synonymWestern Rome(Western Rome) generally refers to the Western Roman Empire
Western Roman Empire (English:DaikrixianDivide the regime into two partsSystem of four emperorsRome began to have two parts.In 395 AD, the last emperor to unify the Roman EmpireTheodosius I When he died, he divided the Roman Empire into two sons and inherited it respectively. From then on, the Roman Empire officially split into the Eastern and Western Roman Empires. This year is also often considered as the year when the Western Roman Empire was officially established.Western Roman EmpireOfficial nameAndEastern Roman EmpireSimilarly, they all use the national name of the Roman Republic, "Senatus Populusque Romanus".
In 410 AD, the VisigothsAlaricLed by, he entered Italy and besieged the city of Rome.With the cooperation of the slaves in the city, they opened the city gate and plundered it. Later, it was established in the western Roman EmpireThe Kingdom of Visigoth。476 A.D., RomeMercenaryLeader GermanicOdoyacAbolish the Last Emperor of Western RomeRomulus Augustus, the fall of the Western Roman Empire.[1]
In the period of the Republic of China's external expansionRomeAs the center of the city, it also led to the inability to control the more remote provinces. Communication and transportation became the primary problems of the empire. New invasions, riots, natural disasters and outbreaks of infectious diseases often spread to Rome's provinces by ship or post, so Rome must be stationed in each provincegovernor。
In the early days of the empire, the territory was inherited from the Republic periodThe Second Triumvirate Territory of:Mark Anthony, Octavian andLepidus （Latin: M · AEMILIVS · M · F · Q · N · LEPIDVS, about the first 89 years to the first 12 years or the first 13 years).
AnthonyEast of the occupied empire - Acai ADB provinceMacedonian Provinceas well asEpirusProvince (equivalent to the 21st centuryGreece、AlbaniaAnd sectionCroatia）, Bitinia ProvinceDuhang Provinceas well asAsia province (21st centuryturkey）TurkeySyriaProvinceCyprusProvinces, these territories cover the ancientMacedonian Empire Most of the nobles came from Greece because of the territory they conquered. The places under Anthony's jurisdiction, especially the urban areas, were affected by Hellenization.
After defeating Antony, the victorious Octavian united Rome. At that time, the empire was full of all kinds ofLocal cultureThis is called romanization, when the easternGreek cultureMeet the westernLatin CultureAfter integration, it affected the development of politics, economy and military, and finally divided the empire.
In 284,Imperium RomanumCivil strife continued, foreign enemies also invaded one after another, and the soldiers were arbitrary and frequently intervened in the abolition of the emperor.So the new emperorDaikrixianAfter taking office, I knew that one person could not cope withslave uprisingAnd the tide of alien invasion in the eastern frontier of the empire, so the western half of the Roman Empire (namely, Italy, Spain, Gaul, BritainCentral Europe、North Africa）Give it to their friendsMaximianHe governed the eastern half of the Roman Empire (i.eBalkan Peninsula、Southeast Europe、Asia Minor、Palestine、Syria、Lebanon、Jordan、Egypt）。The two also set up deputy posts respectively, and the four people jointly governed the country, known asSystem of four emperors。
Encyclopedia x Confusion: Illustration of Four Emperors' Co governance
laterImperium Romanumemperorconstantine i Move the capitalConstantinopleAnd unified Rome, but between the 3rd century and the 5th century AD, the eastern and western empires existed intermittently and intermittently.
In 395 AD, the last unified emperor of the Roman EmpireTheodosius I He made a last promise to divide the empire into his two sons according to Diocletian's division, the first son Arcadius in the east, and the youngest son Honorius in the west.Mediolanum (now Milan) was the capital of the Western Roman Empire.Eastern Roman Empire(later called the Byzantine Empire), the capital was Constantinople (todayIstanbul）。Since thenImperium RomanumPermanent division.
Once the Western Roman Empire was established, it was led by the GothsAlaricConstant invasion.Eastern Roman EmpireI was busy with the VandalsPersiaThe war cannot be saved.
