riding Officer Ten	Jackal alpha	two point three zero
seventy-nine	Storeroom 2	Centaur η	two point three three
eighty	Tianxuan	Beta Ursa Major	two point three four
eighty-one	izar	Herdsman ε	two point three five
eighty-two	Endangered Sleeping Three	Pegasus ε	two point three eight
eighty-three	Girtab	Scorpio κ	two point three nine
eighty-four	Firebird VI	Phoenix alpha	two point four zero
eighty-five	Tianji	Ursa Major γ	two point four one
eighty-six	Tianshi Zuoyuan No.11	Ophiuchus η	two point four three
eighty-seven	Room lodging 2	Pegasus beta	two point four four
eighty-eight	Sagittal two	Canis Major η	two point four five
eighty-nine	Sky hook five	Cepheus alpha	two point four five
ninety	Tianshe Five	Vela κ	two point four seven
ninety-one	Tianjin IX	Cygnus ε	two point four eight
ninety-two	markab	Pegasus alpha	two point four nine
ninety-three	Day 1	Cetacea alpha	two point five three
ninety-four	Zeta Ophiuchi	Zeta Ophiuchus	two point five four
ninety-five	Storeroom 1	Zeta Centauri	two point five five
ninety-six	Westward upper facies	Leo δ	two point five six
ninety-seven	Acrab	Beta Scorpio	two point five six
ninety-eight	Toilet 1	Aplysia alpha	two point five eight
ninety-nine	Cauda equina	Centaur δ	two point five eight
one hundred	Zhen Suyi	Corvus gamma	two point five eight

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101 to 200

ranking	Chinese name	Western Star Name	Apparent magnitude
one hundred and one	Dousu VI	Sagittarius ζ	two point six zero
one hundred and two	Dizuosi	Libra β	two point six one
one hundred and three	Tianshi Youyuan Seven	Unukalhai	two point six three
one hundred and four	Lou Suyi	Aries beta	two point six four
one hundred and five	Phact	Pigeon alpha	two point six four
one hundred and six	Five cars four	Auriga θ	two point six five
one hundred and seven	Kraz	Corvus beta	two point six five
one hundred and eight	Penthouse Path III	Cassiopeia δ	two point six six
one hundred and nine	Right camera lift I	Herdsman η	two point six eight
one hundred and ten	Cavalry officer four	Lupus beta	two point six eight
one hundred and eleven	Five cars one	Auriga	two point six nine
one hundred and twelve	Two seamounts	Sail seat μ	two point six nine
one hundred and thirteen	Bee Three	Musca alpha	two point six nine
one hundred and fourteen	Tail Night Nine	Scorpio	two point seven zero
one hundred and fifteen	Arc and arrow nine	Stern π	two point seven one
one hundred and sixteen	Ji Su Er	Sagittarius δ	two point seven two
one hundred and seventeen	Hegu III	Aquila gamma	two point seven two
one hundred and eighteen	Yed Prior	Ophiuchus δ	two point seven three
one hundred and nineteen	Underkill	Draco η	two point seven three
one hundred and twenty	Nanchuan III	Bottom seat θ	two point seven four
one hundred and twenty-one	Eastern upper facies	Virgo gamma	two point seven four
one hundred and twenty-two	Fa San	Orion	two point seven five
one hundred and twenty-three	Column XI	Centaurus	two point seven five
one hundred and twenty-four	Zubenelgenubi	Libra α 2	two point seven five
one hundred and twenty-five	Zong Zhengyi	Ophiuchus beta	two point seven six
one hundred and twenty-six	Riding officer I	Jackal gamma	two point seven seven
one hundred and twenty-seven	Cursa	Eridana beta	two point seven eight
one hundred and twenty-eight	Tianshi Youyuanyi	Hercules beta	two point seven eight
one hundred and twenty-nine	Cross IV	Southern cross δ	two point seven nine
one hundred and thirty	Tripterygium gallatum	Draco beta	two point seven nine
one hundred and thirty-one	Snake Tail I	Aquarius beta	two point eight zero
one hundred and thirty-two	Toilet II	Rabbit Beta	two point eight one
one hundred and thirty-three	Tianji II	Hercules ζ	two point eight one
one hundred and thirty-four	Antares III	Tau Scorpio	two point eight two
one hundred and thirty-five	Dousu II	Sagittarius λ	two point eight two
one hundred and thirty-six	Murakami	Pegasus gamma	two point eight three
one hundred and thirty-seven	Sagittal increased by 32	Stern seat ρ	two point eight three
one hundred and thirty-eight	Triangle Two	South Triangle Beta	two point eight three
