Journey to the West is the first Romantic Zhang Hui novel about gods and demons in ancient China.[39][41]The earliest version of Journey to the West is Jinling Shide Hall in the 20th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty《A Journey to the West with Newly Carved Large Characters》, the author's name is not signed.[63]Lu Xun、Dong ZuobinEt al. basis《Huai'an Prefecture Annals》“Wu ChengenThe "Journey to the West" was finally concluded as "Wu Chengen's original work".[63]
The novel mainly tells about the birth of the Monkey King, who met after learning from Bodhi and making havoc in the Heavenly PalaceTang Monk、Zhu Bajie、Monk ShaHe went west with the white dragon horse to learn scriptures. He went through hardships and dangers, subdued demons and demons, and went through ninety-nine eighty-one difficulties. Finally, he arrived in the west to see the Buddha, and finally the five saints came true.The novel is based on the historical event of "Xuanzang's taking Buddhist scriptures". Through the artistic processing of the author, it profoundly depicts the social life of the Ming Dynasty.
Journey to the West is a classic novel of Chinese gods and demons, reaching the peak of ancient romantic novels《Romance of the Three Kingdoms》《Water Margin》《The Dream of Red Mansion》And called Chinese ClassicalFour masterpieces。Journey to the West has been widely spread among the people since its inception, and various versions have emerged one after another.There were six kinds of publications in the Ming Dynasty, seven kinds of publications and transcripts in the Qing Dynasty, and thirteen kinds of lost versions recorded in ancient books.After the Opium War, a large number of Chinese classical literary works were translated into Western languages. Journey to the West gradually spread to Europe and America, and was translated into English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, sign language, world (Esperanto), Sri Lanka（Swahili）, Russia, Czech Republic, Romania, Poland, Japan, Korea, Vietnam and other languages.[1]
There is a flower and fruit mountain on the seashore of Aolai Country in Dongsheng Shenzhou. The top of the mountain is a stone, and the essence of the sun and the moon gives birth to a stone monkey.Shi Monkey bravely explored the waterfall and the flying spring, and found the Water Curtain Cave, which was honored as the "Monkey King" by monkeys.The Monkey King led the monkeys in the mountains for hundreds of years, and occasionally heard that immortals, Buddhas, and saints could escape reincarnation and live as long as heaven, earth, and mountains. So he took a raft to the sea alone, traveled south to support Buzhou, to Xiniu Hezhou, and finally stayed in the Xiyue Three Star Cave on the Fangcun Mountain of Lingtai, where he was accepted by the Bodhi founder and given the name of Sun Wukong.Wukong comprehended the wonderful principles of Bodhi in the Three Star Cave, learned seventy-two changes and the technique of wrestling with clouds, and returned to Huaguo Mountain to kill the devil devil in one fell swoop. The seventy-two hole devil kings of Huaguo Mountain, such as wolves, insects, tigers, leopards, came to honor him.
The Monkey King is the king of the mountain.Suffering from the lack of weapons, he went to the Dragon Palace in the East China Sea to get them. Ao Guang, the Dragon King of the East China Sea, and his brother gave him a Ruyi gold hoop stick and a robe.AndBull Demon King、Dragon Demon King、Peng Demon King、Lion camel king、Macaque King、Yu marmoset kingWhen they became brothers, they talked about literature and martial arts day by day, and sang and danced happily.One day, he was struck off by the hell, so he made a scene in the nether world, and struck off all the names of monkeys in the life and death book.The Dragon King and the Tibetan King went to heaven to complain, and Taibai Venus suggested that Sun Wukong should be recruited, and the Jade Emperor would give permission.
Li Jing, the king of Tota, and the third prince of Nezha were ordered to set up a master to arrest Monkey King. He was defeated by Monkey King and went back to heaven to answer the order.Taibaijinxing asked the Jade Emperor to make Sun Wukong the Great Sage of Heaven, but he would not give him any business or salary.The Jade Emperor is allowed to play.Monkey King was invited by Taibai Venus to enter the heavenly palace again.The Jade Emperor named him the Great Sage of Qitian and granted him the Great Sage Mansion of Qitian.Sun Wukong has nothing to do in the sky. He makes friends every day, no matter whether he is high or low.The Jade Emperor, fearing that he might cause trouble in his spare time, asked him to take care of the Peach Garden.The Queen Mother held a peach banquet, but the Monkey King blamed the Queen Mother for not inviting him to the party, but rushed to the meeting to eat the wine and delicious food, and then went to the palace to eat all the golden pills;After disturbing the Peach Blossom Meeting, the Jade Emperor fled back to Huaguo Mountain and sent 100000 heavenly soldiers to capture it, but failed.
Guanyin Bodhisattva recommends Erlang God to assist in the battle.Wukong and Erlang show their respective abilities: there are so many changes that it is difficult to win or lose;Laojun threw a gold chisel to defeat Wukong, and the Roaring Dog bit Wukong and was captured.The Jade Emperor ordered the gods to put him to death. He cut the bayonet, struck the lightning and burned the fire, but Sun Wukong was still intact.The Supreme Master put him in the Eight Trigrams Furnace, and Sun Wukong not only didn't die, but also refined a pair of fiery eyes.Forty nine days later, Wukong overthrew the Eight Diagrams stove, danced the golden hoop stick, and disordered the Heavenly Palace.The Jade Emperor had to invite the Buddha of the Western Heaven.The Tathagata has boundless power, and Wukong cannot jump out of his palm. He is pressed down at the foot of the Five Elements Mountain, drinking iron pills and copper juice.
Five hundred years later, the Tathagata killed many people and fought many battles because of the greed of those who supported Buzhou in the south. He ordered Guanyin Bodhisattva to go to the east to find one person and come to the west to learn scriptures, so as to help all living beings and give three hoops to subdue demons.Guanyin Bodhisattva took the wooden fork walker to the east to find the scripture seeker, and on the way, he subdued two demons: a rolling curtain general who was once the servant of Lingxiao's Highness Luanyu, was demoted by the Jade Emperor to suffer in the Liusha River because he accidentally broke the glass cup;One was Marshal Tianpeng in Tianhe, who was cast into the shape of a pig and became a demon in Yunzhan Cave of Fuling Mountain after playing with Chang'e with wine.Guanyin named them Sha Wujing and Zhu Wuneng, and asked them to wait for the pilgrims to come and protect them from going west.Guanyin also asked the Jade Emperor to forgive the son of the lawbreaking Dragon King of the West Sea and send him to a deep stream, waiting for the pilgrims to come and help them.
When we reached the Five Elements Mountain, Sun Wukong, who was trapped at the foot of the mountain, expressed his willingness to repent. Guanyin also ordered him and other scholars from the Tang State to come, "You can become an apprentice with him, teach Jiachi, enter our Buddhism, and then correct the results.".
Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty began his career as a scholar, and Chen Guangrui, a young man, was the top student in high school, and married Miss Yin, the minister's residence.Later, officials paid homage to the governor of Jiangzhou.Chen Guangrui and his wife went to office. On the way, they were murdered by Liu Hong, a thief, and their wife was taken.Chen's wife, Yin Shi, gave birth to a son and threw him into the river. He was rescued by a monk from Jinshan Temple.This son was ordained eighteen years later, and his name was Xuanzang.Xuanzang finally met his mother and asked to see his grandfather to avenge his blood.
Road map for obtaining experience
There was a fisher and a woodcutter near the Changanjing River who said that there was a divine divination in the city. They caught fish according to the divination, and there were hundreds of fish. They were just heard by the patrolling spear and reported to the Dragon King.The Dragon King became a Xiushi and asked about the rain.The diviner's answer coincided with the jade edict. The dragon king, in order to win the bet, mistakenly went through the rain and should be killed. The dragon king's diviner asked the diviner to rescue the diviner and asked the dragon king to go to the palace to ask for help from the king of Tang.In his dream, Emperor Taizong granted the request of the Dragon King and left Wei Zheng to play chess the next day after retiring from the court, so as to delay the three quarter of noon.Unexpectedly, Wei Zheng fell asleep at noon and dreamed of cutting the dragon in the Jinghe River.The Dragon King sued the Tang King in the underworld, and the Hell King detained the Tang King and the three Cao.Commissioned by Wei Zheng, the magistrate privately changed the book of life and death. Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty returned Yang and sent Liu Quan to visit the local government. Because he saw countless enemies in the local government, he decided to build a land and water road field and select a virtuous monk to preside over the Dharma Assembly.Chen Xuanzang, the monk of Hongfu Temple, was selected by the officials.Xuanzang's predecessor was Jin Chan, a disciple of the Tathagata. He was demoted to the secular world because he didn't listen to the lecture. He experienced all kinds of hardships when he was young.When Avalokitesvara arrived in Chang'an, she and the wooden fork turned into a monk with head epilepsy. She presented cassocks and tin sticks to the king of the Tang Dynasty, so that the king of the Tang Dynasty gave them to Xuanzang.He also appeared at the Dharma Assembly and instructed the Western Heaven to have "Mahayana, Buddhism, and Tripitaka", which can help people to escape from death and suffering, and eliminate disasters.Xuanzang asked the king of the Tang Dynasty to go to the west for Buddhist scriptures.The king of the Tang Dynasty and Xuanzang worshipped each other as brothers, and ordered them to refer to scriptures and take the title of "Sanzang", and sent them to the west together with civil and military officials.
Sanzang rode a white horse bestowed by the emperor and went out of the western boundary of the Tang Dynasty with two attendants. The "General Yin" who was turned into by tiger spirits ate up his two attendants at Shuangcha Ridge, and Sanzang escaped alone. This was the first difficulty for Sanzang to learn scriptures in Chang'an.I met a tiger and a snake on my way, which was saved by the hunter Liu Boqin.Boqin sent Sanzang to Liangjie Mountain, and suddenly heard someone at the foot of the mountain shouting, "My master is coming!" It turned out that this mountain was the renamed Wuhang Mountain, and at the foot of the mountain was the Monkey King, who had caused havoc in the Heavenly Palace 500 years ago.Sanzang uncovers the golden inscription of the Tathagata on the top of the mountain, and Wukong jumps out of the mountain. He worships Sanzang as his teacher and is named Sunwalker.
On the way, Monkey King killed six robbers. He was too angry to be blamed by Tang Monk and went down to the Dragon Palace.Tang Monk received two things from Avalokitesvara to clamp the Monkey King - a golden flower hat and a hoop mantra.Wukong followed the advice of the Dragon King and returned to Tang Monk.In this interval, Guanyin presented Sanzang, a leader, a headdress, and taught him a "tight hoop mantra".Sanzang coaxed Wukong to put on his flowered hat. As soon as he read the Hoop Curse, Wukong rolled in pain. It turned out that the hooded hat was a tight hoop given by the Tathagata.Wukong had to serve Tang Monk as he rushed west.
The two of them went to Yingchou Ravine, and Tang Monk's white horse was swallowed by the Jade Dragon in the Ravine.Guanyin turns the Jade Dragon into a white horse for the three Tibetans to ride.
In the Guanyin Temple, Wukong showed off Tang Monk's brocade cassock. The head of Guanyin, Elder Jinchi, was greedy and wanted to burn Tang Monk's master and disciples, but Wukong tricked and burned the temple.But the cassock was stolen by Black Wind Monster, the friend of Jinchi Elder.Sun Wukong asked Guanyin for help. He designed Guanyin to become a demon friend of the Black Wind Monster, and turned himself into an elixir to lure the Black Wind Monster to swallow. The Black Wind Monster was subdued.
Tang Monk's master and apprentice continued to travel westward to the highest old manor. When they learned that the manor master's daughter was forcibly occupied by a monster, Monkey King captured the monster and chased it to the Cloud Stack Cave.The Zhiguai was the Marshal of Tianpeng in the heaven. He was demoted to the lower bound for molesting Chang'e, and was cast into a pig fetus by mistake, so he looked like a pig.After the Avalokitesvara subdued, he gave the name Zhu Wuneng, and waited here for the pilgrims.Sun Wukong led him to visit Tang Monk, who accepted him as an apprentice. Tang Monk called him "Eight Commandments" because he claimed to have broken "five meat and three aversions".
