Spanish

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Spanish (Spanish: Espa ñ ol; English: Spanish language), belonging to Indo European Romans Siloman Branch 。 according to first language In terms of the number of users, about 437 million people use their mother tongue. The number of people who use Spanish accounts for World population 4.84%, first language and Second language The total number of users is nearly 570 million. Mainly used for Spain and Latin America （ Brazil 、 Belize 、 French Guyana 、 Haiti And other places).

Spanish in Spain, the United States Mexico 、 Central America 、 Caribbean 、 Columbia 、 Ecuador as well as Uruguay Known as Spanish (Spanish: Espa ñ ol; English: Spanish language); Other regions are mainly called Spanish Castilian (Spanish: Castellano; English: Castilian language). Spanish is six Working languages of the United Nations one of.

Chinese name: Spanish
Foreign name: Español
Spanish
Castellano
Region of use: Spain 、 Latin America Etc
Number of users: 590 million people

Language family: Indo European - Romans
standard speech: None. Spanish in every Spanish speaking country is the standard
Writing system: Spanish alphabet
As an official language: Spain 23 countries and regions
As working language: the United Nations 、 European Union 、 African Union And other international organizations
Management organization: Spanish Royal College

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eight common sense

Development history

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formation

The formation of Spanish and History of Spain The development and evolution of is closely related, and its formation process can be roughly divided into the following stages:

Some words (especially some place names) can distinguish the influence, even the name of Spain. It is said that there were Spanish people living on the peninsula in those days, so it is called Spain. In Spain, the name is Espa ñ a.

The latter is the vitality of ordinary people. Soldiers, craftsmen and small businessmen who came with them spread this to Iberia And other provinces of the empire political system , economic mode, literature and art, customs and beliefs remained on the conquered land together to take root, blossom and bear fruit.

Spanish, as the "Roman" language language structure A large number of factors can be found in form. In terms of vocabulary, most of them express the endless vocabulary related to human survival, such as date (month, week), astronomy, animals and plants. For example: grass: prado（ Spanish ）； Land: tierra (Spanish); sunlight : sol (Spanish).

During this period, Spanish gradually transited to Romance (the language of the Roman language family), and Castilian language was subordinate to the latter. Later generations called the Spanish language of this change Spanish (el lat í n hisp á nico).

For nearly 800 years from 712 to 1492 AD, the Spanish culture in southern Spain and Central region Has been widely and deeply disseminated, Cordoba It is regarded as the cultural center, and the peninsula has formed a prosperous and harmonious situation where multiple cultures coexist. Spanish vocabulary has a lot of influence.

According to incomplete statistics, more than 4000 Spanish words are distributed in agriculture, architecture, military, politics, mathematics, finance, trade, plants handicraft industry And other fields are still used today. For example: tambor, atalaya, acequia (canal), noria (waterwheel), zanahoria（ Carrot ）， alfalfa (alfalfa), aduana (customs), tarifa (price list), aldea (village), zagu á n (entrance), azotea (roof platform), alcoba (bedroom), cifra (number), á lgebra (algebra), algoritmo (algorithm), alc á zar (palace), etc.

stay Language expression You can also see traces on it, especially on some daily expressions. For example, Mi casa es tu casa (my home is your home) shows the host's enthusiasm for guests.

Map of Spain

According to most authoritative scholars, Castile Spanish Formation time About the 10th century AD. The most outstanding contribution to this is Spain's famous linguist , writer and historian Ramon· Menendez Pidal (Ram ó n Men é ndez Pidal), he found a manuscript of a sermon in the monastery of San Mirian in Lario in 1915. Beside the sermon, an unknown monk wrote a prayer. These short sentences have basically complete grammatical structure and are regarded as a sign of the origin of Castilian language. Before that, in the 5th and 7th centuries, the Castilian language began to have its own writing, which was a kind of Pinyin alphabet 。

The birthplace of Castilian language is in the south of Cantabria Mountain in northern Spain in ancient times. It is called Castilla, which means "the place of castle". Because the people in this place are martial, the lords built one castle after another as a military fortress for self-defense and also for attack. In 1037, Castile became independent and became an important Christian kingdom. During the Restoration Movement, the Kingdom became a center for Christians to fight against the Moors on foot. With military victories, Kingdom of Castile Of Sphere of influence Gradually expand to the middle and south. By the 12th and 13th centuries, it had become a leader in several Christian kingdoms. With its growing national strength and influence, the Castilian language naturally became the common language And penetrate into surrounding areas. After 1492, Castile was ruled by the two Catholic kings- Aragon Kingdom It has achieved the great cause of expelling the Moors and unifying Spain. Castilian language is also known as Spanish, which is accepted and used by most residents of the kingdom Catalan （catalán）， Basque （euskera）、 Galician (gallego), etc national language , while other national languages and regional dialect The situation has continued until now.