one hundred and thirty-nine	Rolling Tongue IV	Zeta Perseus	two point eight four
one hundred and forty	Pestle three	Temple of Heaven Beta	two point eight four
one hundred and forty-one	Pestle two	Temple of Heaven alpha	two point eight four
one hundred and forty-two	Pleiades Six	Taurus η	two point eight five
one hundred and forty-three	Dongci Jiang	Virgo ε	two point eight five
one hundred and forty-four	Deneb Algedi	Capricorn δ	two point eight five
one hundred and forty-five	Snake head I	Hydra alpha	two point eight six
one hundred and forty-six	Tianjin II	Cygnus δ	two point eight six
one hundred and forty-seven	Inoue Sumichi	Gemini μ	two point eight seven
one hundred and forty-eight	Triangle One	South Triangle Gamma	two point eight seven
one hundred and forty-nine	Bird beak I	Rhododendron alpha	two point eight seven
one hundred and fifty	Tianyuan VI	Sagittarius θ	two point eight eight
one hundred and fifty-one	Jiansan	Sagittarius π	two point eight eight
one hundred and fifty-two	Gomeisa	Canis Minor β	two point eight nine
one hundred and fifty-three	Fangsuyi	Scorpio π	two point eight nine
one hundred and fifty-four	Rolling tongue II	Perseus ε	two point eight nine
one hundred and fifty-five	Chang Chenyi	Canis houni α 2	two point nine zero
one hundred and fifty-six	Antares One	Scorpio σ	two point nine zero
one hundred and fifty-seven	Xu Su One	Aquarius beta	two point nine zero
one hundred and fifty-eight	Tianchuan II	Perseus gamma	two point nine one
one hundred and fifty-nine	Haishiwu	Bottom seat	two point nine two
one hundred and sixty	Matar	Pegasus η	two point nine three
one hundred and sixty-one	Old people increase by one	Stern seat τ	two point nine four
one hundred and sixty-two	Algorab	Corvus δ	two point nine four
one hundred and sixty-three	Endangered lodging I	Aquarius alpha	two point nine five
one hundred and sixty-four	Tianyuan No.1	Ganges gamma	two point nine seven
one hundred and sixty-five	Tianguan	Zeta Taurus	two point nine seven
one hundred and sixty-six	Xuanyuan Jiu	Leo ε	two point nine seven
one hundred and sixty-seven	Ji Su Yi	Sagittarius γ 2	two point nine eight
one hundred and sixty-eight	Pingyi	Serpent gamma	two point nine nine
one hundred and sixty-nine	Ursula	Scorpio	two point nine nine
one hundred and seventy	Tianshi Zuoyuanliu	Zeta Aquila	two point nine nine
one hundred and seventy-one	Heavenly General Nine	Triangular seat β	three
one hundred and seventy-two	Taizun	Ursa Major ψ	three
one hundred and seventy-three	Arctic I	Ursa Minor γ	three
one hundred and seventy-four	Uropoda	Scorpio μ 1	three
one hundred and seventy-five	Defeat One	Crane Gamma	three
one hundred and seventy-six	Tianchuan Five	Perseus δ	three point zero one
one hundred and seventy-seven	Sun Zengyi	Zeta Canis Major	three point zero two
one hundred and seventy-eight	Military market increased by five	Canis Major	three point zero two
one hundred and seventy-nine	Zhen Suer	Raven ε	three point zero two
one hundred and eighty	Column I	Epsilon Aurigae	three point zero three
one hundred and eighty-one	Bee One	Musca beta	three point zero four
one hundred and eighty-two	Swagger	Herdsman gamma	three point zero four
one hundred and eighty-three	The chariot road increases by seven	Albireo	three point zero five
one hundred and eighty-four	Niu Suyi	Capricorn beta	three point zero five
one hundred and eighty-five	Jingsuwu	Gemini ε	three point zero six
one hundred and eighty-six	Zhongtai II	Ursa Major μ	three point zero six
one hundred and eighty-seven	Altais	Draco δ	three point zero seven
one hundred and eighty-eight	Ji Su Si	Sagittarius η	three point one zero
one hundred and eighty-nine	Liu Suliu	Zeta Hydra	three point one zero
one hundred and ninety	Pterygium	Viper ν	three point one one
one hundred and ninety-one	Haishan V	Centaur λ	three point one one
one hundred and ninety-two	Persia II	Indian alpha	three point one one
one hundred and ninety-three	Child two	Pigeon beta	three point one two
one hundred and ninety-four	On stage I	Ursa Major	three point one two
one hundred and ninety-five	Tortoise five	Altar of Heaven Zeta	three point one two
one hundred and ninety-six	Tianshi Zuoyuanyi	Hercules δ	three point one two