After passing Futu Mountain, Master Wu Chao taught Tang Monk the Multi Mind Sutra.
Passing through Huangfeng Ridge for eight hundred miles, Tang Monk was taken into Huangfeng Cave by Huangfeng Monster.Wukong went to Xiaoxumi Mountain to invite Lingji Bodhisattva to take over the Yellow Wind Monster. It turned out that this monster was a yellow haired marten that was enlightened at the foot of Lingshan Mountain.
In Liushahe, Tang Monk accepted Sha Wujing, who was enlightened by Avalokitesvara, as three disciples, and gave him the title of Monk Sha.The four masters and disciples traveled across the mountains and rivers to the west for scriptures.
The four masters and disciples crossed the river to the west and met Guanyin, Samantabhadra, Manjusri Bodhisattva and Lishan Old Mother. They became one mother and three women to try Zen.Bajie is tied to a tree and hanged before his heart retreats.
After passing the Wuzhuang Temple of Wanshou Mountain, Wukong stole the "Ginseng Fruit" from the Immortal Zhen Yuanzi, and pushed down the Ginseng Fruit Tree, which was trapped by the Immortal.Wukong asked for directions from three islands. Finally, he invited Guanyin to the South China Sea and held the nectar in the bottle to save the ginseng fruit tree.
To the White Tiger Ridge, the corpse demon wanted to harm Sanzang. He became a girl for the first time, an old woman for the second time, and a father-in-law for the third time, all of which were destroyed by the walkers.Due to the encouragement of Bajie, the three zang strange walkers committed crimes, chanted the tight hoop mantra and chased the walkers.The traveler returns to the Flower and Fruit Mountain as a demon.Sanzang was caught when he met the Huangpao monster.The wife of Huangpao monster is the princess of Baoxiang State, who rescued her.It was said that the king sent Bajie and Sha Seng to subdue the demons, but they were defeated by the yellow robed monster.Yellow robed monster enters the palace and accuses Sanzang of being a white tiger spirit.Bai Long's horse failed to rescue his master. He asked Bajie to invite him.The walker was defeated by the yellow robed monster, who was originally Kuixiu.Wukong saves Shifu, and Shifu and his disciples make up.
After crossing Pingding Mountain, the three Tibetans ordered the eight commandments to patrol the road.At the beginning of Bajie, he was lazy and slept, and then he lied to the teacher. All of them were seen through by the walkers.There are two demons in the mountain, golden horn and silver horn. The passers-by fought and subdued them, but the demons were two furnace watchers of Laojun, who were borrowed by Guanyin to transform the demons to test Sanzang masters and disciples.
During the night stay in Baolin Temple, Sanzang meets the ghost of King Wuji and complains.The walker saved the king of Wuji, and defeated the demon who killed the king and occupied the throne. The latter was originally the mount of Manjusri Bodhisattva, who took revenge according to the Buddha's order.
Arriving at Haoshan Mountain, he met the Baby King, Red Boy. Sanzang was killed. The rescuers, such as Walker and Bajie, were repeatedly defeated by demons.Red Boy was the son of his sworn brother Niu Demon King in his early years. He changed into Niu Demon King and saved Sanzang in the cave without success, but was defeated by Red Boy Samadhi.Finally, Guanyin can help to save it.Avalokitesvara subdues red children and is a child of good fortune.
If you cross the Heihe River, you will encounter a small alligator dragon.Sanzang is trapped underwater.The traveler invited the Dragon King to capture him.
Arriving at Chechi Country, I met three demons, namely tiger force, deer force and sheep force.Walkers, Bajie and Sha Monk make a scene in Sanqing Temple at night;Play a joke on the three demons.Later, he fought with the three demons in the palace. He gambled on praying for rain, betting on winning, and also on beheading, laparotomy, and boiling oil pot. All of them won, and the three demons were eliminated.
After passing through the Tianhe River, I met a goldfish that had become a demon in the lotus pond in front of the Guanyin Pedestal. The goldfish method took Tang Monk into the Water Mansion.Guanyin came to collect the goldfish.Sanzang got the help of Laoyuan to cross the river.Laoyuan asked Sanzang Dai when he could get a human body.
After crossing Jindou Mountain, he met the King of the Unicorn Monkey, and Sanzang was captured. After several fierce battles, the traveler invited all the divine soldiers to help him, and all of them failed.Later, the Tathagata pointed out that please come to me to subdue it.It turns out that the goblin mounts the green ox for the old gentleman.
In the women's kingdom of Xiliang, Sanzang and Bajie became pregnant after drinking from the mother river. The traveler took the spring water from the womb to save them.The queen wanted to add to the Three Zang, and the traveler designed to get away from it.But Sanzang was also photographed by the scorpion spirit in the Pipa Cave on the poisonous enemy mountain, and the traveler invited the Pleiades to destroy it.If you encounter a thief on the way, he will kill it.Sanzang Strangers kill people and chase them away.The traveler had no choice but to appeal to Guanyin.When Sanzang was attacked by a faker, he took the package.The masters and disciples thought that it was the traveler who did it. They sent Monk Sha to Huaguo Mountain to ask for it, but failed. Then they hurried to Guanyin in the South China Sea. Suddenly, they saw that the traveler was there again. Monk Sha was extremely angry. After the explanation of Guanyin, they stopped.The traveler goes to Huaguo Mountain to fight with the faker.The two men fought straight to the Tathagata.The Tathagata explained that the faker was a six eared macaque and was killed.
The way of master and apprentice blocks the front of Flaming Mountain.The traveler heard that there was a plantain fan that could be overcome, but the fan was at Luosha, the mother of Red Boy and the wife of Bull Demon King.The traveller rushed to the Luosha, first to borrow the ritual, then to force the rope.Luo Cha only lent the fake fan because the strange walker harmed Red Boy.The traveler went to the concubine of the Cow Demon King to borrow the cow, but the cow refused;The traveler stole the mount of a cow, changed it into a cow, and went to Luocha to get a banana fan.But on the way, he was caught up by the Bull Demon King and changed into the appearance of Bajie.Later, with the help of divine soldiers, he fought with the Bull Demon King and lost. He asked for fans to extinguish the flames.
To sacrifice to the country of Sai, the traveler will kill the king of all saints who stole treasures and the nine son-in-law.
After crossing the Thorn Ridge, Bajie waved palladium to open the road.At night, we meet bamboo spirits and tree demons.Sanzang is photographed and talks poetry with goblins.Later, he was nailed by Bajie to build a demon tree.
When I came to Xiaoxi, I met the King of Yellow Eyebrows.The goblin is good at using the wrapper.The walkers invited all kinds of magic soldiers, but they were defeated.Later, Maitreya Buddha helped him to subdue him. It turned out that the goblin was the child of the former head of the Buddha.
Through Tuoluo Village, the walkers and Bajie killed snake spirits and saved a village of old and young people.
After thin persimmons, Bajie becomes a big pig and opens a mountain full of dirty roads.
When he arrived at Zhu Ziguo, the traveler treated the king and rescued the Queen's Golden Palace robbed by the goblin Sai Taisui three years ago.Sai Taisui is a Guanyin who rides a golden lion to help the king.
Passing Pansi Ridge, Sanzang encounters a spider spirit, who instigates the multi eyed centipede spirit to oppose Sanzang's master and apprentice.The walker killed the spider spirit, and invited Pilanpo to catch the multi eyed monster.
To the Lion Camel Ridge, we met the three demons of green lion, white elephant and roc, and the three Tibetans suffered disaster;It is hard for a traveler to win through hard struggle, so he went to the west to appeal to Buddha.The Tathagata preached Manjusri and the wise men subdued the demons. It turned out that lions and elephants were the mounts of two Bodhisattvas, and the Tathagata forced Dapeng to convert.
The King of Picchu was confused by the national abbot who was turned into a white deer by the Longevity Star. He wanted to use 1111 children's hearts and livers as a guiding drug. Wukong saved the baby, beat back the monster, and the Longevity Star came to take away the white deer monster.
Sanzang saved a woman in the pine forest, but she was a demon.The master and apprentice stayed at Zhenhai Temple at night, and walked to subdue the demons. The goblins took the Three Zangs to the bottomless cave in the empty mountain.The walker invited Nezha to help him. It turned out that this demon was the righteous daughter of King Li.
After destroying France, the king wanted to kill ten thousand monks, four of them were missing.The traveler shaved all the hair of officials in the palace, five provinces and six ministries at night.He forced the king to convert to Bingshan and changed the country's name to Qinfa.
The leopard King of Jingnan Mountain, who wanted to eat the meat of Tang Monk, fell asleep with a sleepy insect by Wukong, and Bajie killed him.
After Fengxian County, Sun Xing saw that there had been no rain for three years and the disaster was serious. Because the princess had overthrown the vegetarian offering of Zhaitian in that year, he persuaded the county to return to charity. The whole county chanted Buddhism and moved heaven to send rain.
When they arrived in Yuhua Prefecture, the three brothers of Xingshi took three princes as apprentices;Imitate weapons such as gold hoop stick.As a result, the weapon was stolen by the yellow lion spirit of Baotou Mountain. The yellow lion spirit turned to its ancestor Jiuling Yuansheng for help.The traveller knew that the latter was the mount of Taiyi Tianzun who saved suffering, so he asked Taiyi Tianzun to subdue it.[65]
When we passed Jinping Mansion, it coincided with the Lantern Festival, and the Three Tibet Lantern Festival was captured by the Green Dragon Opera goblin, the King Pi Han, the King Pi Shu, and the King Pi Chen. The traveler invited four wooden birds to kill them and beheaded the monster in public.
The moon palace jade rabbit turns into a princess of India and throws an embroidered ball to Tang Monk, hoping to recruit him as his son-in-law.Wukong MeetsTaiyin Star King[66]Catch the Jade Rabbit and save the real princess.
Passing through the Tongtai Prefecture and the Diling County, the bandits stayed outside their home and received generous hospitality.Hou Kou's family was stolen, and Kou Yuan was killed outside.Sanzang master and disciple were framed.The doer cast a spell to discern it, and then saved the bandit to return to Yang.
Sanzang Shifu and his disciples finally arrived at Lingshan Mountain, took a bottomless boat to cross Lingyun Fairy Ferry, and saw the Buddha asking for scriptures.The Tathagata ordered A Nuo and Jia Ye to examine the scriptures;A Nuo and Jia Ye asked Sanzang for permission, so they passed the wordless scripture to Sanzang.Yandeng Ancient Buddha ordered Bai Xiong to grab scriptures halfway, and the four people knew the truth and returned to tell the Tathagata.The Tathagata said, "The scriptures cannot be passed lightly.".Sanzang sent the purple gold bowl to A Nuo, and then sent out the 5048 volumes of the Sutra.The Tathagata ordered the eight Vajras to escort the master and disciples back to Dongtu.Guanyin looked at the book of difficulties experienced by Sanzang and found that there were 80 difficulties in total. He ordered to uncover the truth and catch up with Vajra, and it was difficult to regenerate.When Sanzang and others were falling on the bank of the Tongtian River, an old turtle came to carry them across the river.Old Turtle blamed Sanzang for not asking about the return of Buddha for him, so he quenched the water, and the scroll was damaged by water.Finally, I completed the number of ninety-nine eighty-one difficulties.King Kong sent his disciples to Chang'an.