from Latin To Castile, from dialect reach Mandarin From folk vernacular to complete grammar structure, rich vocabulary and profound expressiveness Of literary language This process has gone through more than ten centuries. Its characters have formed a pinyin form based on 29 letters (including ch and ll). Its pronunciation and intonation are derived from folk Latin and absorb the characteristics of the dialects in the Katabria Mountains. The dramatic social evolution has stimulated the changes of vocabulary forms and the surge of the number of words Foreign nationality Vocabulary (e.g Arabic , French Italian ) and other areas of the peninsula are continuously collected into Spanish rule of grammar Was established, and finally ensured the independent development of Spanish in the following centuries Language system And become a tool for Cervantes and other literary giants to build great works and for nearly 400 million people to use official language 。

In the long process of the formation, evolution and development of Spanish, there are two names worthy of special study for future generations. They are Alfonso X The King (Alfonso X, 1221-1284) and Antonio de Nebriha （1444-1522）。

Alfonso X, the king of Castilla, has been in power for 31 years. In history, his achievements were not based on the expansion of territory or the conquest of foreign lands, but reflected in his commitment to the development of language, literature, science, law and thought. He himself was a knowledgeable person and a broad-minded monarch without racial and cultural prejudice. He classified the time as Christianity 、 Judaism And Islamic scholars, scholars and artists were admitted to the royal palace to discuss academic and art, Organization size A large translation team engaged in Latin 、 arabic as well as Hebrew 's translation, encourage writing chronicle , study natural science and law, encourage and personally participate in the creation of poetry and literature. It is based on the huge amount of writing, translation and Research engineering The standardization of Spanish is on the agenda. Alfonso X took many effective measures to establish the rules of pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and writing. For example, in the field of science and technology, he changed and absorbed a considerable number of words according to the model of Castilian language to enrich and fill the local language.

The writing rules and orthographic rules of Castilian language, the use of two special groups of punctuation marks: up-down exclamatory mark ¡! And the forward and backward question mark?. These measures have greatly promoted the peninsula Unification of language And norms, laying a solid foundation for the development and expansion of Spanish in the future.

Alfonso X is called "Alfonso Sabio, the wise man" because of his immortal contribution to Spanish culture.

Antonio de Nebrija is from Spain The Renaissance The Castilian Grammar written by the famous scholar of the period was published in 1492, which was one of the major events of the year.^[1]

Development and evolution

A form of address used in a native Spanish speaking area

Language development It is almost synchronized with the development of society, and the development and tradition of a national language and its national strength are Direct connection 。

With the continuous growth of the Kingdom of Castile and the subsequent Spain With the rise of the kingdom, Spanish has grown from weak to strong, from small to large, from domestic to overseas, and developed into a kind of Universal Language 。

In China, Spanish has widely accepted other dialects（ Catalan 、 Galician 、 Basque ）Its influence has been greatly enriched in pronunciation, vocabulary and syntax. At the same time, in different historical periods, the French, Italians, and Germans all maintained special relations with Spain for political reasons and had frequent exchanges, so their language also produced Spanish significant impact 。

As early as the 11th century, from Provence and France The vocabulary of people from other places then entered Spain and extended to the Middle Ages, such as homenaje (memorial), fraile (priest), mensaje (letter), mes ó n (tavern), vinagri (vinegar), manjares (food), ligero (light), host (inn), doncella (girl, maid), salvaje (barbaric), etc. In Carlos II's dynasty, this trend was more obvious, with a large number of Spanish words derived from French, such as: pantal ó n（ trousers ）, chaqueta (coat), hotel (hotel), chalet (villa), of á（ sofa ）Etc. Since then, the influence of French has never diminished, such as Parlamento (Parliament), personal (persona), burocracia (bureaucrat), chofer (driver), bioter í a (fake jewelry) and other words have been widely accepted and are still in use today.

and Italian Its influence is more reflected in the field of music and art, especially in the 15-17th century. Many related terms and common expressions are derived from Apennine Peninsula 。 For example: aria（ Aria ），batuta（ Baton ）, partitura (music score), die ñ o (design), model (style), novela (novel), soneto (sonnet), fachada (facade), etc; There was also a non art vocabulary, such as casino, ferrocarril, and anarfabetismo.

Since the 18th century, the power of English has come to the fore. Since the 20th century, as the United States has gradually become the world's largest power, English words of economy, finance, science and technology have inevitably infiltrated into almost all major languages and become the world's leading language generally used words 。 Spanish, of course, has absorbed a lot of English vocabulary Some of these words are Spanish, others are transplanted intact, and appear in the big dictionary of Spanish Royal Academy of Languages and people's daily life.