408AlaricLead an attackItalian Peninsula, and attacked Rome. The emperor Honorius hid, so Alaric's barbarian army surrounded Rome, which broke outplague，SenateHad to hand over 5000 pounds of gold, 30000 pounds of silver and manyJewelleryCome and find the sum.
In 409 AD, Alaric once again besieged the city of Rome and drove away the Western Roman Emperor Honorius. Fortunately, the Eastern Roman Emperor Arcadius supported him with brotherhood, and Honorius was lucky to keep the throne.
In AD 410, Alaric captured the city of Rome, and the barbarian army killed and looted the city for three days, and returned with great success.Rome was severely damaged.
From AD 423 to AD 425, Joannes was elected emperor by the western Roman army, which caused strong dissatisfaction in the eastern Rome.Eastern Roman EmpireThe famous general Aspar led the army to defeat the western Roman army and helped LiValentinian III Becoming the emperor of the Western Roman Empire has stabilized the political situation of Western Rome for 30 years.
However, after the Vandal people established the Vandal Aland Kingdom in 439 AD, the Aland Kingdom had a strong navy and constantly attacked the Western Roman Empire by sea.They attacked the city of Rome again in 455 AD, and the city suffered devastating damage. There were still 7000 people left in the city of Rome after the disaster.The Emperor of the Western Roman Empire was killed.
In 445 AD, the HunsAttilaInvasion of the Western Roman Empire.
development history
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Political developments
The territory of the Parthian Empire in 60 BC
Rebellion and uprising in conquest areas were widespread at the end of the empire. The conquered tribes and citiesRegular meetingsWhen an uprising breaks out, the army often conflicts with itself and the uprising leads to military change. It may be a simple process of repression in times of peace, but it undoubtedly adds fuel to the fire in times of war. The best example isJewish War。
The general who led the regiment when the war broke out (for example:Vespasian）Usually more than usual. In order to ensure the loyalty of the commander, he would take his family as hostages. Finally, Nero took controldomitian , Kuntus, they areVespasianHis son and brother-in-law, Nero's last remainingGuardThe uprising also betrayed him, so that Nero's throne could only fall to Selvius Sulpicius·GalbaThe most common analogy cited by the Guard is:“the sword of Damocles ”, which is also regarded as the representative of loyalty and anxiety, so it can be seen that the army corps located in the border often join the civil war.
It was relatively easy to control the western territory of the original Roman Empire, because the Germanic people were not as united as the Sabbath people, but in any case, it was difficult to control when war broke out on both sides. If the emperor was in the east, he would certainly have a stronger control over the region and a weaker control over the west, and vice versa. The war did bring crisis to many emperors,But also for many emperors to create the future.
The emperor began on March 18, 235Alexander SeveruBeing assassinated, Rome plunged into a fifty year civil war, which was known as the "crisis of the third century" in history.Brave and combativeSassanid Empire Make one's mark onParthia, replaceParthian Empire As the crisis became fiercer in the east of Rome, the emperorvalerian In 259, he was defeated in the Persian expedition and captured. His eldest sonGallienusInherit the throne and attack the East again.Postumus, the governor of the Germanic region, launched a rebellion in Kipana (todayCologne）KillGallienusSon ofSaloninus, and establishGallic Empire Confrontation with Rome.
Gallic Empire It was founded in Kipana and quickly mastered Germain and Gaul provinces, evenIberian PeninsulaAnd Britannia, withSenateThe consul basically maintained the religion, language and culture of Rome. His achievements in the war against the Germanic tribes were no less than those of Rome, but he could not gain the recognition of the Roman Empire itself. He was regarded as the great trouble of the Western Empire and tried his best to eliminate it.Roman emperorClaudius Gothicus (reigned from 268 to 270) After repelling the barbarian invasion, after several rounds of fierce battles, he finally recovered part of the territory of the Gaul Empire, which had been independent for nearly 10 years. At the same time, several provinces in the eastern part of the empire were captured by the Palmyra Kingdom, which was ruled by the female emperor Chinobia.