The Buddhist scriptures were sent back to Chang'an. After 14 cold and hot seasons, Taizong was pleased to receive Tang Monk's master and apprentice. He wrote the Holy Preamble to commend Tang Monk's achievements.Tang Monk is reciting sutras on the stage of Yanta Temple. Guided by Vajra, four masters and disciples turn back to Lingshan Mountain with white horses.Four people return to the Holy Mountain to listen to the seal: Sanzang is sealed as Zhantan Gongde Buddha;Wukong defeats Buddha for fighting;Bajie is the messenger of the Pure Temple;Monk Sha is a golden arhat;The white dragon horses are eight heavenly dragons, each of which belongs to its own standard.The hoops on Sun Wukong's head also disappeared by themselves.[2][42][46][67]
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The first cycle of spiritual root fertility originates from the spiritual cultivation
The second time, I realized the true and wonderful principles of Che Bodhi, and cut off demons and return to the original god
In the third round, all the four seas and thousands of mountains are surrounded by nine secluded places and ten categories are eliminated
In the fourth chapter, the official was appointed Bi Ma Xin, and his name was not enough
The fifth round: The Great Sage of Pantao Steals Pills and Attacks the Gods of Heaven
The sixth time Guanyin went to the meeting to ask why the little saint threatened the great saint
The seventh time: Escape from the Eight Diagrams Furnace, the Great Sage, at the foot of the Five Elements Mountain
The eighth time, our Buddha Sutra was passed on, and the Blissful Avalokitesvara gave an order to go to Chang'an
The Ninth Time Yuan Shoucheng Tricks to Play No Private Songs; Old Dragon Wang Zhuo Plans to Violate Heaven's Order
The Tenth Return of the Second General's Palace Gate Ghost Tang Taizong Mansion
The 11th time, Wang Zun of Tang Dynasty was born again. He was kind and fruitless. The lonely soul Xiao Yuzheng was empty
The twelfth session of Xuanzang Bingcheng Construction Conference: Avalokitesvara Becomes a Golden Cicada
The Thirteenth Return to the Tiger's Cave, the Golden Star Solution to Ershuangcha Ridge, the Boqin Remaining Monk
The Fourteenth Return of Heart Ape to Six Thieves without a Trace
The Fifteenth Turn: The Gods of the Snake Winding Mountain secretly bless the Eagle Worry Stream, and the horses stop
The 16th Guanyin Temple monk seeks treasure Heifeng Mountain to steal cassock
The 17th time, Sun Walker makes a big noise in Heifeng Mountain, Guanyin subdues Xiong Buguai
The Eighteenth Guanyin Temple Tang Monk Escapes Difficulties Gao Laozhuang's Great Saint Eliminates Demons
The 19th time, Wukong receives the Sutra of Xuanzang from the Eight Commandments in Yunzhan Cave
The 20th time, Tang Monk in Huangfeng Ridge has a problem
The 21st Dharmapala set up the Grand Sage Xu Mai to subdue the wind and demons
The 22nd chapter of the Eight Commandments War: Liusha River, Wooden Fork, Dharma Worship and Enlightenment
The 23rd Tripitaka Don't Forget the Origin, Four Sages Try Zen Mind
The 24th Wanshou Mountain Immortal Retains His Old Friend, the Five Villages Watcher Steals Ginseng
The 25th round Zhenyuan Immortal catches the Buddhist monk Sun Walker and makes a scene in Wuzhuang Temple
The 26th Monkey King's Three Islands Seeking Fang Guanyin's Sweet Spring and Living Tree
The 27th Episode of the Corpse Demon: The Saint Monk of Tang Sanzang Hates to Chase the Monkey King
Chapter 28 The demons of Huaguo Mountain gather to meet the demons in the Black Pine Forest
The 29th time, the land comes from the troubled river, and the Eight Commandments turn into mountains and forests
The 30th cycle: Evil Devils Invade the Right Law, Ma Yi Heart Ape
Chapter 31: Pig's Eight Commandments Stimulate Monkey King Sun Walker's Wisdom to Fall Monster
The 32nd Return Pingdingshan Gong Cao Sends a Message to Mumu in Lotus Cave to Meet Disaster
The Thirty third Turn: The True Spirit of the Taoist Mystery Helps the Original Heart
The 34th time, the Demon King skillfully calculated the trapped ape, the great saint, that deceived the baby
The 35th turn: The Taoist bullied the righteous ape to get the treasure and subdue the evil spirit
The 36th time, the heart ape is right at all edges, and it breaks through the door and sees the moonlight
The 37th time, the ghost king called Tang Sanzang at night, and Wukong deified the baby
The 38th time, the baby asks the mother to know the evil, and the golden wood ginseng sees the truth
The 39th time, a grain of red sand will last for three years
The 40th time, the baby plays Zen, the ape horse sabre returns to Mu Mukong
The 41st time, the heart ape was defeated by fire and the mother of wood was captured by the devil
The 42nd Great Sage Worshipped Nanhai Avalokitesvara and Bound Red Boy for Charity
The 43rd Return The Heihe Demon Captured the Monk and went to the Western Dragon to catch the Alligator
The 44th cycle of the Dharma Body Yuan Yun meets the car, and the power heart is evil, and the evil spirit reaches the ridge pass
The 45th Session The Great Sage of Sanqing Temple left a famous car and the Monkey King of the Late Kingdom revealed his method
The 46th time, the Taoist priest bullied the righteous heart ape to show the holy spirit and eliminate all evils
The 47th Return: The Holy Monk obstructs the access to Tianshui Jinmu Chui at night to save the child
The 48th Turn: Devil Makes the Cold Wind Blow with Heavy Snow, Monk Si Worshipping Buddha and Wearing Ice
The 49th Return: Sanzang Disaster, Sunken House, Guanyin Rescue, Fish Basket
The 50th Episode: Emotional Disorder, Passion from Eros to Encounter the Devil
The 51st time, the heart ape used thousands of tricks to calculate water and fire, and it was hard to cultivate demons
The 52nd Turn: Monkey King Makes a Trouble in the Golden (Mountain Pass) Cave Buddha Hints the Hero
The Fifty third Chapter Zen Master Eats the Meal, Pregnant with Ghosts, and Pregnant Huangpo Carries out the Hydrolysis of Evil Fetuses
The 54th Meeting of Female Apes from the West with French Sex: A Plan to Cut off Fireworks
The Fifty fifth Episode of Lust and Prostitution Tang Sanzang's Correct Cultivation of Nature
The 56th Revival Crazy Killing Grass Robbers: Don't worry about apes
The 57th true traveler Luojia Mountain complains about the fake Monkey King Water Curtain Cave
Chapter 58 Two Hearts Disturb the Great Universe, Difficult to Repair and Silence
The 59th Return: Tang Sanzang Road Block Flame Mountain Sun Walker Tunes a Banana Fan
The 60th Return: The Bull Demon King Strikes out for a Feast in China; Sun Walker Two Tuned Banana Fan
The 61st Round: Pig Bajie Helps the Defeated Devil Sun Walker Three Tune Banana Fan
The 62nd Turn: Cleaning up Dirt and Heart, But Sweeping Tower and Binding Devil, Returning to the Lord Is Self cultivation
The 63rd time, the second monk goes to the dragon palace to kill evil spirits and get treasure
The sixty fourth chapter: Understanding the Thorn Ridge and Working Hard; Three Tibetan Poems in Muxian Temple
The 65th chapter assumes that Xiaoleiyin's four people are in great trouble
The sixty-six times, the gods were bound by the evil hand Maitreya
The sixty seventh time, save Tuoluo's Zen mind from filth
The 68th Chapter: Tang Monk of the State of Zhu Zi's Comments on the Past Descendants' Wrongs
The Sixty ninth Heart Returning Master cultivates medicine at night. On evil spirits at the King's feast
The 70th time, the demon treasure releases smoke, sand, fire, Wukong plans to steal purple golden bell
The Seventy First Return Walker Appears as Lord Subduing Demons
The 72nd Turn: Seven Lovers in Silk Cave: Ben Zhuoguequan, Eight Commandments
The 73rd Love Cause Disaster Due to Old Hatred The Poisonous Heart Lord Is Destroyed by Evil Luck
The 74th round Chang Geng reports the change energy of the evil doer
The 75th time, the heart ape penetrates the yin and yang body, and the devil returns to Dadaozhen
The Seventy sixth Turn: The spirit of the heart, the dwelling place, the devil, the nature of the wooden mother, and the strange body
The Seventy seventh Turn The demons deceive the nature and worship the truth as one
The 78th cycle: Picchu Lianzi sent the Yin God to the Golden Palace to recognize demons and talk about morality
The 79th time, find a hole to catch the demon, meet Lao Shou, the leader of the dynasty, and save the baby
The Eighty Chapter: Young Lady Yuyang Asks for a Mate; Heart Ape Protector Identifies Evil Spirits
The eighty first round of Zhenhai Temple's Inner Ape Knows Strange Black Pine Forest
The eighty second time, a beautiful girl begged Yang, and the primordial god guarded the way
The 83rd time, the heart ape recognized the beauty of Dantou and returned to nature
The eighty fourth cycle of the Naming Jia holding the Great Enlightenment Dharma King became a natural entity
The 85th time, the heart ape is jealous of the Mu Mu Devil
The eighty sixth turn: Mu Mu helps the monster Jin Gong to kill demons
The 87th Return: Sun Dasheng Persuades Benevolence to Give Lin in Fengxian County
The eighty eighth chapter of Zen to teach the disciples to the Yuhua Master
The 89th turn: The Yellow Lion Spirit pretends to nail palladium, feast gold, wood and earth, and make trouble in Baotou Mountain
The ninetieth master lion gives and receives the same return, the same steal way, the Zen, the nine spirits
The 91st Return: Tang Monk's Confession at Xuanying Cave on the Lantern Festival in Jinping Mansion
The 92nd Round Three Monks Fight to Capture Rhinoceros Monster with Four Stars in Qinglong Mountain
The 93rd time, ask Gu Yuan about the marriage of the King of the Kingdom of India
The Nineteenth Turn Four Monks Feast in the Imperial Garden A Strange Man with Empty Lust and Joy
The 95th round: Catch the Jade Rabbit in True Shape with Fake Combination and True Yin Return to True Soul Yuan
The 96th time, Councillor Kou likes to treat the eminent monk, Elder Tang, not greedy for wealth
The 97th Turn: The external protection was stung by the devil, the saint revealed the ghost and saved the source
The ninety-eight chapter: apes are ripe, horses are tamed, husks are broken, and success is achieved
The ninety-nine chapter, the ninety-nine chapter, the end of the evil, the end of the three lines, the end of the path
The hundredth way back to Dongtu, the five saints come true
reference material[3]
Creation background
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Story Source
Xuanzang's Journey to the West
The completion of Journey to the West is similar to the Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Outlaws of the Marsh, both of which have experienced a long-term accumulation and evolution process.However, it is not consistent with the evolution characteristics of the former two: The Romance of the Three Kingdoms and The Water Margin are expanded and fabricated on the basis of historical truth, which is the combination of "reality" and "emptiness" and finally presents the false image of "truth" to the readers;The evolution process of Journey to the West is to deify and hallucinate the real events in history, and finally present them to readers in the form of "illusion".
Xuanzang (602-664) learned Buddhist scriptures, which was a real historical event in the Tang Dynasty.In the third year of Zhenguan period (629), in order to pursue the true meaning of Buddhism, he set out from Chang'an, passed through more than 100 countries, and finally arrived in India through difficulties and obstacles.He studied there for more than two years and was the keynote speaker at a large Buddhist sutra debate, which was praised.In the 19th year of Zhenguan period (645), Xuanzang returned to Chang'an and brought back 657 Buddhist scriptures. This extraordinary feat itself provided a vast world for people's imagination.Later, Xuanzang dictated what he had seen and heard about his journey to the west, which was edited by his disciple Bian Ji into a twelve volume book, A Tale of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty.But this book mainly tells the history, geography and transportation of the countries Xuanzang saw on the road. There is no story.Later, his disciples Hui Li and Yan Cong wrote the Biography of the Great Mercy Temple Tripitaka Master of the Tang Dynasty. In the process of praising the master and promoting Buddhism, they also used exaggerated and apotheosized style to intersperse some strange stories from time to time, adding a lot of mythical flavor to Xuanzang's experience.As a result, the story of Buddhist scripture learning has become more and more popular in the society. Some notes in the late Tang Dynasty, such as "Du Yi Zhi" and "Da Tang Xin Yu", recorded the magical story of Xuanzang's Buddhist scripture learning. Since then, the story of Tang monk's Buddhist scripture learning has begun to spread among Chinese people.
