synonymCelebes(Celebes Island) generally refers to Sulawesi Island
Sulawesi, formerly known asCelebes(Celebes), yesIndonesiaA large island in the middleGreat Sunda IslandsOne of the four major islands, it is also the 11th largest island in the world.The total land area is 174600km ², ranking the fourth in area and the third in population among Indonesia's five largest islands.[1]Sulawesi Island has a peculiar island shape, similar to a capital letter "K", stretching out from four peninsulas to the northeast, east, southeast and south.With many mountains and deep valleys and few plains, it is the island with the largest proportion of mountains in Indonesia.
The total population of Sulawesi Island is 19573800 (2019)[1], 105.7 people per square kilometer on average.[2]
On October 4, 2018Soptan Volcano(Soputan) continuous eruptionashThe Indonesian authorities have raised the alert level to level 3 as the smoke reaches 6000 meters.At 09:32 on March 24, 2019, a magnitude 5.4 earthquake occurred in Sulawesi Island, Indonesia (1.80 degrees south latitude, 120.60 degrees east longitude),Source depth20 km.[3]
The earliest trace of human habitation on Sulawesi Island is the Toala Stone Culture, named after the Toala people, descendants of the oldest inhabitants on the island.
In the century before the arrival of Europeans,CelebesIn the southern peninsula areaBugis The kingdom established by the Makassar people.All these countries converted to Islam in the early 17th century.
In 1512, he wanted to monopolizeSpice tradeThe Portuguese ofMakassarBuild a colony.NetherlandsIts power gradually expanded until Boni and Gowa lost their independence in 1905 and 1911 respectively.
the Second World WarIt was occupied by the Japanese during the period and joined in 1950Republic of Indonesia。Since then, the political turmoil and rebellion have never stopped, but did not endanger the rule of the central government.
At 17:41 on August 18, 2012, Beijing time, an earthquake of 6.3 on the Richter scale occurred in Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, with the epicenter at 1.4 ° south latitude and 120.1 ° east longitude,Source depth10 km.
The shape is very special. It is similar to a large K letter. There are four peninsulas. The central part of the island is a steep mountain area, so there is little communication between the four peninsulas. It is easier to connect by sea than by land.Northern Peninsula（Minahasa Peninsula）And the East PeninsulaTomini BayGulf of Tomini, Gulf of Tolo between East Peninsula and Southeast Peninsula, and Gulf of Boni between Southeast Peninsula and South Peninsula[1]
Geology and geomorphology
topographic features
Sulawesi Island, with an area of 174600km ², is located in Sunda andthe pacific oceanisland arcConvergence zone of,tectonic movementActive, mostly volcanoes and earthquakes.The island has a peculiar shape, stretching out from four peninsulas to the north, northeast, southeast and south.More mountains and deep valleys, less plains, yesIndonesiaThe island with the largest proportion of mountainous area.There is a plateau with an altitude of 2000 meters in the middle, and more than 10 volcanoes in the north. The mountain peak is more than 3000 meters high. The Lante Kombola Mountain in the middle of the southwest peninsula is 3455 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak of the island.The coast is steep and tortuous, with a total coastline of 5478 kilometers. The bay is deep, and the coast is full of coral reefs,Coastal plainnarrow.
hydrology
Sulawesi MainDeep-water lakeThere are Towuti, Poso, Matana and other lakes.According to the measurement, the horseLake TanaIt is 590 meters deep.The river on the island is short and insignificant.river networkDense, short process, multiple canyons, waterfalls andGraben lake，Water resourcesRich, good for irrigation, no shipping significance.
The administrative region of Sulawesi Island is divided into six provinces, and the largest city is in the southwestMakassarAnd the northManadoIt is also a larger city.
Sulawesi is locatedWallace lineSo it hasOriental RealmAlso hasAustralia New TerritoriesMost of the animals and plants belong to the Australian New Territories, and 2290km ² of the area is under the jurisdiction of Rohr Lindau National Park.