In 272, the emperor Aurelian recovered the lost land in the east and captured Chinobia. After stabilizing the situation in the east, he turned his spearhead to the west and recovered the Gaul Empire within one yearTetricus I He and his son II turned their hearts to Rome and hoped to return to the embrace of the empire. In a night of secret talks, the army of Titricus surrendered, and Aurelian reunited the three thirds of the Roman Empire.
Roman territorial structure under the rule of four emperors
RomeInfinityIts expansion finally plunged itself into the crisis of the third century. In 275, Aurelian was assassinatedDaikrixianDuring more than ten years of succession, at least eight emperors were killed, and the murderers were all their troops.
After Diocletian and Roman EmpirePolitical developmentsThere was a big turning point. He was appointed in 285MaximianHe was the vice emperor and awarded the title of Augustus, ruling Rome with him, while Maximian ruled the western part of the empire, in 293Galeriusas well asConstantius IAppointed as Caesar (Vice Emperor), Diocletian created the first system of four emperors, which divided the empire into four blocks and built four imperial capitals different from Rome, so as to avoid a repeat of the predicament in the third century.In the west, Maximi settled in Milan and Constantius settled inTrierThe capital cities in the east are West Sirmium and Nicomedia.On May 1, 305, the two Augustus abdicated at the same time. Their original Caesar was promoted, and the new Augustus appointed a new Caesar, creating a second system of four emperors.
The system of four emperors co governingConstantius IAfter his death in 306, his sonConstantine the Great Declare succession in BritainAugustine, trying to take over the whole western part of the empire.Augustine in the East in 308GaleriusOrder to convene a meetingLicinius It was Augustine in the name of the West, butConstantineThe ambition is not only to unify the whole Rome in the western part of the empire, but also to compete between the East and the WestDominionAfter a series of battles, in 314 Constantine andLicinius They ruled on both sides of the empire. In 324, ConstantineBattles of Adria FortChina defeated Licinius to unify Rome.
Although the system of four emperors was over, the concept of rule remained. Rome was finally divided into two empires,A virtuous monarchThe Holy Lord could return the empire to a single rule, but after the death of the emperor, it was divided into eastern and western parts again and again.
Secondary fission
This partition is that Constantine the Great enfeoffment Caesar everywhere
This partition is JunSteinEmperor Ding Dadi enfeoffment Caesar in various places, from left to right: Constantine IIConstans I、Constantius IIIn May 337, Constantine the Great died, and the three divided the empire, while all other relatives were killed by Constantius.
In 317, Constantius II was born inPannonia, one of the three sons born to Constantine the Great, and also to Fausta, the second wife of the Great, who was the daughter of Maximilian. Constantius was named Caesar by his father on November 13, 327. Rome returned to the rule of one emperor, but in 337 the reunification was ended again. Civil war broke out between the three sons of the Great Emperor,The empire was also divided into three parts until Constans was killed by Magnentius in 350, and Magnentius was defeated by Constantius in 353.
Constantius' bases are mainly distributed in the East, and are also considered as the first emperor of Byzantium, under whose rule Byzantium gradually becameConstantinopleTo put it bluntly, it is the capital of the Eastern Empire. Constantius died of illness in 361 and was originally appointed as Caesar's cousin to govern the westJulian Succession, Julian's expedition to Persia in 363Sassanid Empire Died in 364Jovian Succession.
Ultimate disintegration
The territory after the split of the empire after Theodosius died in 395
Jovian died in 364,Valentinian I In succession, he divided the empire again and gave the eastern half to his brotherValens。However, the stability did not last long. The conflict came because of the invasion of external forces. In 376, the Visigoths were repelled by the Huns who moved westward from the southern Russian grasslands, and were finally allowed to live in the eastern part of the empire. However, the situation finally broke out out of controlBattle of Adrianople Valens himself was also killed in the chaos. Since then, the national boundaries have changedexternal relationsIt is no longer the same.