With the development of society, language also keeps pace with the times. The Spanish used by today's Spaniards is quite different from that of the Nebrika era, the Cervantes era, and the Gongola era. Its pronunciation is stable, the number of words increases sharply, the depth of its expressiveness, and the Inclusion Indeed, it has made great progress.

stay Iberian Peninsula Outside the region, Spanish expands and enters the following regions:

one
Spanish Empire (mainly Carlos V Felipe II (equal to the reign of a monarch) Continental Europe The territory of;
two
New World And all colonies;
three
Asia and Africa The colony of;
four
The area where Spanish Jews were expelled in 1492.

Among the above regions, the second region has the largest area and the largest population in today's Spanish sphere of influence. That year Christopher Columbus The military conquest of its successors was accompanied by the cultural conquest. The main content of the cultural conquest was to force Indians to convert to Catholicism and abandon their mother tongue to Spanish. Currently, from North America Of Mexico To South America Argentina , 18 countries in Spanish official language 。 It cannot be ignored that in the vast areas of the western and southern United States, nearly 40 million American citizens and immigrants have Spanish as their mother tongue. As a federal territory of the United States Puerto Rico Of first language It's also Spanish.

The third area refers to Asia Of the Philippines and Africa Of Equatorial Guinea 。 The former was occupied by the Spanish in 1565 and was under colonial rule for 330 years. Spanish came into this with colonization Southeast Asia country. Today, many Filipinos can be found in their daily language, which originated in Spanish but was transformed by English or Tagalog Assimilating vocabulary. More obvious front suzerain The mark of "" is that the names of Filipinos still use the Spanish model, such as the former president who has been in power for many years Ferdinand Marcos （Fernando Marcos）、 Corazon Aquino (Coraz ó n de Aquino), etc. Equatorial Guinea Spanish is still our national language.

The fourth region is relatively scattered and concentrated in Asia and Europe countries and regions （ Greece 、 Yugoslavia 、 Bulgaria 、 Palestine 、 Israel , Germany Netherlands And so on), whose user is Spain, known as the Safadi people Israel offspring. Their ancestors were expelled Iberian Peninsula After that, the waves eurasia 。 Wherever they set up their own homes, they stuck to their beliefs with a rare spirit of perseverance, and stuck to their customary Jewish Spanish, that is, the ancient Castilian language. This is a rare social phenomenon Especially when they see the ballads, folktales, idioms and other precious materials popular around the 15th century preserved by them with this medieval ancient language, they will cherish the immortal historical context of language.

Latin America Spanish is an important part of the development and evolution of Spanish, because it comes from the Castilian language on the Iberian Peninsula and the native American language Cultural environment 、 natural environment and social environment The product of fusion. This fusion is mainly reflected in vocabulary, pronunciation, semantics and other aspects. In addition, the so-called American Spanish is not a unified concept in a strict sense, because in fact Latin America Because of culture and social development The Spanish language has its own characteristics. Many linguists call American Spanish "a complex mosaic of many dialects".

Spanish cartoons

A long time ago, famous scholars Enrix Urenia (Enriquez Ure ñ a) once divided American Spanish into five Dialect area ：

one
Mexico and Central America（ Guatemala 、 El Salvador 、 Honduras 、 Nicaragua 、 Costa Rica 、 Panama ）；
two
Caribbean Region (Antilles Venezuela Most of the region and Columbia Atlantic coast);
three
Andes (parts of Venezuela, Peru, most of Colombia bolivia and Argentina Northwest);
four
Chile;
five
La Plata - Parana Region (most of Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay).

There are some differences between Spanish in these five dialect areas, but it is precisely these differences that make Spanish adapt to various social environments and meet various needs, and evolve, so as to continue to develop.

Today, when Madrid People, Barcelona people and Garlicians naturally and freely use those originated from Native American languages Even the most language purists will admit New World The aborigines of. These words include maiz (corn), batata（ sweet potato ），hamaca（ Hammock ）, patata (potato), canoa (canoe), cacao（ cocoa ），chocolate（ Chocolates ），tomate（ Tomatoes ）， nopal (cactus), jaguar（ jaguar ）, cacique, hurac á n, tabaco, papaya（ papaya ），aguacate（ Avocado ），cóndor（ vulture ），loro（ parrot ），caimán（ American Crocodile ），coyote（ jackal ）, etc.

It is also necessary to add that in addition to the above Language area , on North Africa Of Morocco Heyuan Spanish Sahara They also accepted the influence of Spanish to varying degrees.

The expansion of language is also a process of language change, and its result is to promote the progress of language. Today, Spanish, the ancient kingdom of Castile Cantabria Piedmont shepherd The language of people and knights has become the third largest language in the world Second language Of users around the world , and the number is still rising.

Region of use

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Spanish is mainly used in Latin America except Brazil 、 Belize 、 French Guyana 、 Haiti And Spain itself. stay Southern United States States the Philippines And parts of Africa (including Equatorial Guinea 、 Western Sahara And the African part of Spain Ceuta and Melilla And other places), there are also a considerable number of users. stay Seven continents About 406 million people use their mother tongue.