The Sutra Telling Tales of the Southern Song Dynasty, Tang Sanzang Poetry Tales on the Collection of Sutras, began to connect various myths with stories about the collection of sutras. Monkey walkers appeared in the book.He used to be the "84000 Bronze headed and Iron fronted Macaque King of Ziyun Cave in Huaguo Mountain", who came to escort Sanzang as a white clothed scholar.He was very clever and resourceful. He killed white tiger essence, subdued nine kui dragons and subdued the god of deep sand all the way, making the cause of learning classics "perfect".This is the beginning that the central figure in the story of Buddhist scriptures gradually changed from Xuanzang to Monkey King.The image of Monkey Walker originates from the mystery novels in ancient China.There are stories of white apes becoming excellent and acting strange in Wu Yue Chun Qiu, Sou Shen Ji, Bujiang General White Ape Biography and other books, while the Huai Vortex Water Monster Wu Zhi Qi in Li Gongzuo's Gu Yue Du Jing's "God changing fast" and rebellious character are particularly close to the Monkey King in the legend of taking scriptures.The Shensha God in the book is the predecessor of the monk Sha in Journey to the West, but there is no Pig Bajie.By the Yuan Dynasty, a more complete and vivid "Journey to the West Pinghua" appeared, and its main plot was very close to "Journey to the West".At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty at the latest, there has been a relatively complete story of Journey to the West.[44][48]
background of times
In the era of Wu Chengen, Taoism became a vicious force, colluding with the rulers of the court and losing the progressive significance of folk Taoism.In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Taoists had reached the point of decadence and were despised by the people.For example, Tao Zhongwen, a Taoist, was granted the title of Shaobao and Minister of Rites during the Jiajing period. He gained the favor of the emperor by curing diseases, eliminating demons, refining pills and praying, and colluded with Cui Wen, an eunuch, and Yan Song, a traitor.During the Jiajing period, Zeng Ming ordered to promote Taoism and exterminate Buddhism, ordered to confiscate the assets of Nengren Temple, drove out the Buddha statue in the palace, and later cancelled the official Buddha hall.During the Jiajing period, great construction was also carried out, including the construction of Sanqing Palace and the celebration of feasts.The people suffer from hard labor, and the national treasury is empty.Wu Chengen used Journey to the West as a satire.[51]
Creative motivation
Before Wu Chengen created Journey to the West, the story of Tang Monk's taking scriptures from the west had already spread among the people, but Wu Chengen's Journey to the West was not a simple piece of folk stories.In his creation, Wu Chengen has made a lot of changes to the folk stories."Tang Sanzang Collection of Buddhist Scriptures" is a relatively complete and the first work to record the stories in "Journey to the West". Wu Chengen has remodeled the image of the monkey walker as a scholar in white in "Tang Sanzang Collection of Buddhist Scriptures", and created the image of Sun Wukong who is full of blood and enthusiasm.Monkey walkers are pious Buddhist images who actively help monks to learn from the Western Heaven in order to achieve positive results, while Monkey King is a proud image who advocates freedom.
Some scholars once said: "Unsatisfied wishes are the driving force of fantasy, and each fantasy contains the realization of a wish and makes the unsatisfied reality better." Wu Chengen also has two unmet wishes in Journey to the West, one is that he failed to realize the desire to live forever, and the other is that he failed to realize the value of individual life.
The first is good living.In Journey to the West, the stone monkey created by the author is a praise for the birth of new life.In the fourth chapter, from Monkey King's dissatisfaction with being called Ma Wen, the junior official, to his satisfaction with being called the Great Sage of Heaven, Monkey King's own value was reflected.But this was just the Jade Emperor's appeasement for the safety of the heaven. In fact, he did not attach importance to it.As a result, Monkey King was not well received by the Peach Blossom Club, which made Monkey King realize that the title of the Great Sage of Heaven was just a hoax, thus resisting the unequal treatment of the Jade Emperor.The experience of Monkey King also reflects the fact that Wu Chengen was talented in his early years and was not put in an important position.
The second is vicious death.Wu Chengen realizes that death is a kind of sorrow, and yearns to become an immortal and live with heaven and earth, mountains and rivers.When he wrote Journey to the West, he was in his sixties and seventies, which could be said to be approaching his old age. His age was very similar to that of Monkey King. Therefore, he recorded his anger in Monkey King's body, allowing Monkey King to cross mountains and rivers, go through hardships, and seek the secret recipe of immortality.[45]
Introduction
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Key roles
Character name
Introduction
Monkey King
Sun WuKongAlso known as Sunwalker and Wukong, they were honored as Monkey King by monkeys in Huaguo Mountain, and the Jade Emperor granted him the title of Monkey King“Great Sage of Heaven”There are seventy-two changes.
It used to be a fairy stone in Huaguo Mountain of Dongsheng Shenzhou, which was broken by the sun and the moon. It was elected as the owner of the water curtain cave by all monkeys and called the Monkey King.Seeking immortals to visit the Tao, he met the founder of Subhuti and named him Sun Wukong.He learned seventy-two changes, split body method, somersault cloud and other supernatural powers from the founder of Subhuti.After returning to Huaguo Mountain, he obtained the golden cudgel from the dragon palace rope, and Naoshen also wrote off his life and death books with the monkey family.Taibaijinxing announced that he would accept the Jade Emperor twice, and grant him the titles of Bi Mawen and Qi Tian Great Sage, but only for the purpose of Jimi. After he found out that he had been cheated, he twice made a scene in the Heavenly Palace, and said, "The emperor will take turns to work and come to my house next year." He asked the Jade Emperor to step down and defeat the Tianbing and Tianjiang generals who went to encircle and suppress,Later, he was forced by the Buddha of the Western Heaven to suffer under the Five Elements Mountain for more than 500 years by deception and magic.Later, he was persuaded by Avalokitesvara Avalokitesvara, converted to Buddhism, and became a great disciple of Tang Monk, also named Sunwalker.He was trained by Laojun Furnace and Wuxing Mountain, and became mature. On the way to the west, he not only had courage, but also had more wisdom to subdue monsters.With a tight hoop, Sun Wukong braved the pain of his master reading the tight hoop mantra without distinguishing between the true and the false, protected the old monk with ordinary body, fought against the poor mountains and evil waters, demons and ghosts, and inevitably fought against the soft kindness of the master in the scripture collection and the instigation of Zhu Bajie.Generally speaking, Monkey King's clever fight against demons, such as belly drilling tactics, digging old roots tactics, etc., is difficult but easy. No matter how vicious the enemy is, it will always win in the end.He also has shortcomings. He is quite noble, and is not good at dealing with internal contradictions. Sometimes he does not take care of Shifu's self-esteem, and he always mocks Zhu Bajie. So under the instigation of Zhu Bajie, Shifu recites the Tight Hoop Mantra several times, and was expelled twice.However, Sun Wukong's indomitable spirit can not be intimidated by any difficulties. He often takes the initiative to find monsters, and his optimistic attitude of playing with a few monsters is a solid guarantee for the success of the great cause of learning from experience.The Tathagata Buddha finally named him as "fighting against Buddha", which is the most accurate result of his great achievements;At the end of the novel, he still hated that some Bodhisattva teased people to wear a hoop on his head to take it down and smash it.This image was enriched and developed in the long spread and the creation of several generations of writers, and was later completed by Wu Chengen.The image of a monkey walker has already appeared in the poetry and speech of the Song Dynasty, and its prototype is either the water god of the Huai River, Wuzhi Qi, or the monkey Hanuman, the god in the Indian epic Romana.[47]
Defeat the Buddha Sun Wukong
Tang Monk
Tang Monk, the common surname is Chen, the nickname is Jiang Liuer, the Fa is Xuan Zang, the name is Sanzang, and the surname is Tang, which was granted by Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty.
The leader of the collective learning classics has its own person in history, while the novel is mainly based on legend and imagination.In his previous life, he was the second disciple of the Tathagata, Jin Chanzi, who was reincarnated as the son of Chen Guangrui, the top scholar of the Tang Dynasty, and Miss Yin. Because of their parents' suffering, he became a monk in Jinshan Temple when he was young. With a small character of Jiang Liuer, his name was Xuanzang. At the beginning of the study of Buddhist scriptures, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty gave him the title of Tripitaka Master, commonly known as Tang Monk.Tang Monk became a monk when he was young. He only recited sutras and Buddhism, but did not understand human affairs. He was a devout Buddhist with a heart of compassion.After 14 years of hardships and hardships, he lived in the open air for hundreds of thousands of miles, passed through the mountains and rivers, and was poisoned by the magic barrier. His confidence in the cause of learning scriptures was unwavering, which enabled him to firmly maintain the position of the spiritual leader of the four westward people (or the five white horses included), and finally completed the great cause to become the Zhantan Gongde Buddha.On the other hand, Tang Monk's weaknesses and shortcomings were very prominent, which made it impossible to avoid some disasters that could have been avoided on the way to the west.I only know that chanting sutras and worshiping Buddha are weak and incompetent. I heard that there are demons who are numb all over and their legs sift chaff;Never forget to be kind-hearted. Sweeping the floor may hurt ants. Cherish the moth gauze wrapped lamp.However, they don't distinguish the true from the false, and they are not able to sum up experience and lessons.He was clearly a demon. He said he was a good man, but Sun Wukong didn't listen to Zhu Bajie's slander. Although he kept suffering losses, he was saved by Sun Wukong with all his efforts, but he still went to repeat the same mistakes, especially when he tortured Sun Wukong by chanting the Tight Hoop Curse, so that he expelled Sun Wukong. He often took sides with Zhu Bajie, interceded for the exposed lies of Zhu Bajie, and hated things.[47]
Zhantan Merit Buddha Tang Monk
Pig Bajie (Mumu)
It is also called pig Ganghyena and pig Wuneng.Tang Monk's second apprentice.Tianpeng Marshal, who was in charge of the Tianhe Sailors, was demoted to the world because he took wine to tease Chang'e at the Peach Blossom Fair. He mistakenly threw a pig fetus into the shape of a pig, so he took the pig as his surname, named Zhugang Man. He occupied the Yunzhan Cave in Fuling Mountain as a demon. After being persuaded by Avalokitesvara, he took the name of Wuneng and waited for the person to take the scripture. He ran to Gao Laozhuang to be the son in law of the high commissioner and his wife Gao Cuilan.Later, he became the second disciple of Tang Monk, who gave him an alias and called him Bajie.Pig Bajie carries the burden. Because he has a big stomach, he is always hungry. He complains and sleeps lazily.He is stupid and thinks he is smart;With a long mouth and big ears, he is ugly and thinks he is extremely handsome;He likes to lie, but claims to be the most honest;She is a good girl, and wants to be a whole family. She doesn't know who she is. When she gets the chance, she shouts to break up and return to Gaolaozhuang.When Avalokitesvara tried Zen, he fell into a trap and became the son-in-law who was tortured.Sun Wukong caught him, often exposed his lies and wanted to beat him.He dared not confront Monkey King openly, so he instigated Master to recite the Hoop Curse to make Monkey King difficult.Behind all this, Zhu Bajie also reveals his simplicity. He exposes his arrogance and is exposed when he lies. He is always deceived when he is clever and naive. The incongruity in contradictions forms the characteristics of Zhu Bajie's comic characters.Of course, Zhu Bajie has also made contributions in his journey to the west. One of them is to bear the burden. He arched the thin persimmon and dug out the thorn ridge. He also paid attention to the head work. While underwater kungfu is beyond Wukong's ability, and when he catches monsters in the water, he can't help but be his assistant.He returned to the Western Heaven after receiving scriptures, and the Tathagata named him the Messenger of the Pure Altar.[47]
Zhu Bajie's weapon isNine tooth harrow, its full name is Shangbaoqin Gold Palladium.Zhu Bajie only knows 36 changes of Tiangang number.[4]
Jingtan Messenger Zhu Bajie
Monk Sha (Monk Sha)
Also known as Sha Wujing and Sha Monk.He used to be the general of rolling curtains in the Heavenly Palace. He was demoted to the Liusha River as a demon. Through the enlightenment of Guanyin Bodhisattva, he became a member of the group of Buddhist scriptures.Monk Sha is an honest assistant of Monkey King. He is good at underwater Kung Fu. He is not afraid of his ability, does not compete for merit, and does not forget to atone for his sins. He has a firm belief in learning scriptures.His greatest contribution to the collection of Buddhist scriptures is to mediate when Tang Monk, Sun Wukong and Zhu Bajie have different opinions.Although Sun Wukong was expelled twice, he didn't say a word and was complained about by Sun Wukong, he played a balancing role in frequent conflicts, and his contribution was not small.Sun Wukong also called him a good man.He returned to the Western Heaven after receiving Buddhist scriptures. The Tathagata named him a golden arhat.[47]
Monk Sha's weapon isDemon Subduing Staff, the full name of Demon Subduing Real Treasure Staff, also known as "Thoreau Treasure Staff", weighs five thousand forty-eight kilograms.It comes from Thoreau Immortal Wood in the Moon Palace and is carved by Lu Ban.Monk Sha was given by the Jade Emperor when he paid homage to the roller shutter general, and he carried it with him. He was good at subduing demons.