Valentinian I After his death, his son and heirGratianIn 379 Theodosius was appointed Emperor of the East.Gratian was betrayed by Maximus and died in 383. Theodosius was not strong enough to fight Maximus, so he made peace with him first.
However, the political situation was not stable. In 388, Theodosius defeated Maximus, and the western region was nominally changedValentinian II But Theodosius I in the east wanted to integrate his power. Valentinian died suddenly in 392, and Theodosius became the emperor who unified Rome.
394 TheodoreXipingThe civil strife in the empire was settled, and the empire remained unified until his death the next year. He was also the last emperor to maintain unity in the Roman Empire, his eldest sonAkadiusTake over the eastern part of the empire, young sonHoroliu, Flavius AugustusWhen he took over the western part of the empire, the culture of the empire was mixed with Roman and barbarians, but this influence was also a factor that existed in the eastern part for a long time. After Theodosius died, the two countries were governed by the Adriatic Sea.
Later, the Western Empire was unable to stop the invasion across the Rhine RiverGermanicIn 408, the Sigoths attacked the city even more.
Weakness and Destruction
The Road Map of Germanic and Hungarian Invasions of Rome in 100-500
In 408StilikoAfter being killed by slander, the emperorHoroliu, Flavius AugustusHe also died in 423, and the territory he maintained also collapsed. As early as 410, the VisigothsAlaric I He once dealt a heavy blow to the empire and occupied the city of Rome with the cooperation of slaves in the city.This is of great significance in history. In the 5th century, the old Roman countries were finally conquered by foreign tribes, even to SicilyAfricaIn 407, Constantine III (406-411) ordered British troops to cross the sea to defend Gaul and abandoned Roman citizens on the British island.
After the death of Honorius, the Byzantine Empire fostered Valentinian III as the emperor, and the Western Roman Empire was unable to maintain the size of the army. It happened that the Huns moved westward to Western Europe. So in 407, they allied with the Huns to defeat the Burgundian invasion, and in 433, they defeated the Savoys. Although they regained control of some areas with the help of powerful allies,At the end of this century, the Western Roman Empire had consumed too much national power,Burgundy The area was then taken away again.
In Africa, the VandalsGai SaricIn 429, he attacked from Spain across the sea, occupied Carthage without a fight in 435, established an independent country and a powerful navy in 439, and Valentinian sent a fleet to trade with it,Vandal KingdomIt controls most of the islands and coasts in the western Mediterranean.
444 Hungarian leadersAttilaHe allied with the Western Roman Empire and agreed to marry Honoria, the princess who was also the emperor's sister, in order to prepare to attack the Kingdom of Sigoth.
Facing a strong opponent~The Kingdom of VisigothIn addition, in the West Roman Empire, Attila turned his back on Gaul, and the famousBattle of SharonAlthough the Goth Roman Allied Forces won, Theodoric, the King of Visigoth, was killed.Although the Huns withdrew from Gaul because of their defeat, Attila quickly attacked ItalyLeo I Only by begging for peace could Rome be saved.
Attila died suddenly in 453, leaving a huge empire divided by its successors, and eventually disappeared quickly on the stage of history. However, the turmoil did not stop because of this. Most barbarians saw the weak nature of the Western Roman Empire, and more rampant waves poured into the empire.In 455, when the Vandals captured Rome, Leo again intervened.
Most of the barbarians were protected from being destroyed by the Huns under the protection of the Western Roman Empire. However, the barbarians had a low-end civilization and exposed their predatory nature. In the 1950s, the Germanic people quickly launched an invasion of the Western Roman Empire. During the following two decades, the emperors of the Western Roman Empire were constantly captured, expelled or killed by the barbarian leaders, and they were exiled from Valentinian by Attila,The end of the last emperor Nebos was similar. Barbarian leaders even raised their own sons as emperors.