Spanish is African Union ， European Union and the United Nations One of the official languages of. It is the common language of China's "Belt and Road" talent training program, and has been included in the college entrance examination foreign language by the Ministry of Education of China, becoming one of the six major college entrance examination foreign languages.^[3]

The countries that use Spanish as the official language in the 21st century are: Argentina 、 bolivia 、 Chile 、 Columbia 、 Costa Rica 、 Cuba 、 dominican republic 、 Ecuador 、 El Salvador 、 Equatorial Guinea 、 Guatemala 、 Honduras 、 Mexico 、 Nicaragua 、 Panama 、 Paraguay 、 Peru 、 Spain 、 Uruguay and Venezuela 。 Spanish is also spoken in the United States Belize 、 Gibraltar 、 the Philippines 、 Puerto Rico 、 Trinidad and Tobago as well as Western Sahara Is used.

There are many different Spanish dialects in Spain and Spanish America. The Castilian dialect in northern Spain is usually regarded as the standard pronunciation of Spanish. In America, the first Spanish brought their local accent. Today, we can still find that there are obviously different dialect accents in different parts of America.

alphabet

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Spanish has 29 letters:

alphabet
A a (a)	B b (be)	C c (ce)	Ch ch (che)	D d (de)	E e (e)	F f (efe)
G g (ge)	H h (ache)	I i (i)	J j (jota)	K k (ka)	L l (ele)	LL ll (elle,doble ele)
M m (eme)	N n (ene)	Ññ (eñe)	O o (o)	P p (pe)	Q q (cu)	R r (erre)
S s (ese)	T t (te)	U u (u)	V v (uve)	W w (uve doble)	X x (equis)	Y y (igriega)
Z z (zeta)	-	-	-	-	-	-

In addition, there are accented letters á 、 é 、 í 、 ó and ú 。

letter ü For letter combination g ü e And g ü i represent u It is pronounced because of other combinations.

The Spanish letter ñ is pronounced [ɲ], which is only used when there are multiple words.

The Spanish letter y is pronounced [j], such as ayer.

gue , gui, u It is silent.

According to 1994 Spanish Royal College "CH"=[c ～ c ͡ ç] and "LL"=[ʎ] no longer appear as separate letters alphabet Medium. But not subject to the jurisdiction of the Court America Spanish still lists these two letters in the alphabet.

Some Loanwords and Proper noun Also use w=[w/β/b]. After centuries of evolution, Latin America The Spanish language of regional dialect The reading and writing of Spanish are consistent, and the pronunciation of each letter is relatively fixed.

pronunciation

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characteristic

one
All nouns are divided into yin and yang
two
The verb needs to be changed according to the subject's person
three
Spanish letters have a single pronunciation

Spanish inherits its pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar system, etc Latin Characteristics of. 24 in total Phoneme , including 5 monophonic sounds, a, e, i, o, u, and 19 consonants. B and v are pronounced the same, h is not pronounced. In addition, there are a lot of diphthong and triphthong 。 The stress is very regular: for words ending in vowels, n or s, the stress falls on the penultimate syllable; For words ending with other consonants, the stress falls on the last syllable.

Pronunciation rules

1. Accent

(1) With n, s or vowel For the ending words, the stress is generally on the penultimate syllable, and no stress sign is used.

(2) In addition to n, s Consonant letter For the ending words, the stress is placed on the last syllable, and no accent is used.

(3) Words other than the above two items are stressed. When the stress of some words changes, the meaning of the words also changes. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the location of the stress, such as mas (dan) and m á s (geng), papa (potato) and pap á (pope).

(4) No matter how many syllables a word has, it usually has only one stress.

(5) When o and numeral When used together, it must be accented to distinguish it from 0 (zero, cero), such as 17 ó 18 (17 or 18).

2. syllabic Division method

(1) Words are divided into vowels, such as pa la bras, which is similar to English.

(2) Y is used alone or in Suffix It can be regarded as a vowel. For example, at the end of a word or at the beginning of a syllable, it should be regarded as a consonant.

(3) The following combinations cannot be divided: ai au、ei、eu、ia、ie、io、iu、oi、ou、ua、ue、ui、uo、iai、iei、uai、uei， If one of them has stress, it is divided by vowel. Example: pa - í s, r í - o.

(4) Ay, ey, oy, uy can be divided only when there is a vowel behind them. If there is a consonant behind them, they cannot be divided. Ha ya and may are two representative examples.

(5) Consonants appearing in two vowels should be classified into the next syllable, but if it is ch, ll, rr, the two consonants should be classified into the next syllable at the same time. If there are two other consonants in the middle together, they can be separated, that is, one before and one after, in accordance with the syllable division rule of "two parts" in English.

(6) Prepositional prefixes can form syllable separation: for example, des gradable, pre collombiano; but if there are s and other consonants after the current suffix, s is connected with the prefix. For example: abs tener, cons trucci ó n.