There are 127 known species in SulawesimammalOf which 62% (79 species) areisland properEndemic species, which do not exist in other parts of the world, most of which is oneJapanese buffalo。I.eCelebes Buffalo。It is worth mentioning that there is a kind of island called SulawesiKangarooOfMarsupial mammalInstead of what people often sayMarsupialOnly distributed inOceaniaAndAmerica。birds34% are endemic.Generally speaking,faunagenusAsiaClass instead ofAustraliaClass.Unique varieties includeDeer dolphinOr pig deer, black neckBaboonAnd Japanese buffalo;BorneoOffreshwater fishIt is obviously different from the freshwater fish in Sulawesi Island.Most of Sulawesi is still densely forested,FloraAndthe PhilippinesThere are many similarities, but there are more varieties in western Asia and more varieties in eastern Australia.
Sulawesi ShrimpIt is a kind of fresh water originating from Taouti Lake, Sulawesi Island, IndonesiaOrnamental shrimpIt has a bright appearance unmatched by ordinary freshwater shrimp.
Population and nationality
Announce
edit
Wangjiaxi Fan Dance
The residents of Sulawesi Island are mainly composed of seven ethnic groups, namely, Toala, ToradjaBugis (Buginese）, Makassaese, Minahasan, Mori, and Gorontalese.The Toala people are scattered all over the island. They are nomads living in seclusion in the jungleAustralian raceVader type.The Toracha are Austronesian (Malay Polynesian) in the middle, southeast and east of the island, have their own language, basically work in agriculture, and most of them believe in Christianity, but still retain manyAnimismCustoms.Bugis As Muslims, they are strong, energetic and fair skinned. They are fond of gambling, feasting and cock fighting. They live in the south and are diligent. They are good at making woven goods, textiles, gold and silver crafts and shipbuilding.Minahassa people are different from other nationalities. They have white skinRoman nose, protruding lips, large distance between eyes, short and hard black hair, tall and strong, living inManado(Manado) is the most westernized ethnic group among the islanders, with a European lifestyle. Every village hasChristian ChurchAnd schools.The Mori people are a highland people who live in many places in the east.Columbalo people live in the west and south central part of the Northeast Peninsula. They are Muslims with short stature, straight hair and white skin.
The island and adjacent islands are divided into 6 provinces.The most economically developed areas on the island are at the top of the South Peninsula and the Northeast Peninsula.Rice, corncassava, taro, bean;Growing tobacco and producing sea salt along the coast;Tempe(Tempe) andAlluvial plainplantcereal crop；There are hydropower stations on the Sawito River to the east of Parepare.Produced in Northeast ChinaCopra、forest productAnd some sulfur, and a considerable scale of fishing.
Most of the East Peninsula is undeveloped,Sparse population, mainlySelf-sufficient agriculture。The southwest peninsula and the central part of the island are the center of the national migration plan. According to this plan,central governmentTrying to get fromJavaA large number of immigrants from Bali and Bali came here to settle down, so as to reduce the population pressure of those islands.As a result, the economy of these places is increasingly developed and the economic sectors are gradually diversified.The main towns in the southwest peninsula are connected by roads, while in other places, roads (except Manado Kema, Kendari Kolaka and Toraja plateau roads) are limited tocoastal areas。The main airport is located atMakassar、Manado、Columbalo（Gorontalo）、Kendali, Poseau andPalu。
Culture
Announce
edit
language
Sulawesi variousindigenous languageBelong toAustronesian language family- Malay Polynesian language family, specifically divided into three categories: Philippine language branch, South Sulawesi language branch and Celebes language branch.
The language of most parts of the Northeast Peninsula belongs to the language of the Philippines.The southwest peninsula and its adjacent areas belong to South Sulawesi;The rest of the region belongs to Celebes.
Sulawesi people attach great importance to art, including making pottery, fabric and dance, and their pottery is very refined;The fabric is very fine, with repeated patterns.Men's dance is powerful and powerful, while women's dance is soft and smooth. Dance can often tell a story.
Religion
Most Sulawesi believe in Sunni Islam, but 19% of them believe in Christianity, 2% of whom believe in Roman Catholicism, mainly in the north and middle, as well as some big cities.But most people, whether they believe in Christianity or Islam, still believe in localPrimitive beliefAnd local gods.In addition, there are some community beliefs of immigrantshinduismOr Buddhism, mainly among Indians and Chinese.