one hundred and ninety-seven	Riding Officer III	Centaur κ	three point one three
one hundred and ninety-eight	Xuanyuan IV	Tmall alpha	three point one four
one hundred and ninety-nine	Tianshe VI	Sail seat N	three point one six
two hundred	Female bed 1	Hercules π	three point one six

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201 to 300

ranking	Chinese name	Western Star Name	Apparent magnitude
two hundred and one	Ginseng flag six	Orion π 3	three point one six
two hundred and two	Old people increase by two	Stern ν	three point one seven
two hundred and three	Wenchang IV	Ursa Major θ	three point one seven
two hundred and four	Shangbi	Zeta Draco	three point one seven
two hundred and five	Polis	Sagittarius φ	three point one seven
two hundred and six	Column III	Auriga η	three point one eight
two hundred and seven	South Gate Add 2	Compass holder α	three point one eight
two hundred and eight	Screen 2	Aplysia epsilon	three point one nine
two hundred and nine	Dendrobium	Ophiuchus κ	three point one nine
two hundred and ten	Fu Shuo	Scorpio G	three point two zero
two hundred and eleven	Tianjin VIII	Zeta Cygnus	three point two one
two hundred and twelve	Shaowei increases eight	Cepheus gamma	three point two one
two hundred and thirteen	Riding Officer II	Jackal δ	three point two two
two hundred and fourteen	Tianshi Youyuanshi	Ophiuchus epsilon	three point two three
two hundred and fifteen	Tianshi Zuoyuanba	Serpentine η	three point two three
two hundred and sixteen	Shangwei Zengyi	Cepheus beta	three point two three
two hundred and seventeen	Tianjunyi	Aquila θ	three point two four
two hundred and eighteen	Sagittal increased by 24	Stern seat σ	three point two five
two hundred and nineteen	Ping II	Serpentine π	three point two five
two hundred and twenty	Zhe Wei Qi	Libra σ	three point two five
two hundred and twenty-one	Gradual Stage Three	Lyra gamma	three point two six
two hundred and twenty-two	Attached white 1	Aquarius gamma	three point two six
two hundred and twenty-three	Goldfish II	Swordfish alpha	three point two six
two hundred and twenty-four	Kususu	Andromeda δ	three point two seven
two hundred and twenty-five	Tianjiangsan	Ophiuchus θ	three point two seven
two hundred and twenty-six	Feather Forest Army 26	Aquarius δ	three point two seven
two hundred and twenty-seven	Screen 1	Aplysia μ	three point two nine
two hundred and twenty-eight	South Ship IV	Bottom seat ω	three point two nine
two hundred and twenty-nine	Left pivot	Dragon constellation	three point two nine
two hundred and thirty	Goldfish increase by one	Drawing frame base α	three point three zero
two hundred and thirty-one	South Ship II	Bottom seat p	three point three zero
two hundred and thirty-two	Tomahawk	Gemini η	three point three one
two hundred and thirty-three	Throne	Hercules alpha	three point three one
two hundred and thirty-four	Tortoise II	Temple of Heaven gamma	three point three one
two hundred and thirty-five	Firebird Nine	Phoenix beta	three point three two
two hundred and thirty-six	Da Ling Liu	Perseus ρ	three point three two
two hundred and thirty-seven	Heavenly power	Ursa Major δ	three point three two
two hundred and thirty-eight	Uropodium	Scorpio η	three point three two
two hundred and thirty-nine	Tianshi Zuoyuanjiu	Ophiuchus ν	three point three two
two hundred and forty	Dousu Five	Sagittarius tau	three point three two
two hundred and forty-one	White inclusion II	Reticulum base α	three point three three
two hundred and forty-two	Western subfacies	Leo θ	three point three three
two hundred and forty-three	Sagittal increases by 17	Stern seat ξ	three point three four
two hundred and forty-four	Penthouse Path II	Cassiopeia ε	three point three five
two hundred and forty-five	Betelgeuse	Orion η	three point three five
two hundred and forty-six	Inner order I	Ursa Major o	three point three five
two hundred and forty-seven	Jingsusi	Gemini ξ	three point three six
two hundred and forty-eight	Right Banner Three	Eagle δ	three point three six
two hundred and forty-nine	Riding Officer Six	Lupus epsilon	three point three seven