(7) When two c and n are together, processing method Like English, it must be separated. Example: ac ceso.

3. Summary of Spanish pronunciation rules

(1) Pronunciation rules;

Pronunciation of "c": "c" pronounces [θ] before vowels e and i, and [k] before vowels a, o and u;

Pronunciation of "g": when "g" and vowels a, o, u form a syllable, pronounce [g] Dullness Or send [∨]（ soft palate Voiced fricative), but when it forms a syllable with vowels e and i, it pronounces [χ]（ Uvula clear Fricative ）, when it forms a syllable with the vowel "ue, ui", "u" is not pronounced and [g] is voiced;

Pronunciation of "q": "q" pronounces [k] before vowels a, o and u, and "q" does not pronounce "u" before vowels ue and ui;

Pronunciation of "z": "z" is pronounced [θ] before any vowel (homophones of [θ] and [s] in southern Spain and South America).

(2) Pronunciation comparison

① Pronunciation of "b and v" and comparison with "p":

(1) The first [b] sound of the word after b and v pause（ Bilabial voiced consonant ）；

E.g. bueno (ok) sombrero (hat) un buen estudiante (a good student)

Vamos (let's go) venga (please come) enviar (send) un vaso (a cup)

⑵ b and v sound [β] inside the word and in the unstopped word group (voiced fricative sound on both lips, listening sense is close to "v" in English, but does not bite the lip);

For example: lobo (wolf), arriba (above), abrigo (coat), la boca (mouth, mouth)

Lavar (wash) left (light) uva（ Grape ）El valor

(3) "b and v" are Voiced consonant , vocal cords tremble when pronouncing; "P" is Clear consonant The vocal cords do not vibrate when pronouncing.

For example: baja (short) - paja (straw) - bala (bullet) - pala（ Shovel ）

Ba ñ o (toilet) ―― pano（ woolen cloth ） basta (Enough) -- paste

bata（ coverall ）―― pata (female duck) beso (kiss) ―― peso (Weight)

vaso（ flower receptacle ）―― paso (step) vista (Visual) ―― pista (runway)

vina (Grapevine) - pi ñ a（ pineapple ）Volar polar

② Comparison of "c and z" pronunciation and "s":

"C" pronounces [θ] before vowels e and i; Pronounce [k] before vowels a, o, u; "Z" pronounces [θ] before any vowel (homophones of [θ] and [s] in southern Spain and South America); "S" is [s] before any vowel.

For example: abrazar (embrace) - abrasar (burning), cazar (hunting) - casar (marriage)

Cima (top) sima (Abyss) pozo (well) -- poso（ precipitate ）

Zueco (wooden slippers) - sueco (Swede)

③ Pronunciation of "c" and "q" and Comparison with "g"

⑴ "c" pronounces [k] before vowels a, o and u; Q is before the vowel ue and ui ("u" is not pronounced); "C" appears alone in a word or sounds [k]

Preconsonant composition consonant cluster 。

For example: clase (class) cr á neo (head) lecci ó n (class) octavo (VIII);

(2) "c" and "q" are clear consonants, and "g" are voiced consonants.

E.g. call（ Calluses ）――― gallo (cock) cama (bed) - gama (doe)

cana （ White hair ）―― gana (wish) casa (house) ―― gasa (gauze)

casto（ Chastity Of) -- gasto (cost) col（ cabbage ）Gol (goal)

Coma (comma) -- goma（ Gum )

(3) Pronunciation of "g"

When g and vowels a, o, u form a syllable, they sound [g] voiced, while when g and vowels e, i form a syllable, they sound [x]（ Chinese Pinyin "H" sound), pronounce [g] voiced sound when forming syllables with vowels ue and ui ("u" is not pronounced)

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punctuation

Symbol	Spanish	chinese	example sentence
,	la coma	comma	Ella es ana,es china.
:	dos puntos	colon	Agua: es una sustancia
" "	las comillas	Quotes	Él dijo: "Yo también estoy aquí".
.	el punto	Full stop	Soy estudiante.
¿....?	la interrogación	Question mark (in pairs, at the beginning and end of a sentence)	¿Cómo te llamas?
¡....!	la admiración	Exclamation mark (in pairs, at the beginning and end of a sentence)	¡Mucho gusto!
ü	la diéresis	Crossover (two points above the letter U)	slightly
－	la raya, el guión largo o corto	Dash	slightly
（）	el paréntesis	Parenthesis	slightly
[ ]	los corchetes	square brackets	slightly

Spanish alphabet (printed and written)

Inverted question mark （ ¿ ）And Inverted exclamation mark （ ¡ ）It is the characteristic of Spanish. The question mark or exclamation mark is divided into two parts. There must be a question mark or exclamation mark written backwards in front of it, so that the question sentence or exclamation sentence is complete.

grammar

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Spanish is an inflectional language. After long-term evolution, its Suffix Folding has been greatly simplified. In addition to the pronouns and reflexes of the subject and object Lattice system Almost disappeared. Nouns can be divided into masculine and feminine, but neutral marks can be seen in some structures. Add - s or - es at the end of the plural. Adjectives are grammatically related to nouns Coordination relationship The ending change is the same as that of nouns. Verbs still have quite a few inflections, but they are very regular. The subject is often omitted because the ending of the verb is enough to express the person.