Clothes & Accessories
Sulawesi men wear gorgeous clothes, like to wear curved handle sword, and also like to use beautiful fans.[2]
funeral customs
Sulawesi
South SulawesiNorth Toracha County Capital in the northRand bagIt's a very strange place."Lantebao" means "the place of funeral" in the local language, but people are completely unfamiliar with the concept of "death". There are no words such as "death" or "death of illness" in their vocabulary. When Ne Badi Pangalo, the youngest grandmother in the village, closed her eyes and died, no one in the village cried, only the bamboo tube in the wizard's hand gave a sad and mournful sound.Her body was gently laid flat in the shape of a boat in the middle of the housesandalwoodIn the coffin, and bringPalm wineCigarettes smoked with lilacs spice are kept nearby for a long time.Villagers live as usual every day. They come here to eat, drink and chat freely. Laughter often erupts around the coffin.Why did this old woman, who belonged to the most expensive family in the local area and enjoyed high prestige, get so teased after her death?In fact, the villagers have no frivolity to this respected elder.There is no concept of death in the villagers' consciousness. People who die are regarded as "sick".No wonder Buddy, who was an octogenarian, passed away. Her children said that her grandmother was seriously ill.Use "patient"formaldehydeAfter treatment, it was kept for a long time until a festival like ceremony was held to celebrate the return of the soul to heaven. The "patient" was placed together with his wooden statue in the cave on the cliff to truly ascend to the "heaven".
The words "patient" and "heaven" are enough to make people feel illusory.The rich sacrifices stacked around Badi's body - dozens of buffaloes, hundreds of fat pigs, thousands of kilograms of rice, and the large-scale temporary village specially built in Madika, the ceremony site, to meet relatives, neighbors, guests from far and near, are even more incredible to the audience.The local craftsmen can make it beautiful in form and spirit by referring to only one "patient" posthumous pictureMupoloStatues to symbolize the eternity of life;As the first sacrifice, the wooden ox head will lead the "patient" to the holy place.Of course, the number of offerings, the quality of statues, and the scale of the ceremony all depend on thesocial positionAnd prestige.Valuable people like Buddy naturally enjoy the highest level of treatment.
The 450 year old fortress of Sulawesi - Rotterdam Castle
In Sulawesi, almost all funerals are held with water buffalo.In the rice field, the cowherd gently rubbed the tip of the nose and neck of the buffalo, and gently lifted water and fed grass for them.What a joyful and harmonious scene!However, after the sacrificial ceremony began mercilessly, the cowherd held the bigMacheteHandle, slowly move the knife fromGauze cage(Local clothes), with the knife point facing up, standing in the hand.With a roar, the machete was embedded in the neck of the cowcarotid arteryIt was cut off, and the monster suddenly fell to the ground, and blood gushed out.After pulling a knife and an axe together, the warm livestock will split in an instant.The internal organs are left to the "patient", and the water under the head and feet is given to the family and participants.It is said that the moment when the first buffalo is sacrificed is the exact moment when the soul breaks away from the human body and the "patient" rises into another paradise.According to the legend, the cow must be suffering fromAlbinism"White haired cattle".After the ceremony, thousands of people danced in a circle and whistled in the crowd.People sat on the empty land full of cattle and pig heads and began to drink, gulping down all kinds of food. This religious celebration lasted for five days and five nights.
Buddy's life on earth has passed away and she is about to start her happy "heaven" life.The huge flow of people surrounded by luxurious boat shaped pivots, crossed the paddy field, jungle, and headed for the sacred mountain a few kilometers away.When climbing to the top of the mountain, people use ropes to lift the coffin from the pivot car, and then use people to carry it. They walk along the footpath leading to the cliff, and struggle to climb up the cave lined with statues of Pangalo family members.In the sound of a shrill gong, Buddy's hearse wasleather beltHanging into a cave on the rock wall, it joins the skeleton of its ancestors.People will continue to pay their respects in the future.Because Buddy is still "alive".Buddy, who has become a goddess in another wonderful world, will repay these devout believers twice.