Golden Luohan Sha Wujing
White Dragon Horse (Jade Dragon)
Also known as Jade Dragon (Little Dragon King).It was the Dragon King of the West SeaAo RunHis third prince, who set fire to the bright pearl on the temple, was accused by his father of disobedience to the Jade Emperor of Heaven. The Jade Emperor sent people to beat him three hundred times, hanging in the air, waiting to be dealt with.Guanyin Bodhisattva went to the east to find the pilgrims. When he met them halfway, he begged the Jade Emperor to save the Jade Dragon and use it as a leg for the pilgrims in the west.Therefore, the white dragon horse also redeems the sins of the previous life with the body of sin.Compared with the monk Sha, he should be guilty. "arson" is a deliberate act, which is different from "failure" in subjective will;The "pearl" is a rare treasure, and the "glazed lamp" is just an ordinary vessel. Therefore, the degree of loss is totally different.It is the jade dragon who doesn't know how to cherish the precious treasure, so it is necessary for him to change from the admired flying "jade dragon" in the past to the ordinary "white horse" that can be ridden by people in this world.Compared with the other three elder martial brothers' transformation from god to demon and then to man, the jade dragon is directly from god to beast, walking on four feet on the way to the west to get scriptures, and is often beaten by others, realizing what is "treasure".[5]
Jade Emperor、Lord of Heaven and symbol of the creative power of the Dao、Lingbao senior(Taoist Yu Chen)Lord Lao Zi(Moral Heavenly Honour), the ancestor of Duke Mu (Emperor Donghua)The Queen Mother of the West(Yaochi Jinmu), Lishan LaomuZhenwu EmperorWang Lingguan, Qianliyan, Shunfeng'er, Jiutianyingyuan Thunder Popularization Tianzun, Lei Gong, Dian Mu, Grandma Feng, Yun Shen, Five Energy Zhenjun, Taibai VenusBarefoot Immortal, Youyi Lingguan, Sun Xingjun, Taiyin Xingjun, Chang'e (Su'e Fairy, Nishang Fairy, etc.), Four Heavenly Kings, Dayou God, Nightou God, Tota Heavenly King, Jinzha, Muzha, Nezha, Juling God, Three Stars of Fortune, Longevity, Erlang God, Four Valued Merits, Twenty Eight Constellations, Six Stars of the Southern Dipper, Seven Stars of the Northern Dipper, Aoguang, Dragon King of the East China SeaNanhai Dragon KingAo Qin, Beihai Dragon King Ao Shun, Xihai Dragon King Ao Run, Qin Guang King, Chu Jiang King, Song Emperor, Wu Guan King, Yan Luo King, Ping Ping King, Taishan King, City King, Bian Cheng King, Wheel King, Bodhi Patriarch, Zhen Yuan Daxian, Taiyi Jiuku TianzunJinghe Dragon King。
demons and ghosts
The devil in the world, General Yin, Xiong Shanjun, the special clerk, the black wind monster, Ling Xuzi, the white clothes scholar, the tiger pioneer, the yellow wind monsterBaigujing, Huangpao monsterGolden Horn King、Silver Horn King, the dragon crushing immortal, the seven kings of the fox, the lion demon, the red boy, the alligator dragon monsterTiger Power Immortal、Luli Immortal、Yang Li Daxian、Inspiration king, unicorn king, Ruyi Immortal, scorpion essenceSix eared Macaca mulatta, Princess Iron FanBull Demon King, Yumian Princess, Baiboerba, Baiboerban, All Saints Dragon KingNine headed Emperor's Son in Law, naked ghostStrong Section 18、Gu Zhigong、Flyer、Old Man Fu Yun, apricot fairy, yellow eyebrow king, red scale boa constrictor (boa constrictor essence), you come and go, Saitaisui, spider essence, hundred eyes demon, small diamond wind, green hair lion king, yellow ivory elephant kingTen thousand Lipeng, fox spirit (the queen of the country), white deer spirit (the national abbot), golden nose white hair mouse spirit, Nanshan King, yellow lion spirit, honoring lions, snow lions, lion dragons, white Ze, Fu Li, Tuan Xiang, Jiu Ling Yuan ShengKing Pihan、Pishu King、King of Dust Dispelling, Jade Rabbit Essence.
Appreciation of works
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Ideological content
1、 Reflect the real society through the world of gods and demons, and expose the darkness and corruption of the Ming society
The heavenly palace represented by the Jade Emperor, including the underworld, the Western Heaven and other theocratic institutions depicted in the novel, is not only similar to the human world in administrative settings, but also has the same behavior and behavior. Its fatuity and corruption are the same.After the Monkey King, the ruling group of the Heavenly Palace not only exposed its weakness in power, but also revealed the Jade Emperor's indistinct wisdom, the generals' weak and incompetent Confucianism, the Tianxian's deceitful tactics, and the whole heaven's jealousy of the sages.The Western Heaven claimed to be the Blissful World, but openly asked for bribes. The two reverents, A Nuo and Gaye, were so angry that even the kind and generous Tang Monk also said, "In this Blissful World, there is also the Evil Evil Jelly!" As for the hell, it is a place where evil is hidden and evil is accepted, and there is also a place for selfish dancing.In the nine kingdoms on earth experienced by Tang Monk and his disciples, most of the kings were also fatuous monarchs, which made evil spirits run rampant.In a word, these heavenly palaces, underground places, western paradise and human kingdoms described in the works are all full of dirt and ugliness, which symbolically reflects the ignorance of human emperors, the corruption of the imperial court and the darkness of the world.
Most of the demons and ghosts described in the novel allude to the illegal power and power at that time, and they are the symbols of social evil forces that harm people.For example, Red Boy, the king of the Holy Baby, is too greedy to plunder, the scale snake monster of Tuoluozhuang is too bloodthirsty, Ruyi Immortal's speculation and wealth collection, and the goldfish monster's extortion and plunder, which are obviously closely linked with the reality. A vivid picture of a hundred ugly people in the middle of the Ming Dynasty reflects the social reality of the Ming Dynasty, which was stripped by the government and run amok, and the profound disaster brought to the people by various taxes and corvees.Many demons in the novel are closely related to gods and Buddhas.These images, such as the roc bird in the Lion Camel Ridge and the rat spirit in the bottomless hole, imply that the rulers connived at hawks and dogs to make trouble, and even colluded from top to bottom to shield each other, alluding to the social reality of collusion and collusion of corrupt officials in the Ming Dynasty.
"Journey to the West" is against the Ming Dynasty's policy of "worshiping Buddhism and exterminating Buddhism". The novel adopts the attitude of "worshiping Buddhism and suppressing Taoism", and satirizes and ridicules Taoism. This ridicule has a distinct practical pertinence.In the novel, there are many Taoists who commit many crimes, such as Chechi, the three immortals of Tiger Force, Deer Force and Sheep Force, and the national abbot of the state of Biqiu.They sometimes talk about disorderly politics or plot evil, but they are trusted by the king and act arbitrarily, which implies that Shizong is good.It is reported that the Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty was an excellent Taoist, and he also named Taoists Shao Yuanjie, Tao Zhongwen and others as "real people", and the official was the minister of rites.These Taoists have made the government a mess.The book also tries to describe that the monarch of Che Chi trusted the evil way and wantonly captured the monk.In this description, there is a shadow of the rule of factory guards and spies.The objects revealed and satirized in the novel can find their shadow and basis in the real life of the Ming Dynasty.
2、 Praise the rebellious spirit and heroic behavior that dare to challenge the feudal authority
First of all, Monkey King is a fearless person who dares to make trouble in heaven and dare to break into the underworld;Secondly, the Monkey King is a righteous sword with wisdom and courage, which sweeps away demons.Fearless and brave make this character shine, which is also the value and essence of this book.Because of its fearlessness, it does not obey the jurisdiction of the unicorn, the phoenix tube, or the constraints of the human king's laws;Dare to go to the heaven and shout "The emperor will take turns and come to my house next year", which will make the heaven and earth fall into pieces and frighten the Jade Emperor's immortals into panic;Dare to intrude into the underworld, and draw a picture of life and death, so that the king of hell bow down and dare not provoke;If he dares to disturb the Dragon Palace, the old Dragon King has to welcome and send off;Dare to disrespect Guanyin;Dare to scold the Tathagata for injustice;He never paid attention to the earthly king.This dauntless spirit of daring to challenge all authorities and defy all the sacredness is the basic feature of the artistic image of Monkey King, and also the personality spirit that the author praises vigorously.The Monkey King is intelligent and brave, so he can see through all disguise and insight into all the truth.The author tries his best to describe Sun Wukong's outstanding talents, extraordinary wisdom, bright eyes and wise and clear minds, which is actually a praise of wisdom and courage.If Zhuge Liang is the embodiment of the wisdom of the ancient people, Sun Wukong can be regarded as the embodiment of the courage of the ancient people.
Journey to the West is composed of two stories with different ideological meanings: "Monkey King made a great fuss in Heaven" and "Western Heaven learned scriptures". Therefore, for the need of plot development, the novel describes the failure of Monkey King to make a great fuss in Heaven and his eventual conversion to Buddhism. The hero tragedy of Monkey King is the reflection of the author's feudal orthodoxy in the work.In terms of image building, although the Monkey King has a strong ability to do somersaults for one hundred and eight thousand miles, he cannot escape from the palm of the Buddha, which is the tragedy of Monkey King as a rebel;Five hundred years later, the Monkey King was enlightened by Guanyin and escorted Tang Monk to take Buddhist scriptures. Although he had not changed his heroic nature, he was gradually driven by the hoops. He "changed evil into good", turned his heart to Buddhism, and finally converted to Buddhism. This is the tragedy of Monkey King as a submissive.The two contradictory aspects embodied in Sun Wukong reflect the complexity and contradiction of the author's ideas, as well as the confusion and limitation of his understanding.However, as an artistic image itself, Sun Wukong's character of daring to fight, fearing violence, tenacity, cheerfulness, harmony and optimism is consistent.The whole book connects the two stories with its clues, showing a common ideological tendency: exposing social darkness and denying unreasonable social order;Sing praises of the people's indomitable resistance and struggle.[49]
3、 Publicize the mind learning thought of "three religions in one" through the image of Sun Wukong
As a supernatural novel, Journey to the West does not directly describe the real life, nor is it similar to the prehistoric primitive myth. In its supernatural and fantastic stories, beyond the humorous writing, it contains some profound meaning and theme.In this regard, critics throughout the history have made various discussions, roughly from thinking "reasonable in fantasy" to emphasizing "interesting in fantasy" and "real in fantasy", which has a tortuous course.It should be said that the novel itself does have some basis to support a certain tendency.However, in terms of its most important and characteristic spirit, it should be said that "there is a secret meaning in the game" (General Review of Journey to the West by Li Zhuowu), which contains philosophy in fantasy and humor.This philosophy is the psychology that was impacted and transformed by the personality trend of thought in the Ming Dynasty.Therefore, subjectively, the writer wanted to promote "insight" and maintain the normal order of feudal society by shaping the artistic image of Monkey King, but objectively, he publicized people's self-worth and the pursuit of human beauty.