468Sea Battle of the Carbone PeninsulaIt can be called the Mediterranean worldBattle of Chibi。In this battleImperium Romanum, especiallyEastern Roman EmpireOur navy was badly damaged.For the Western Roman Empire, this was also the last large-scalemilitary action。Because after this war, the last fighting force of the Western Roman Empire was basically exhausted. After years of war, the Western Roman Empire was severely damaged, and it was unable to launch large-scale campaigns again.
Situation in 460
475 yearsOresteDrive out Nibos, the emperor of the Western Roman Empire, and support his sonRomulus AugustusHe was the emperor of the Western Roman Empire.476 yearsOduoyasseKill Oreste, depose Romulus Augustus, and establish himself as the king of Italy, which also symbolizes the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
After 476 years, three parallel governments appeared, and the following forces claimed that they were the orthodox government of Rome: the former exiled emperor Nepos, who controlled Dalmatia until he was killed in 480;The separatist regime was in the northern province of Gaul, and the governor remained loyal to Rome until he was killed in 487;Rome Alain Province in North Africa, which was at the same time subject to the Vandals, did not return to the jurisdiction of Rome until Byzantium defeated the Vandals in 533.
The Last Emperor
The Fall of the Western Roman Empire
The Western Roman Empire generally recognized the date of its demise as September 4, 476,Oduoyasseto oustRomulus AugustusHowever, the lack of specific historical data makes the details still mysterious.
At that time, Nipos still claimed to be the emperor of the Western Roman Empire, and left a piece of unimportant territory, and maintained a fair equal relationship with Zeno, the emperor of the Byzantine Empire. There was also an enclave in the north of Gaul, and the provincial heads remained loyal to Rome.
OduoyasseAfter self styled as the leader of Italy, he was loyal to Juno, and Juno also canonized him to recognize theLegitimacyHowever, Odyasser still respected Nepos as the emperor of the Western Roman Empire, and for a long time on Italian coins, it was still the portrait and taboo of Nepos, but the royal family's dignity was much lower than before, and there was no possibility of resuming its rule.Odyasser continued to hold power in the territory until the assassination of Nepos in 480, and the legitimacy of his rule was completely controlled by OdyasserKingdom of Italyreplace.
Perdition effect
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Theodoric the Great
Roman Territory in Europe in 477
In 493, the King of East Columbia GermanyTheodoric the Great ChallengeOduoyasseHe joined hands with the Byzantine emperor Juno to deal with the old enemy Odyasser. After he trapped Odyasser, he wasByzantine EmpireHe was granted the title of Governor, although in fact Theodoric the Great was on an equal footing with Byzantium.
After the death of Theodoric the Great in 526, the territory of the former Western Roman Empire wasGermanic nationalityThese Germanic peoples also gradually began to useroman law, while Byzantium is nowJustinian Dynasty Rule, Second EmperorJustinian I He intended to recover the Roman Empire, so he attacked the Italian peninsula and recovered it.
Byzantine period
The territory of Oduoyasse in its heyday
From the late ancient times to the early Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire (also known as the Byzantine Empire) attempted to recover the western regions occupied by foreigners. In the 6th century, the Byzantine Empire managed to occupy the most prosperous territory of the Western Roman Empire, among which the most achievements wereJustinian I Under his commandBerisaliuFirst recover North Africa occupied by the Vandals, and then recover Carthage. This battle is to recover the outpost of the Italian peninsula, then more completely recover the land, and then recoverIberian PeninsulaHowever, after Justinian died in 568, Italy was captured by the Lombards.
Although all the Byzantine emperors tried to recover the lost territories of the Western Roman Empire in the future, none of them could compare with Justinian. Since then, the eastern and western governance of Europe has also led to different destinies in the future. After Justinian's death, Byzantine tried to defend the existing traditional borders. After the 7th century, Byzantinemilitary strengthThe fate of East and West Europe is very different, but the end of the Roman Empire is the same.