Comparatively speaking, Spanish is a kind of Inflectional Language , depending on Inflection indicate morpheme Nouns are divided into masculine and feminine. Each verb has more than one hundred forms of transformation Singular and plural And in accordance with tense, mood, aspect and voice And change. And adjectives and Determiner It changes with the gender and number of nouns. But compared with strong inflectional languages such as classical Latin and Russian, Spanish has no nouns Variable lattice , and more with preposition To establish object Connection with other parts of the sentence. Spanish tends to Modifier put Head language Then, if it is necessary to express a specific meaning, the adjective will also precede the noun it modifies. Like others Romance , Basic word order by Subject predicate object Structure, but often not limited to this. The subject of Spanish can be omitted, because the person can be Verb transposition Embodiment, as long as it does not cause ambiguity and does not emphasize the subject, indicates that the subject is unnecessary. Spanish is also a verb frame language. It uses verbs to indicate the path, rather than words like Germanic Use language like that Essay or affix 。 For example, the Spanish words "subir corriento" and "salir volando" translate into "to run up" and "to fly out".

Spanish General question Don't invert the subject and verb, let alone rely on statement label designator , resolution Declarative sentence And general questions sometimes all depend on intonation.

nature

Spanish nouns and adjectives are divided into masculine and feminine. Nouns or adjectives that usually end in - o are masculine, and nouns or adjectives that end in - a are feminine. (e.g. pelo hair [positive], chica girl [negative], and Portuguese Same), - dad, - tad, - ci ó n, - si ó n, ti ó n Most nouns ending in are also feminine. (For example: ciudad city, universidad university, dificultad difficult situaci ó n - situation, televisi ó n - television, gesti ó n - office)

number

Nouns and adjectives have both singular and plural forms. Usually add - s after the root word (ending with vowel ) or - es (ending with Consonant letter ). The gender and number of nouns and adjectives in a sentence should be consistent.

Spanish is an inflectional language. After a long period of evolution, its inflection has been greatly simplified. The case system of Latin almost disappears, except for the pronouns and reflexes that serve as subjects and objects. Nouns can be divided into masculine and feminine, but neutral marks can be seen in some structures. Add - s or - es at the end of the plural. Adjectives are grammatically coordinated with nouns, and the change of word endings is the same as nouns. Verbs still have quite a few inflections, but they are very regular. The subject is often omitted because the ending of the verb is enough to express the person.

verb

Spanish has a complicated verb system with many different tenses. In different tenses, there are different ways of transposition according to different verbs and persons. Generally, Spanish verbs are divided into three categories: verbs ending with - ar (the first change), verbs ending with - er (the second change), and verbs ending with - ir (the third change).

with Present tense For example, the statement:

Verb prototype Hablar

First person singular hablo como vivo

Second person Singular hablas comes lives

Third person singular (including the second person honorific title)

habla come vive

First person plural habramos cometos vivimos

The second person plural habl á is com é is viv í s

third person The plural (including the second person honorific title) has a come viven

Spanish Dictionary

The above is regular transposition. In Spanish, many words are irregular transposition, such as tener (yes), querer (like), and pedir (request). Beginners should pay attention to the transposition of these words.

Spanish is a zigzag language. Statement in Spanish word order It is usually a "subject predicate object" structure. Spanish exclamations question Add an inverted exclamation mark, an inverted question mark and a exclamatory mark , question mark. For example:? Que é es esto? INo es verdad! (That's not true!)

Spanish Definite article Use of (main and Portuguese definite articles Comparison description ）

Example 1: Santiago yes Chile The capital of.

Santiago es la capital de Chile

Santiago éa capital do Chile. (Portuguese)

Example 2: He comes from Central America Of Costa Rica 。

Él es de Costa Rica,que está en América Central. (Spanish)

Eleé da Costa Rica,que fica na América Central. (Portuguese)

Example 3: I have a ticket to America.

Tengo un billete a los Estados Unidos de América. (Spanish)

Tenho um bilhete para os Estados Unidos da América. (Portuguese)

Example 4: It's nine fifteen now.

Son las quince y nueve

São quinze e nove. (Portuguese)

possessive case (Mainly compared with Portuguese)

Example 1: My father is three years older than my mother.

Mi padre nació tres años antes de mi madre. (Spanish)

Meu pai nasceu três anos antes da minha mãe. (Portuguese)

Example 2: I think their Apple Better than tomatoes.