"Journey to the West" wants to publicize the "three religions in one" mind learning is clear "through the image of Sun Wukong. The basic idea of mind learning is to" seek peace of mind "and" to be honest ", that is, to return the uninhibited mind confused by foreign objects to the conscious realm of conscience.In particular, the novel chooses the typical religious term "heart ape", which is used to describe the restless mind, as the nickname of Monkey King.Some retrospections and poems also express this meaning very directly and clearly, such as "the spiritual root nurtures the source of pregnancy, and the mind cultivates the Tao" (the first chapter), "the devil disappears after the ninety-nine count, and the three and three lines return to the root" (the ninety-nine chapter).In the poem praise, it was said that the beauty of the monkey king said: "Use the egg to transform the monkey to finish the road, and give him the name of Dan Cheng. The internal view does not know why he has no appearance, and the external view clearly knows how to be tangible" (the first time);"The ape body matches the human heart, and the heart means that the ape has a deep meaning,... the horse ape cooperates with the heart and mind, and is tied tightly to find no outside" (the seventh chapter), which clearly shows that the author has long portrayed Monkey King as the illusion of the human heart.From the perspective of the structure of the whole book, it is roughly composed of three parts: First, Monkey King made a big fuss in the Heavenly Palace;2、 Under the Five Elements Mountain;3、 Go west to learn scriptures and become fruit.In fact, it is a metaphor for the whole process of reassurance, concentration and cultivation.In order to show the overall design of "Heart and Ape Return", the work also allows Sun Wukong to directly promote the idea of "Insight" to Tang Monk from time to time.For example, on the 24th time, Tang Monk asked Wukong when he could reach the thunder in the west, and Wukong replied, "As long as you see the sincerity of nature, recite the memory, it is the Holy Mountain." On the 85th time, Wukong also reminded Tang Monk with Wu Chao's Multi Mind Sutra: "The Buddha is not far away from the Holy Mountain, and the Holy Mountain is only in your heart. Everyone has a Holy Mountain Tower, and it is easy to practice under the Holy Mountain Tower."Tang Seng understood that "a thousand scriptures and ten thousand scriptures are just for cultivating the mind." It is precisely because Journey to the West, on the whole, clearly publicizes the mind science integrated with Taoism's "cultivating the mind and cultivating the nature" and Buddhism's "knowing the mind and seeing the nature", so it is no wonder that early critics agree that Journey to the West is a metaphor for the ideological theme of "devil is born with the mind, and the mind is also absorbed",Even when Lu Xun stressed that the novel was "out of play", he also said: "If we must ask him about his general purpose, I think that the words" Journey to the West ", which was said by Xie Zhaoqi of the Ming Dynasty," take the ape as the god of mind, take the pig as the gallop of mind, "which was indulgent at the beginning, until he died, cover also asked for the metaphor of letting his mind go", have been enough to say. "(Lesson 5 of Historical Changes of Chinese Novels)
The author of Journey to the West has incorporated the framework of fashionable psychology into the transformation and processing of the traditional story of making a scene in heaven and learning from scriptures. However, the psychology itself has different tendencies in the development of personality and moral perfection, which is combined with the will of the masses of the people precipitated in the long-term circulation of the story of Journey to the West,In fact, the spirit displayed obviously breaks through and transcends this preset rational framework, and inclines towards affirmation of self value and pursuit of human perfection.To be specific, if the first seven chapters subjectively wanted to condemn the harm of "rest assured", but objectively praised freedom and personality, then taking the seventh chapter of "concentration" as a turning point, the process of "mind cultivation" in the future is to repeatedly explain that the four masters and apprentices completed the sublimation of human nature while constantly sweeping away external evil, and Sun Wukong finally became a man with personality, idealsThe symbol of human beauty with ability.
Soon after the birth of Monkey King, he did not want to "be influenced by heaven", "be alone" or "enjoy himself and be innocent" in Huaguo Mountain.On the surface, he was "free and unfettered, not under the control of the unicorn, not under the control of the phoenix, and not under the constraint of the human throne". But when he thought that there was still a "Hell King Laozi in charge" in the dark, he felt uncomfortable all over, "suddenly worried and fell into tears".So he tried to find a way to get to the hell, crossed off all the names of the monkeys on the life and death book, and announced to the Ten Hall Hell King: "You are not in charge today!" The author did not directly say that this is the image footnote of the "rest assured" behavior when describing the behavior of the Monkey King, who is not subject to any control and pursues freedom,He didn't even show much derogatory meaning between the lines, so the impression left to the readers was that he could dare to pursue freedom. For example, when Ye Ri commented on Wukong's removal from the underworld in the Ming Dynasty, he praised: "It's a smart person!" Later, he made a big fuss in the Heaven Palace. The reason was: "The Jade Emperor despises the sages", "He looks down upon Lao Sun like this!" The first time he invited him to heaven,He was only assigned to be an unorthodox "Bi Ma Wen". He felt deeply that his value as a "born sage" had not been recognized as it should be, and his personal dignity had been insulted: "Lao Sun has infinite ability, why did he teach me to raise horses for him?" "It's shameful to kill people alive!" So he left the South Heaven Gate.The second time he invited him to heaven, although he gave him the empty title of "Qi Great Sage", it was "officials without pay", which did not get respect fundamentally, so he "stole peaches first, then wine, which disturbed the peach banquet, and stole the old gentleman's elixir", instead of going out of heaven.He said that "the strong should respect me, and heroes dare to compete", and even said that "the emperor will take turns to do, and next year will be my family", which is a relatively rare and extreme voice along the way of emphasizing self;This strong desire to freely realize self value by virtue of personal ability is a vivid reflection of the surging trend of personality thoughts and the change of life values in the Ming Dynasty.However, the author does not agree with Sun Wukong's idea of "just trying to be ambitious, regardless of rules and regulations", and does not want to deny the whole patriarchal hierarchy. When Sun Wukong "bullied the emperor" and shouted "Give me the Heavenly Palace", the author let the Tathagata Buddha easily hold him down at the foot of the Five Elements Mountain, which vividly reflects that the feudal hierarchical society is still unshakable,The idea of maintaining this society is also deeply rooted.Whether you shout "respect the strong" or pursue "freedom", you can only do it in a moderate range.In a word, from the birth of the Monkey King to the chaos in the Heavenly Palace, the work, by depicting a "saint" who is free to "rest assured", praises a spirit of pursuing individuality and freedom that coincides with the cultural trends of the Ming Dynasty in a limited but unconscious way.[54]
The main space of the novel is to describe the Monkey King who went to the West to learn from the 81 Difficulties of Tang Monk's Sutra.Many of these 81 are the same model, and it is difficult to find some internal logical connection before and after, thus giving people a sense of cycle.These repeated dangers and demons are used as symbols of obstacles in the process of mental cultivation.In the seventeenth chapter of the novel, it was pointed out that "Bodhisattvas and goblins always have a single thought." In other words, goblins are born from a single thought.The so-called "heart is born, all kinds of demons are born; heart is destroyed, all kinds of demons are destroyed".The novel describes the 81 difficult trials, which is nothing more than a metaphor of the long and hard process of "gradual realization" of insight.However, when the author specifically describes the actions of Sun Wukong and others who went through hardships and dangers to sweep away the demons, he often "fades" out of the "meaning first" framework, and highlights the artistic images of flesh and blood.In these images, the Monkey King is full of the author's ideal and the spirit of the times.
In the process of learning scriptures, Sun Wukong still maintained a distinctive rebellious personality, which was just like Zhu Bajie's comment on him in the 23rd chapter: "I know your dignity is arrogant." He did not want to be in the position of "slave" (the 71st chapter), and never worshipped people easily(The 15th time), as for the ordinary gods, they don't pay attention to them. If they are not satisfied, they will "stretch out their abductors, meet each other with five sticks, and relax with Lao Sun"!(Same as above) As a monk who converted to religion, he also boasted about the glorious history of breaking into hell and making trouble in heaven: for the tight hoop that was specially used to "restrain" and "restrain" him, and not allow him to "play freely", he always wanted to "get off and smash, never call that Bodhisattva, and then play tricks on others" (the hundredth round).All this shows that the Monkey King on the way of learning scriptures still opposes bondage, respects himself and yearns for freedom, with a strong personality spirit;However, the Monkey King at this time was different from the previous Great Sage Qi Tian. He had already undertaken the lofty mission of assisting Tang Monk to go to the Western Heaven to obtain the Holy Scripture.Learning from experience, which was originally a career, has actually become a symbol of an ideal that he pursued unswervingly.In order to realize this ideal, he crossed mountains and mountains, captured demons and monsters, endured countless hardships, eliminated many difficulties, never considered personal interests, and focused on career. Even when he was misunderstood, unfairly treated, and even chased back to Huaguo Mountain by Tang Monk with a tight mantra, he was still "back to the water curtain cave, and his heart chased the Buddhist monk" (the 30th round).This kind of spirit of dedication to the ideal has become an obvious character of Sun Wukong on the way to learn scriptures.