two hundred and fifty	Heze	Virgo ζ	three point three eight
two hundred and fifty-one	Liu Suwu	Serpentine ε	three point three eight
two hundred and fifty-two	Kou Su Yi	Orion λ	three point three nine
two hundred and fifty-three	Nanchuan I	Bottom seat q	three point three nine
two hundred and fifty-four	Eastern subfacies	Virgo δ	three point three nine
two hundred and fifty-five	Cepheid II	Zeta Cepheus	three point three nine
two hundred and fifty-six	Bi Suzeng XIII	Taurus θ 2	three point four zero
two hundred and fifty-seven	Firebird Ten	Phoenix gamma	three point four one
two hundred and fifty-eight	Be doomed to death	Taurus λ	three point four one
two hundred and fifty-nine	Hengyi	Centaur ν	three point four one
two hundred and sixty	Bike 1	Zeta Jackal	three point four one
two hundred and sixty-one	Sky hook IV	Cepheus η	three point four one
two hundred and sixty-two	Lightning I	Zeta Pegasus	three point four one
two hundred and sixty-three	Lou Suzeng VI	Triangle seat α	three point four two
two hundred and sixty-four	Accumulated pawn two	Lupus η	three point four two
two hundred and sixty-five	Tianshi Zuoyuansan	Hercules μ	three point four two
two hundred and sixty-six	Peacock Seven	Peacock beta	three point four two
two hundred and sixty-seven	Haishi Zengyi	Ship base a	three point four three
two hundred and sixty-eight	Xuanyuan XI	Zeta Leo	three point four three
two hundred and sixty-nine	Tianbianqi	Eagle λ	three point four three
two hundred and seventy	Zhongtai I	Ursa Major λ	three point four five
two hundred and seventy-one	Wang Liangsan	Cassiopeia η	three point four six
two hundred and seventy-two	Tiancang II	Cetus η	three point four six
two hundred and seventy-three	Tianshe Zengyi	Bottom seat χ	three point four six
two hundred and seventy-four	Seven public seven	Herdsman δ	three point four seven
two hundred and seventy-five	Heng Er	Centaur μ	three point four seven
two hundred and seventy-six	Day eight	Cetus gamma	three point four seven
two hundred and seventy-seven	Left Flag Five	Sagittarius gamma	three point four seven
two hundred and seventy-eight	Xuanyuan XIII	Leo η	three point four eight
two hundred and seventy-nine	Tianjizengyi	Hercules η	three point four eight
two hundred and eighty	Tiancang Five	Cetus tau	three point four nine
two hundred and eighty-one	Sagittal increase by two	Canis Major σ	three point four nine
two hundred and eighty-two	Step down I	Big Bear ν	three point four nine
two hundred and eighty-three	Increase by five for seven public works	Herdsman beta	three point four nine
two hundred and eighty-four	Crane Three	Crane ε	three point four nine
two hundred and eighty-five	Sagittal eight	Canis Major κ	three point five zero
two hundred and eighty-six	Wasat	Gemini δ	three point five zero
two hundred and eighty-seven	Sky hook eight	Cepheus	three point five zero
two hundred and eighty-eight	Trionyx sinensis	Telescope base α	three point five one
two hundred and eighty-nine	Li Gong Er	Pegasus μ	three point five one
two hundred and ninety	Tianyuan Three	Sagittarius δ	three point five two
two hundred and ninety-one	Gradual Stage II	Beta Lyrae	three point five two
two hundred and ninety-two	Xuanyuan 15	Leo o	three point five two
two hundred and ninety-three	Tianshe IV	Sail seat φ	three point five two
two hundred and ninety-four	Jianyi	Sagittarius ξ 2	three point five two
two hundred and ninety-five	Endangered lodging II	Pegasus θ	three point five two
two hundred and ninety-six	Be doomed to death	Taurus ε	three point five three
two hundred and ninety-seven	Liu Su Zengshi	Cancer beta	three point five three
two hundred and ninety-eight	Qingqiu Five	Serpentine ξ	three point five four
two hundred and ninety-nine	Colostrum	Serpentine μ	three point five four
three hundred	Tianshi Zuoyuanshi	Serpentine ξ	three point five four

reference material:^[1]

Apparent magnitude comparison table

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Apparent magnitude	Corresponding celestial body
–40.98	Look from an astronomical unit Rho Cassiopeiae 。
–38	Look from an astronomical unit Rigel 。 At this time, a huge fireball will be seen, occupying 35 ° of the sky.