Pienso que sus mancanas son mejoeres que sus tomates. (Spanish)

Penso que as suas maçãs são melhores do que os seus tomates. (Portuguese)

Example 3: My house is bigger than theirs.

Mi casa es más grande que la suya. (Spanish)

A minha casa é maior que a sua. (Portuguese)

adverb

Add mente after the Spanish adjective to become an adverb, and replace the adjective ending in o with a, for example:

adjective	Chinese explanation	adverb	Chinese explanation
frecuente	Frequent	frecuente mente	Frequently
económico	Economic	económica mente	Economically
lento	Slow	lenta mente	Slowly
rápido	Fast	rápida mente	Quickly

If two adverbs are continuous, mente will only be used once in the adverb after it. If the adjective of the front itself ends with o, change o to a.

adjective	Chinese explanation	adverb	Chinese explanation
ágil y exacto	Fast and accurate	ágil y exacta mente	Fast and accurate
político y económica	Political and economic	política y económica mente	Politically and economically

Word formation

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There are three kinds of Spanish Word formation

Composite method

one
It is composed of two or more simple words. For example: cup lea ñ os (cup+a ñ os); matamoscas(mata+moscas), agridulce(agrio+dulce); Cualquiera (cual+quiera) and so on.
two
Sometimes it can even be a sentence. For example: hazmerre í r (hazme+re í r); vaivén(va+y+ven); Correcteidile (core+ve+y+dile) and so on.
three
It is composed of original words and prefixes. For example: normal normal; Lateral bilateral; tener container; conocer desconocer, etc.

derivative method

It is composed of original words and suffixes. For example: declarar declaraci ó n; Esclavo escavizar; idea idea, etc.

Compound derivation method

Spanish

At the same time Prefix It is formed by adding prefix and suffix at the end of the word. For example:

enriquecer:en+rico+ecer;

atardecer:a+tarde+ecer;

Impenetrable: im+penetrar+ble, etc.

In compound derivative method, compound and derivative methods must be used at the same time, so neither Compound words Is not a derivative of Derivative The composition of. For example, enrich is neither derived from the compound word enrich plus the suffix ecer, because the compound word enrich does not exist, nor from the combination of the prefix en plus requester, because the derivative word requester does not exist.

Simple words and sentences

Hola: Hello
Buenos d í as: Good morning
Buenas targets: Good afternoon
Buenas noches: Good evening
Por favor: Please
Gracias: Thank you
De nada: You're welcome
Lo siento: I'm sorry
Perd ó n: Sorry
De Nada: It doesn't matter
Disculpe: Sorry, excuse me
China: China
Chino: Chinese, Chinese (Chinese women are Chinese, the spelling is the same as that of China, and c is not capitalized), Chinese
S í: Yes
No: No
Guapo/guapa: pretty boy/pretty girl
Espa ñ a: Spain
Team amo/Te quiero: I love you
Amigo/amiga: male friend/female friend
Yo: I
T ú: You
é l/ella: He, she
Nosotros/nosotras We
Vosotros/vosotras
Ellos/ella They, they
Bueno/buena: good, great
¿Por qué? Why?
¿Qué? what?
Adiós. bye.
Bienvenida: Welcome
Dios mío. My god?
¡Muchas gracias! Thank you very much.
De nada. You're welcome.
Gracias por todo. Thank you for everything.
Gracias por su amabilidad.
Gracias por su ayuda. Thank you for your help.
Se lo agradezco mucho. Thank you very much.
No es nada.
Se lo agradezco may sinceremente. Thank you very much.
No me lo agradezca, por favor, no es nada.
Le estoy may agradecido.
Es una pequeño merece la pena. It's a trivial matter. You are welcome.
Le agradezco que haya venido. Thank you for coming.
Gracias por la carta, has sido may amable. Thank you for your letter. You are so kind to me.
Es muy amable de su parte,no lo olvidaré nunca. It's very kind of you. I'll never forget it.
Thank you anyway.
Lo ha hecho Zhenru,agradéceselo a él. It's true. Thank him.
Juan, dale las gracias al se ñ or.
Gracias a usted.
Es un placer.