The territory of Justinian I who just took the throne in 527
With the fall of the Western Roman EmpireGermanic nationalityOccupying original Romethat 's okIt is governed by provinces, which also continues the Roman law and its traditionGermanicMost tribes have been Christianized and belong toArius SectAfter invading Rome, they turned to Catholicism to gain the loyalty of local Roman citizens, and at the same time, they turned to support more powerful Catholic churches. Although they maintained the existing laws of the tribe, they could not avoidroman lawImpact.
Roman legal systemThe civil law corpus compiled by Justinian I is the main framework, which is both ancient private law and modern lawContinental law systemAndSea Law It is based on the English Saxon law of the Germanic people.
latin alphabetNew letters such as J (from I) and U (from V) have also been developed,Germanic languagesAnd Polish also developed W, which affects the spelling alphabet system on the earth today,Roman numeralsIt is still used today, but its status is challenged by Arabic numerals.
political thought Also influenced by the Roman imperial system, the emperor served as a religious leader (first as the high priest of Roman polytheism, then as the Christian emperor), so he became the highest and only ruler. Although in the Middle Ages,Holy Roman EmpireThe emperor ofJustificationAnd this is because Pope Liang IIICharlemagneAfter asking for help, the Holy Roman Empire was granted the title of "Roman Emperor". In the Middle Ages, the Holy Roman Empire could call itself emperor (most other countries were called kings) because of the co governance system of Roman politicsByzantine EmpireIt was the co rulers of the empire, and the two countries were the successors of ancient Rome. This was not until 1806, when FranceLouis XIVThe national strength of the era increased significantly to make France an empire, laying the foundation for Napoleon I to claim the throne. Napoleon defeated the Austrian Empire in that yearThe Fourth Anti French Alliance, forcing it to cancel the imperial title of the Holy Roman Empire.
The heritage of the Western Roman Empire also includes the Catholic Church, which gradually replaced the authority of the Western Roman Empire and became the most authoritative organization in Western Europe. It also stabilized the troubled times after the fall of Rome in the fifth century, and strengthened the law, people andAdministrative resourcesAs a result, there were religious strongmen like Apollosius. During the Great Dark Period (9-10th century) after the invasion of Germanic tribes in Rome, the Catholic Church became the highest authority and gradually became influentialNorthern Europe。
800 yearsFrank kingcharlemagne PopeLeo III He was crowned Roman emperor, so he was calledCharlemagneIn order to inherit the Western Roman Empire, there was a new royal family from then on, which later evolved intoHoly Roman Empire, so laterGerman EmperorThey all pretend to inherit the Western Roman Empire.
To sum up the fall of the Western Roman Empire,YesImportant impacts at the following levels:
Society: The demise of the Western Roman Empire ended the slave society in Western Europe, North Africa and other places.
History: due to the Roman Empiresignificant impact Therefore, after the decline of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, it was generally classified as the end of ancient Europe, and entered themedieval times 。
Nationality: The Western Roman Empire, which was later divided up by foreigners, became the predecessor of some European countries today.
Politics: After Europe, there is no longer a unified regime.
Rome andItalian PeninsulaInflation began to appear, which led to slow economic development, and industry and capital were moved out. In the early second century, emperors born in provinces other than Italy led to the deterioration of the Italian provincial economy during their reign, such as:trajan 、Hadrian The expanding economic problems eventually led to the collapse of the empire.
Level
Low grade in the westurbanizationIn addition, population expansion increased the economic burden of some provinces in the late imperial period. Italy in the south, Gaul in the north, and even parts of Spain were difficult to maintain troops. However, there was no problem of poor reservoirs in the rich east. The best example isConstantine the Great andConstantius IIBecause the East ruled the entire Roman Empire, it provided professional soldiers for the Byzantine Empire and recruited mercenaries for them. At the same time, the Western Roman Empire could not afford such financial resources, and the Byzantine Empire could afford defense, while the Western Roman Empire could not. Therefore, highlighting business travel also led to different outcomes.