–30.3	Look from an astronomical unit Sirius 。
–29.3	Look at the sun at the perihelion of Mercury.
–27.4	Look at the sun at the perihelion of Venus.
–26.74	Seeing the sun at the perihelion of the earth is 400000 times more than the full moon.
–25.6	Look at the sun at the perihelion of Mars.
–23	Look at the sun at Jupiter's perihelion.
–21.7	Look at the sun at Saturn's perihelion.
–20.2	Look at the sun at the perihelion of Uranus.
–19.3	Look at the sun at Neptune's perihelion.
–18.2	Look at the sun at Pluto's perihelion.
–16.7	stay Eris Look at the sun at perihelion.
–14	1 Lux The brightness of.
–12.92	The brightness of the full moon at its brightest (generally – 12.74).
–11.2	stay sedna Look at the sun at perihelion.
–10	1965 Comet Ikeya Guan The brightest level near the sun.
–9.5	The brightest man-made satellite visible on the ground.
–7.5	Supernova SN 1006 The extent of the eruption at its brightest in 1006.
–6	6500 light-years away SN 1054 The maximum brightness at the outbreak in 1054.
–4.89	The maximum brightness of Venus when viewed from Earth.
–4.14	The average brightness of Venus as seen from Earth.
–4	When the sun is high in the sky, it is the darkest object that can be distinguished by the naked eye.
–3.99	4.7 million years ago Sagittal Seven The brightness of. It is the brightest star (except the sun and supernovae) that can be seen from the earth in the time range of five million years ago.
–3.82	The lowest brightness of Venus when viewed from Earth (when Venus is on the side of its orbit away from Earth).
–3.65	4.42 million years ago Junshi I The brightness of.^[3]
–3	3.8 million years ago Li Yu adds one (microscope base γ).^[4]
–2.94	The maximum brightness of Jupiter when viewed from Earth.
–2.91	The maximum brightness of Mars when viewed from Earth.
–2.74	1.2 million years ago Dousu VI (Zeta Sagittarius) brightness.^[3]
–2.5	The darkest object visible to the naked eye when the sun is 10 degrees above the horizon.
–2.5	The maximum brightness of the new moon seen from the earth.
–2.45	The maximum brightness of Mercury when viewed from Earth (when Mercury is in a combined position).
–2.2	The average brightness of Jupiter as seen from Earth.
–2.05	1050000 years ago from the earth Toilet Plus Seven The brightness of Zeta Rabbit.^[3]
–1.86	3.11 million years ago Elderly Star The brightness of.^[3]
–1.84	125 million years from the earth Celestial Bian Er (shield base δ).^[3]
–1.64	60000 years from the earth Sirius The brightness of.^[3]
–1.61	The lowest brightness of Jupiter when viewed from Earth.
–1.47	The brightness of Sirius as seen from Earth. It is the brightest star in the sky except the sun.
–0.83	April 1843 Haishan II The maximum brightness of a false supernova.
–0.72	From the Earth Elderly Star The brightness of.
–0.49	Saturn's maximum brightness when viewed from Earth (when its halo is completely open to Earth).
–0.27	From the Earth Alpha The brightness of.
–0.04	From the Earth Arcturus The brightness of.