works and expressions for everyday use

¿Cómo estás?
how are you?
Bien.
Not bad
¿Qué hay?
what's wrong? Is anything new happening?
Mucho gusto.
nice to meet you.
Me da gusto verte otra vez.
I'm glad to see you again.
¡Qué sorprendo verte aquí!
Fancy seeing you here.
Mucho tiempo sin verte.
I haven't seen you for a long time.
Encantado.
Nice to meet you.
¿ Qué tal?
how are you?
¿ Cómo está usted?
How are you?
¿ Cómo te va?
How was your day?
¿ Cómo te va todo?
How is everything?
¿ Qué haces por aquí?
What are you doing here?
Hola,me llamo Martín.
Hi, I'm Martin.
Mi nombre es Roberto.
My name is Robert.
Puedes llamarme Isabel.
You can call me Isabel 。
¿ Eres Tina?
You are? Tina Is it?
Sí，soy yo.
Yes, I am.
Ven a conocer a mi amigo.
Come and meet my friend.
Este es mi hermano,Tomás.
This is my brother, Thomas.
Ven a saludar a mis padres.
Come and say hello to my parents.
¿ Has visto alguna vez a mi hermana?
Have you met my sister?
¿ Nos conocemos?
Have we met before?
¿Te conozco?
Do I know you?
Acabo de llegar aquí.
I have just arrived here.
Déjame que me presente.
Let me introduce myself.
No sé cuál es tu nombre.
I don't know your name.
Quiero presentarte a mi jefe.
I'd like to introduce you to my boss.
Me has hecho un gran favor.
You've done me a great favor.
Le quedo muy agradecido.
I'm very grateful to you.
Te lo agradezco.
thank you.
Es imposible expresarme mis agradecimientos.
I can't express my gratitude.
No sé cómo agradecerle.
I really don't know how to thank you.
¡Qué amable!
You are welcome!
Es usted muy amable.
It's very kind of you.
No hay de qué.
You are welcome.
De nada.
you're welcome
¿Te gusta el fútbol?
Do you like football?

common sense

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dialect

There are many native Spanish dialects, and 99% of Spaniards use Castilian. However, except official language In addition, the following languages are also official languages or Ethnic minority areas Official language Languages Written instead of Castilian):

one
Catalan （Català）
two
Valencia （Valencià）
three
Galician （Galego）
four
Basque （Euskara）
five
Aragon （Aragonés）
six
Asturian （Asturianu）
seven
Llionesa
eight
Estremadura （Estremeñu）

The scene when Columbus arrived in America

On the morning of August 3, 1492, Columbus from Aragon Kingdom Departure from Barcelona Port. 70 days later, on October 12 (now Spain's National Day), they set foot on America 。 At the same time, they brought the Spanish of the 15th century there.

In the United States, there are many native speakers of Spanish, which is widely used in New York 、 Texas 、 New Mexico 、 Arizona and California (on New Mexico Spanish and English are the official languages); In addition the Philippines 、 Morocco 、 Equatorial Guinea 、 Africa Spanish is also spoken on the west coast. Many people believe that the Spanish spoken by the Spanish is more orthodox, and the Argentines, especially（ Buenos Aires Municipals), regarded as the destroyer of Spanish grammar.

But the Spanish writer Victor Garcia della Concha (currently Royal Spanish Language Institute Dean) did not think so. He believed that Spanish was a mixed language and had the freedom to combine with the local culture, so its vocabulary was very rich, far better than the global English. So how did Spanish come into being? During the ninth and thirteenth centuries, the Moors（ North Africa Muslims) attacked and occupied Spain and lived in Spain Northeast China After the Spanish land was recovered, the king encouraged the people to move to the countryside, but at that time, the people's ethnic groups were complex, including Israel (jud í os), Moors, Christians Franks （francos）、 Aragon Aragones Navarra People (navarros) and so on, people from different nationalities, so there is a common language Spanish catered to the needs of the time and naturally became the language of communication among civilians. The word "espa ñ ol" itself means statelessness. Or they don't want to indicate their native place.

medieval times Communication Continental Europe When Columbus discovered America in the 16th century, he brought back the "treasure" of the local natives, so Spanish itself was not a "pure" language, Central America And South America There are different Expression Even in Spain, there are dialects in different regions. For Victor Garcia, the value of Spanish lies in its flexibility to accept different dialects. Spanish belongs to everyone, not everyone. The universalization of the international network has become another channel to promote language. 93% of the content on the network is in English, Spanish There are few websites of, Usage Only 0.6% of the Spanish content on many platforms has been translated, and there are many grammatical and lexical errors. Victor Garcia is worried about this and thinks that Spanish is western world Is the second largest language, and the popularity should be the second or third, so we are building a computer information database in Spanish, and Microsoft And other major software companies to discuss how to correctly apply Spanish to software.

honorific appellation

The most commonly used honorific terms in Spanish are "don", "se ñ or", "do ñ a", "se ñ ora". It is translated as "Mr." and "Ms." in Chinese.

In application, "se ñ or" and "se ñ ora" are used together with family names, occupations or job titles, such as el se ñ or Gongz á lez, la profesora Ram í rez, los se ñ ores Wang y Li, las profesoras Zhao y Lu。 "Don" and "do ñ a" can only be used with names, such as don Mario, do ñ a Susana. If surname and first name are used at the same time, se ñ or/ra should be used first, and then don/do ñ a, that is, se ñ or/ra+don/ñ a+first name+last name. For example: se ñ or don Luis Fernández , señora doña María Dolores de la Morena, señor don Yifei Li, señora doña Na Liu。^[2]