Of course, Sun Wukong and others appeared in front of the readers as heroes who solved the 81 Difficulties in the specific process.In his eyes, there is no insurmountable danger, no unstoppable monster, and with his tenacious struggle, he can turn danger into disaster, and turn fortune into fortune.In the battle, he is also resourceful and good at fighting his wits. At one time, he turns into a worm to go in and out, and at the other time, he turns into a mother or husband of goblins to confuse them. Often, in the midst of truth and falsehood, he makes the enemy dizzy and unable to defend.Sun Wukong's heroic spirit of great wisdom and courage, combined with his dedication and strong personality spirit to strive to the end to achieve his ideal, shows a unique brilliance.As he went through 81 difficulties and swept away the demons, he became a Buddha from the devil, which naturally made his character more perfect and universal.In fact, his heroic demeanor was a kind of beauty of human nature that people generally pursued in the middle and late Ming Dynasty.Sun Wukong has become a symbol of human beauty with personality, ideal and ability.Journey to the West calls for heroes like Monkey King in the game.[54]
artistic characteristics
Artistic imagination
The greatest feature of Journey to the West in its artistic expression is that it breaks through time and space, life and death, and the boundaries of gods, people, and things with weird imagination and extreme exaggeration, creating a realm of bizarre, mysterious, and fantastic.Here, the environment is heaven and earth, dragon palace and Hades, fairyland and Buddha land, dangerous mountains and evil waters;Most of the characters in the book are strange, strange, versatile and unpredictable;The story is about going to heaven and earth, turning the river into the sea, killing monsters, sacrificing treasure and fighting;The author fuses these strange people, wonders and wonders into a unified and harmonious artistic whole, showing a kind of fantastic beauty.This kind of beauty seems "extremely unreal", but makes people feel "extremely real".Because some of those unpredictable and soul stirring stories are like the shadow of reality, and some contain the truth of life, which are very reasonable.The magnificent and supreme heavenly palace is like the contrast of the human court in the sky;The hierarchical, fatuous and incompetent Xianqing reminds people of the officials of the dynasty;The desire to eradicate the evil forces in society is implicit in sweeping out the tyrannical and ferocious demons;The author praises the unrestrained life in heaven and earth, and at the same time uses the novel to express the ideal of breaking free from bondage and pursuing freedom.[50]
Structural framework
In a sense, Journey to the West has a lot in common with western vagrant novels. The four masters and apprentices have gone through everything together, but there is no strict sequential relationship between events. In this sense, Journey to the West has enriched the structure of Chinese novels.[50]
The plot framework set for the whole book in Journey to the West is a God based Buddhist standard system. In the idea of the reason for obtaining scriptures, the book sets up an implementation plan jointly managed by the emperor, the general, the Emperor of Heaven, and the Buddha Immortals, namely, a series of major twists and turns, such as "the Buddha makes the authentic scriptures, Guanyin seeks good faith, Wei Zhengzhan kills Laolong, the Tang King returns to the sun in the underworld, and Xuanzang seeks scriptures",Then, with more than four fifths of the whole book, he described the disasters he experienced on the way to get scriptures. Finally, he ended up with taking back the true scriptures, doing good deeds, spreading the scriptures to the east, and the five sages becoming true.Focusing on the large and small plots of this religious story line, the author's narrative language and lyric poems and songs all contain the spirit of the supremacy of Buddhism and Buddhism and the combination of Buddhism and Buddhism, which makes it the overall love framework that governs the characterization of characters and the opening and closing of plots in the book.[55]
Character image
The novel has also made great achievements in the characterization of characters. One obvious feature is the combination of animal form, magic power of gods and demons and human spirit.The combination of these three produces many unique artistic images with different shapes and distinct personalities.The characters created in Journey to the West are also very distinctive, achieving the unity of physical, divine and human nature.The so-called "physical nature" means that the spirit of an animal or plant keeps its original appearance and habits, such as bird spirit can fly, scorpion spirit has poisonous spines, spider spirit can spin silk, and so on. It is their character, and it is often commensurate with them, such as clever monkeys, timid mice, and frivolous apricot trees.Once these animals and plants become demons and monsters, they have magical skills and have a "divine nature" to transform them from "truth" to "illusion".However, at the same time, the author gives them the seven emotions and six desires of people, humanizes demons and ghosts, makes them have "human nature", and integrates "fantasy" with the deeper "truth" of the world, thus completing the creation of unique artistic images.For example, the Monkey King in the book is a monkey with a furry face and a public mouth. He has the habit of being alert, clever and active. At the same time, he is versatile and has 72 kinds of changing skills. But although he can change a lot, he often shows the true appearance of "red buttocks" or "tails".He is a god monkey, but also an ideal human hero.He is brave and resourceful, selfless and fearless, tenacious, positive and optimistic, arrogant, competitive, impulsive, playful, and has some weaknesses of mortals. He is an artistic model of "truth in illusion" created by a stone monkey at the intersection of deification and humanization.[50]
Jocular technique
As a long tradition of ancient Chinese literature, the technique of combining Zhuang with Harmony is well reflected in Journey to the West.Almost everything on the way to the west cannot escape being teased and joked by Monkey King. For example, in the seventy-seven chapter, when Tang Monk was trapped in the Lion Camel City, Monkey King went to Lingshan Mountain to cry to the Tathagata;When the Buddha said, "I know the goblin", the walker suddenly said, "Tathagata! I heard people say that the goblin is related to you!" When the Tathagata explained the origin of the goblin, the walker immediately said, "Tathagata, if you compare like this, you are still the goblin's nephew!" This witticism pulled the Buddha from heaven to earth.Another example is that in the 29th chapter, Zhu Bajie first boasted that "I am the first person who will fall (demon)". When he showed off his tricks, he said that he can "arch a big hole in the sky", and the cowhide blew loud.As a result, he could not fight with the monster for eight or nine rounds, so he left Monk Sha and ran away, saying, "Monk Sha, come up and fight with him, and let the old pig show respect.".But leave half your ear and listen to the bang. "This drama is undoubtedly a bitter laugh at Pig Bajie, who likes to talk big and only cares about himself.This kind of joke makes the whole book full of comedy and humor.[50]
symbolic meaning
Judging from the current popular reading books, only Journey to the West has a hundred chapter structure, and the other three books have 120 chapters.On the one hand, this situation is due to the need for the length of the novel's own content, and on the other hand, it is set by the author's careful writing to express the deep meaning.Shi Lin believes that "the main function of retrospection is to narrate, that is, to summarize the story outline of a certain Hui Shu in the most refined language", while facilitating readers to retrieve chapters.Tang Monk's master and apprentice went through ninety-nine eighty-one difficulties and finally obtained the Tripitaka Sutra. Buddhists stress on the perfection of merit. The ninety-nine Bodhisattva reckoned that Tang Monk's master and apprentice were still one difficulty, that is, to reveal the truth, catch up with Vajra, and still have a difficult life. The last difficulty of getting through the Tianhe River and falling into the water and wetting the scriptures is the perfection of Buddhism.The number "nine" has a very profound cultural connotation in Chinese traditional culture. In the sixty-four hexagrams of the Book of Changes, "nine" is called the yang line."Nine is the number of the old Yang, and the number occupied by the movement. Guyang is called Yan." "Nine" is an extreme number of the highest Yang. Liu Shipei wrote in his book "Supplement to the Doubtful Examples of Ancient Books": "Any number that refers to its extreme can be called 'nine'".The number of difficulties in learning from classics is set to be ninety-nine eighty-one, which is the sum of nine nines. This "ninety-nine" accumulation shows the difficulty of learning from classics on the one hand, and the great fruit industry of learning from classics on the other hand.In the ninety-eight chapter, Tang Monk's master and apprentice have arrived in the western sky. If the narration goes on normally, it should end in the ninety-nine chapter. It is only eighty, that is, they cannot achieve the goal of perfect cultivation.The setting of the last difficulty is quite ingenious. On the one hand, the four masters and apprentices completed the established ninety-nine eighty-one difficulty, and made nine to one, with complete merit;On the other hand, it is set in the ninety-nine chapter, with "ninety-nine" as the maximum two digits. Further, it is concluded with a hundred chapters, symbolizing the most complete, that is, the end of a hundred chapters, as an end, and at the same time as a new beginning, that is, ninety-nine begins to return to "one".
In the novel, it is difficult to reach the Tianhe River, and the design of Guanmu is very strange.Tang Monk and his entourage walked over the mountains and mountains for 54 thousand miles to reach Tongtian River. Tongtian River is in the middle of the journey and in the middle of looking back. Tang Monk and his disciples came back here to meet the last difficulty.The completion of the first difficulty to reach the Tianhe River realized his ultimate goal of life, and ended the fixed number of ten generations of practice. From the beginning (the ninth time, the river flows) to the middle (the forty ninth time, the Tianhe River passes through) to the end (the ninety-nine time, the Tianhe River passes through), and the end of the ninety-nine eighty-one difficulty. Thus, the practice of the former nine generations of the Tang Monk (the golden cicada) was completed in the tenth world,It is also the fulfillment of Tang Monk in this life and the final positive result.[56]
The "five elements" refer to five natural substances, namely gold, wood, water, fire and earth, which form the basis of all things in the world. All things in the world follow the law of birth and restriction.From the setting of the title of the review in Journey to the West, it contains the five elements thought, the 22nd chapter "Five elements match with innocence to recognize the old master", the 57th chapter "Five elements are born and overcome the feeling without any success, only waiting for the apes to return to the pass", the 58th chapter "Separation of the middle path, chaos, five elements subdue demons, gather together and unite the Yuan and Ming", etc;From the narrative content of the novel, there is no doubt that Sun Wukong's attribute is gold and Pig Bajie's attribute is wood. The meaning of the author can be seen in the 32nd "Pingdingshan Gong Cao Chuanxin Lotus Cave Mumu Encounters Disaster", the 42nd "Heart ape is defeated by fire and Mumu is captured by the devil", and the 86th "Mumu helps fight against the monster Jin Gongshi to kill demons".As Shi Lin said, "The 'Heart Ape', 'Gold Duke' and 'Gold' refer to Sun Wukong, 'Mu Mu' and 'Wood' refer to Pig Bajie, and 'Huang Po' and 'Earth' refer to Sha Seng. The white dragon horse should belong to fire. From the perspective of the five elements, Wang Chong's Lun Heng · Wu Xi Chapter said:" If there is fire, its birds and snakes also belong to fire, "and the snake nature belongs to fire, so the dragon evolved from the snake naturally belongs to fire.
Tang Monk was an appointed scholar of Buddhist scriptures. He left his mother at birth, was saved by a monk of Jinshan Temple, and lived when he met Jin (in front of Jinshan Temple).In the structure of five elements, the nature of understanding belongs to gold, and gold generates water.In other words, Wukong acted as the living straw of Tang Monk in the whole process of learning scriptures. Without Wukong, Tang Monk could hardly move.There are several records about the water disaster in the novel: Yingchou Stream, Liusha River, Heishui River, Tongtian River, but Wukong is helpless to the monsters in the water, and also powerless to Tang Monk's incantation.In the 49th time, when Tang Monk was caught under the Tongtian River, he felt that there was no hope to learn scriptures. Wukong advised, "Master, don't hate the flood. After the clouds, the earth is the mother of the five elements, and the water is the source of the five elements." As a human being, Tang Monk was very difficult to complete the task of learning scriptures, and Wukong was saved by him,In this sense, Tang Monk is not only the master of Wukong, but also his reborn parents.Tang Monk, as the source of Buddhist scriptures, seems to have some connection with water. He encountered water difficulties, but he has the same tenacity as water and never slackens his efforts to learn Buddhist scriptures;It was his wateriness that penetrated Wukong, the "stubborn stone", with the power of water dripping through the stone, and finally succeeded in learning from him.If sex belongs to water (the source of the five elements), then it is reasonable.
In this way, the five Tang Monk masters and disciples formed a circular closed corresponding relationship with the five elements.Wukong, as the main force to learn scriptures, was controlled by the Tang Monk's incantation;Bajie always gains the trust of Tang Monk, but he is afraid of Wukong;Monk Sha and Bai Longma are devout pilgrims. Monk Sha unites the whole team with "soil" and "cohesiveness".The five masters and apprentices are not a simple attribute, but a complex three-dimensional relationship schema, and the Western Paradise Sutra is the core connection point between the five.[56]
Later influence
Announce
edit
Domestic impact
The appearance of Journey to the West opened up a new category of the novel of gods and demons.The ingenious combination of well meaning ridicule, acrimonious satire and serious criticism in the book directly affects the development of satirical novels.Therefore, Journey to the West is an ancient novelRomantic novelIn the history of world literature, it is also a masterpiece of romanticism and the pioneer of magic realism.[6]
Journey to the West is a classic novel of Chinese gods and demons《Romance of the Three Kingdoms》《Water Margin》《The Dream of Red Mansion》And calledFour classical Chinese classics。Journey to the West has been widely spread among the people since its inception, and various versions have emerged one after another.There were six kinds of publications in the Ming Dynasty, seven kinds of publications and transcripts in the Qing Dynasty, and thirteen kinds of lost versions recorded in ancient books.[1]
Journey to the West has a great influence on the creation of the supernatural novels of later generations.At the end of the Ming Dynasty, some people wrote the "Continued Journey to the West" and "Later Journey to the West", which roughly imitated the "Journey to the West".In addition, the Journey to the West by Yang Zhihe and the Journey to the West by Zhu Dingchen are also directly related to Journey to the West.In the late Ming Dynasty, Dong Shuo wrote 16 chapters of "Supplement to the Journey to the West", which had a more self-contained content and plot, and also had a distinctive style of writing.[24]
international repercussions
After the Opium War, a large number of Chinese classical literary works were translated into Western languages. Journey to the West gradually spread to Europe and America, and was translated into English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, sign language, Shih (Esperanto), Swahili, Russia, Czech, Romania, Poland, Japan, Korea, Vietnam and other languages,[1]There are more than 30 Japanese translations at most.Overseas researchers pay great attention to the study of Journey to the West, and discuss it from the aspects of theme, historical background, process of writing, language features, and source and flow of edition, giving high evaluation to the work.At the "World Chinese Book Fair" held in Singapore in May 1988, there were more than 50 kinds of reading materials of Journey to the West. The comic strips "Three Beats of Baigujing", "Flaming Mountain", "Monkey King" and so on made children love it.The image of Sun Wukong, the hero of Journey to the West, frequently appears in Japanese books, cartoons and TV advertisements.The image of Monkey King Monkey King is widely known in South Korea.The Monkey King beyond Time and Space, written by Dr. Liang Ting of the United States, connects science and technology with the Monkey King, making the Monkey King show his magic in space.Sun Wukong appeared in the "Kite" co produced by Chinese and French filmmakers as an envoy of cultural exchanges between China and the West.Zhu Bajie is also unwilling to lag behind. The puppet show named "Zhu Bajie Carries His Daughter in Law" won the highest prize at the International Puppet Festival held in Hungary.A large number of facts show that the culture of traveling to the west has gone beyond the works itself and China, and has gone to the world.[1]
On December 12, 2021 local time, the refined edition of the seven episode Russian animated film Journey to the West, launched by China Central Radio and Television, was broadcast on the Russian new media platform for the first time.[20]
Zhang Weijian plays the Monkey King in 40 episodes[36]
Journey to the West
two thousand and ten
It is commonly known as Zhejiang Journey to the West, directed by Cheng Lidong, starring Fei Zhenxiang, Chen Sihan, etc[38]
Journey to the West
two thousand and eleven
It is commonly known as Zhang Ban's Journey to the West, produced by Zhang Jizhong, directed by Zhang Jianye, and starred by Wu Yue, Nie Yuan, Zang Jinsheng, Xu Jinjiang, etc[37]
In 1993, Japanese television stations launched the 40th anniversary TV series,Honda Yahong、Rihui Miyazawato star[22]
Journey to the West
one thousand nine hundred and ninety-four
The Japanese television station remakes and broadcasts, the Monkey KingTang Ze ShoumingPlay, including the King of Gold and Silver Horn, the true and false Monkey King, and set Devadado as the main opponent of Tang Monk's disciples.A large number of CG special effects are added to the play as a selling point.