–0.01	Alpha Centauri A seen from Earth.
zero point zero three	From the Earth Vega 。 It was also originally defined as a star of class 0.
zero point two three	The average brightness of Mercury as seen from Earth.
zero point four six	from Alpha Look at the sun.
zero point four six	The average brightness of Saturn as seen from Earth.
zero point seven one	The average brightness of Mars as seen from Earth.
one point four seven	Saturn's lowest brightness when viewed from Earth.
one point eight four	The lowest brightness of Mars when viewed from Earth.
three point zero three	SN 1987A The maximum brightness of the explosion in the Large Magellanic Cloud. It is 160000 light years away from the earth.
3 to 4	It is the darkest celestial body that can be seen by the naked eye when people are in cities (i.e. with greater light pollution).
four point three six	From the Earth Andromeda galaxy （ M31 ）The brightness of.
four point three eight	From the Earth Ganymede The maximum brightness of. It is the largest known satellite in the solar system.
four point five	From the Earth M41 。
five point two	From the Earth Vesta The maximum brightness of.
five point three two	The maximum brightness of Uranus when viewed from Earth.
five point six eight	The average brightness of Uranus as seen from Earth.
five point seven two	From the Earth Triangle galaxy The maximum brightness of.
five point seven three	The lowest brightness of Mercury when viewed from Earth.
five point eight	Occurred on March 19, 2008 GRB 080319B Gamma ray bursts The maximum brightness, lasting about half a minute, broke the record of the farthest celestial body seen by human eyes (7.5 billion light years).
five point nine five	The lowest brightness of Uranus when viewed from Earth.
six point four nine	From the Earth Zhishen Star The maximum brightness of.
six point five	The limit of the darkest celestial body on the earth that can be distinguished by human eyes.
six point six four	Observation from the Earth Ceres The maximum brightness of.
six point seven five	Observation from the Earth Rainbow God Star The maximum brightness of.
six point nine	Observation from the Earth Bode galaxy The brightness of. Although it is darker than 6.5, it is still within the limit of human eye observation.
seven point six seven	Observation from the Earth Neptune The maximum brightness of.
seven point seven eight	The average brightness of Neptune as seen from Earth.
eight	The lowest brightness of Neptune observed from Earth.
eight	Extreme naked eye limit, the darkest sky on the earth, Level 1 of Porter's dark sky classification.
eight point one	Observation from the Earth titan The maximum brightness of (Titan).
eight point nine four	Observation from the Earth Hygiea The maximum brightness of.
nine point five	Generally, the darkest range can be seen with 7x50 binoculars.
ten point two	Observation from the Earth Iapetus The maximum brightness of.
twelve point nine one	The brightest quasar 3C 273 , 2.44 billion light years from the earth.
thirteen point four two	Observation from the Earth Triton The maximum brightness of.
thirteen point six five	Observation from the Earth Pluto Its maximum brightness is 725 times darker than that of stars such as 6.5.
fifteen point four	Observation from the Earth Asteroid 2060 The maximum brightness of.
fifteen point five five	Observation from the Earth Charon The maximum brightness of.
sixteen point eight	Observation from the Earth Bird God Star 。
seventeen point two seven	Observation from the Earth Haumea 。
eighteen point seven	Observation from the Earth Eris 。
twenty point seven	Observation from the Earth Ganymede XVII 。
twenty-two	use Richie Klein telescope The limit of what can be seen when taking 30 minutes of overlapping images.
twenty-two point nine one	Observation from the Earth Hydra 。
twenty-three point three eight	Observation from the Earth Hell Guard II 。
twenty-four point eight	The brightness of quasar CFHQS J1641+3755.
twenty-five	Observation from the Earth Titan 41 。
twenty-seven	The darkest object that can be observed with the 8 meter ground telescope.
twenty-eight	If you put Jupiter 5000 astronomical units away from the sun (0.08 light years).
twenty-eight point two	In 2003, when Halley's Comet When it is 28 astronomical units away from the sun.
thirty-one point five	Hubble Space Telescope The limit of the darkest object that can be seen in the visible light range.
thirty-five	Observation of variable stars on the earth LBV 1806-20 。 30000 – 49000 light years from Earth. It has a high luminosity, but the extinction of interstellar dust makes its light quite dark when it reaches the earth.
thirty-six	use European Telescope The limit of the darkest star that can be detected.

reference material:^[2-3]

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