The politics, economy and military promoted Byzantium to concentrate its resources and maintain the stability of the countryTrade routesSet up defensive strongholds, but the territory of the powerless Western Roman Empire was finally fragmented. In 402, the imperial capital finally moved to Ravenna, mainly because the Byzantine fleet was easy to rescue, but the position was in the swamp, and the economic power was still controlled by the Roman government and the senate nobility, especially in Italy and AfricaGallienusAfter the crisis of the third century took away the senate controlled by the army, the senate lost its greatest interests to the armylandlord classIn the 4th century, Gaul in the western part of the empire and the people along the Rhine River were heavily armed to defend barbariansTrierGathering resources beyond the imperial capital to defend the Franks, 394Theodosius I Civil war broke out with Eugenius, and the newly established Western Empire was transferred from Britain and the Rhine to defend Italy. Since then, the situation has changed, and the West can no longer preventbarbarian tribesTransboundary intrusion.
The resources of the Western Roman Empire were quite poor, and there was also a lack of human preparationarmed forcesThey had to recruit barbarian troops to take charge of defense, but the government was unable to pay salaries, so the barbarians invaded the territory step by step, and the government was forced to increase taxes to deal with itMilitary expenditureExpenses.
As the central power weakens, the empire's frontierprovincesLost, and can only control the edgemediterranean seaThe Roman emperor tried to maintainterritorial watersHowever, the Vandals conquered North Africa, and the empire was surrounded by barbarians and could only hold few resources. After the loss of African provinces, the Italian peninsula was like an island, and its economy collapsed due to its inability to stabilize.
International Relations
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RomeAt the beginning, it only traded with some small neighboring countries in a small scope.Until 138 to 119 years ago,Martial EmperorTwo assignmentsZhang Qian as an envoy to the Western Regions, and viathe Silk RoadTrade with Rome indirectly;Eastern Han DynastyBan ChaodispatchGanyingEnvoyRoman Empire, but only toPersian GulfOne belt will return without success;In 166, the Roman Empire sent envoys to Luoyang, the capital of the Han Dynasty, and sent gifts such as rhinoceros horn, so that the East and the West were closely linked.For Western Han DynastySilk FabricTea, porcelain in exchange for rest, Greek, Roman and Macedonian gems, spices, medicinal materials and glassware.In addition to frequent visits, the two sides also delivered their own products and technologies to each other, promoting the East and the Westmaterial civilizationandSpiritual civilizationThe exchange between the East and the West has benefited a lot.In the Han Dynasty, Yunnan could walk along the waterwayIrrawaddy RiverDown the river, outBay of BengalSail to India.Andthe indian oceanThe waterways are connected.According to Wei Lue, Biography of Xirong, the State of Qin had access to waterwaysYizhouYongchang County, whenMyanmarThe coast landed and reached Yongchang.The description of the place to the east of India's east coast in the Voyage of Eritrean Industry Sea can also confirm this route.britainhistorianIn the History of Myanmar, Harvey said that since the second century B.C., China has taken Myanmar as a commercial channel, "along the Irrawaddy RiverThanlwin RiverFor one thing, there is still another to follow the chindwinrChindwin ）ClassicsManipur(Mannipur) It takes three months or even three months to ride a horseAfghanistan。Merchants in Myanmar exchanged Chinese silk and other famous products for Myanmar's gems, jadeiteKapok；Indian rhinoceros horn, ivory, European gold and other treasures.[2]
There are two emperors in the east and west, one is the chief, called Augustus, and the other is the deputy, called Caesar.The principal post was replaced by the deputy post after he abdicated, but this succession system was not implemented after the first death of Dirkley.
IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVSCONSTANTINVSPIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS PATER PATRIAE PROCONSVL
Originally, he was the Western Emperor among the four emperors, but later defeated other emperors and became the sole ruler of the Roman Empire.The first Christian emperor