The Preface to the Complete Biography of the Loyalty, the master of the drama pen in the Ming Dynasty: The two books (Journey to the West and Plum in the Golden Vase) are "vain and full of glamorous words, which annoy people's ears and eyes". However, "those who keep the sages know their intentions and use the pen, while those who are unworthy only look at their evil spirits and influence, which is a book of awakening the world, but it is a good thing to have fun".[59]
Poets of the Ming DynastyXie Zhaoqi"Five Miscellaneous Zu": "Journey to the West" is full of illusions. However, it changes vertically and horizontally. The ape is the god of the heart, and the pig is the gallop of the heart. At the beginning of its indulgence, there is no way to restrain it from going up in the world and on the earth. But due to the tight hoop, it can tame the ape until it kills him. It is also a metaphor for seeking peace of mind, not a wave.[31]
Ming Dynasty novel commentatorLi ZhuowuLi Zhuowu's Criticism of Journey to the West: Those who read Journey to the West do not know the purpose of the author, so they have to play.I picked them out one by one, and the common people ignored the author's intention.Like the first time, it has infinite beauty.If you get the idea, it will be better if you turn it over and hide it.In the middle of the article, it said: "The Biography of Relieving Misery". If you read this book, you can relieve your misery.If you read Journey to the West, you will still not explain it, but you will live up to Journey to the West?[52]
Zhang Shushen's "New Commentary on Journey to the West" in the Qing Dynasty: or ask why the book "Journey to the West" is written?It is really a wonderful article, a wonderful article.All of them are strange, so they are called wonderful books.[58]
Mao Zonggang of the Qing Dynasty read the Three Kingdoms Annals: Reading the Three Kingdoms is better than reading Journey to the West."Journey to the West" fabricated the story of demons, which was born without passing by. If the story of emperors is true in "Three Kingdoms", it can be tested.Moreover, the benefits of Journey to the West have been shared by The Three Kingdoms.[58]
The Preface to the Scholars: A Journey to the West, written by an idle old man in the Qing Dynasty, is mysterious, empty, and desolate. It is said by some scholars that it is a book of preaching. It says that "the heart of a horse is the heart of an ape" and "the mother of a golden tree", which means that "the heart is the Buddha".[58]
The Book of Demonstrations on the Journey to the West by Wang Zhiyi in the Qing Dynasty: Tang Monk was reborn as a golden cicada, and his ambition was great.Learning from scriptures has made great achievements, so it is called "Zhantan Merit".The walker cultivates demons and subdues monsters, and is indomitable, so it is called "fight to defeat".The two sages become Buddhas, and they are all aware of their inevitability without wisdom or ignorance.As for the "Pure Temple" of the Eight Commandments, the "Golden Body" of Monk Sha, and the "Heavenly Dragon" of the White Horse, they are all in fact named.The Buddha's Cheng Gong gave the job, and he was not unhappy about it.Moreover, Tang Monks and pilgrims have always looked at the Goddess of Mercy and feared the latter.Now, once you are on top of the world, you will never think that you are disreputable.However, there is still a gap between the selection of Buddha and the selection of officials in the court?It's a good ending. In this way, we can get rid of samsara forever. We don't need to decompose it next time, nor can we decompose it next time.[62]
Taoist Neidan Family in Qing DynastyLiu YimingReading Method of the Origin of the Journey to the West: The Journey to the West takes the authentic scripture, that is, the authentic scripture of the Journey to the West.Except for the Journey to the West, there is no authentic scripture that can be recommended. It is just to pass on the scriptures through the Tathagata to pass on the Journey to the West. If you can understand the Journey to the West, then the three Tibetan scriptures of the Tathagata will be there.[62]
Modern litterateurZheng Zhenduo"History of Chinese Literature": Since the "Record of Emperor Taizong's Entering the Hell", there have been many people who have narrated the stories of Emperor Taizong and Xuanzang, but the best one is Wu's work.After that, although there are "Later Journey to the West", "Continued Journey to the West" and "Supplement to the Journey to the West", the works of Wu Shi in Fang seem to have the feeling of "continued sable".[57]
Modern litterateurHu ShiTextual Research on Journey to the West: ① Journey to the West is at most a very interesting comic novel and myth novel;He doesn't mean anything subtle. At most, he is just a bit of abusive cynicism.This cynicism is also very clear;He doesn't hide, and we don't need to ask deeply. ②The structure of this book is the most precise among the old Chinese novels... Journey to the West has another special feature, which is funny. It lengthens the face and speaks seriously all day long, which is the behavior of saints and bodhisattvas, not human behavior.This is why Journey to the West can become a great mythical novel in the world.[32][53]
Modern litterateurLu XunA Brief History of Chinese Fiction: Although the author is a Confucian scholar, this book is actually out of play, not language, so the whole book only occasionally sees the commonplace of the birth and control of the five elements, especially not learning Buddhism. So at the end of the Hui Dynasty, there were absurd scriptures and special reasons for the confusion of teachings. It has been popular for a long time, so its works are also the same as that of Sakyamuni and Laojun. The truth and the original gods are mixed, so that the disciples of the three religions can easily understand.[33]
Modern classical literature researchersPujiangqingHistorical Manuscript of Chinese Literature: Journey to the West has the idea of seeking liberation and the concept of equality.He has a deep understanding of the feudal society, and the author has life experience and the ability to identify and express them. He skillfully expresses them in his literary works.The thoughts contained in it are rich and profound, so children have taste when reading it, and adults also have taste when reading it.[60]
Foreign evaluation
Anthony, an English sinologist, said: "Journey to the West is one of the finest works in traditional Chinese novels."[61]
Edenberg, a contemporary French comparative writer, said: "If you haven't read Journey to the West, just like you haven't read Tolstoy or Dostoyevsky, this kind of person is bold in talking about novel theory."[61]
Version system
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Ming Dynasty publications
"Journey to the West Pinghua": In the early Ming Dynasty, this Pinghua had already been: Tathagata wanted to pass on the scriptures to Dongtu, Guanyin Datang looked for a person to collect the scriptures, Tang Monk's life experience, Monkey King's grandson, Qi Tian Great Sage made trouble in the heaven palace, fought with Erlang God, was pressed down the mountain, Tang Monk rescued, Monk Sha, Pig Bajie, Che Chi Country, Shituo Country, Black Bear Spirit, Yellow Wind Monster, Red Boy, White Mouse Spirit, Spider Spirit, Centipede Spirit, Lion Monster,Fiery Mountain, the Nation of Women and other stories.
《A Journey to the West with Newly Carved Large Characters》: This is the most important of the existing versions.Because it has the words "Jinling Tang Shi De Tang Xiao Zi", it is called "Shi Ben" for short in the academic circle.The title of this book is "Zixing of Jinling Rongshoutang" and "Xiong Yunbin's Reinterpretation of the Book Forest", so this book is actually a mixture of two or three versions.[8]
The Biography of Journey to the West of the New Engraving Panorama: because its title is "Yang Minzhai's Zixing in Qingbaitang", it is called "Qingbaitang" or "Yang Minzhai" for short in the academic circle.[8]
《Tang Monk's Journey to the West》: It is called "Tang Seng Ben" for short in academic circles.There are two copies of this book: one is a wooden record "engraved by Cai Jingwu in the panorama book forest", which is called "Cai Jingwu's book" for short.The second one is "Zhu Jiyuan Zixing in the Book Forest", which is called "Zhu Jiyuan Ben" for short.[8]
《Tang Sanzang's Journey to the West》: Because there is "Yangcheng Chonghuai"Zhu DingchenEdited the words "Liu Qiumao Embroiders the Catalpa" in Liantai, which is called "Zhu Ben" or "Liu Liantai Ben" for short in academic circles.[8]
Biography of Journey to the West: This book has a Ming Dynasty magazine booklet and Four Journeys.Because of "Qi YunYang ZhiheThe words "(Yang Zhihe)" are called "Yang Ben" or "Yang Ben" in the academic circles.[8]
Qing Dynasty edition
《Western Journey Testimony》: It can be referred to as "Fairy Book" for short.[8]The Book of Demonstrations on Journey to the West was first published in the second year of Kangxi's reign (1663), and it was one of the important editions of Journey to the West during its circulation.The full name of the book is "New Engraving Hologram Ancient Book of Demonstrations on Journey to the West", edited by the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing DynastyWang XiangxuHuang Taihong.[64]There are two remarkable characteristics in the book "The Book of Demonstrations on the Journey to the West".First, the ninth chapter added the origin story of Tang Monk, that is“Chen GuangruiWhen he went to his post and met disasters, the river flow monk took revenge on the book. "Second, the title of the book was titled" Demonstrating Tao ", and the" original preface "written by Linchuan Shao An, a scholar in the Imperial Academy, and the" Biography of Qiu Changchun Zhenjun "were added. The person who wrote the" Demonstrating Tao Book "was Dan Yizi, a Taoist from Canmeng.[64]
"Tongyi Journey to the West": it can be referred to as "Zhengzhi Ben" for short.[8]
Commentary on Journey to the West: because there are words such as "Commentary on Jinzi", it is called "Commentary on Jinzi" for short.[8]
Journey to the West: because there are words such as "Huaiming's Manual", it is called "Huaiming's Review" for short.[8]
Existing version
The main existing editions are the Jinling Shidetang Publication in the 20th year of Wanli (1592) of the Ming Dynasty, which is collected in the National Library;In the 31st year of Wanli (1603) of the Ming Dynasty, Yang Minzhai, a scholar, collected the Japanese cabinet library;Commentary of Li Zhuowu, Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty, collected in the Museum of Chinese History and the Japanese Cabinet Library;The original magazine of the early Qing Dynasty, The Book of Demonstrations on Journey to the West, was collected in the Japanese cabinet library;In the 35th year of Emperor Kangxi's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1696), Jiziyuan published the True Interpretation of the Journey to the West, collected by the National Library of China and Shanghai Lexicon Press;The official book collection board of the Qianlong Book Industry of the Qing Dynasty, The New Story of Journey to the West, in the National Library;In the 14th year of Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1749), he published a book called A Journey to the West, which was collected in the Library of Peking University;The Book of Demonstrations on Journey to the West, published by Shengtang in the Qing Dynasty, is collected in Zhejiang Provincial Library;In the 45th year of Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1780), the edition of True Interpretation of the Journey to the West, collected by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House;In the 13th year of Jiaqing period (1808) of the Qing Dynasty, the original copy of "The Purpose of Journey to the West" was collected in the Gansu Provincial Library;In the 24th year of Jiaqing's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1819), the Origin of the Journey to the West, published by Huguo Nunnery, collected by Shanghai Dictionary Press;In the 19th year of Daoguang Reign of the Qing Dynasty (1839), the official purpose of travel to the west published by Dexin Hall was collected in the Library of Peking University;In the 10th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1884), the edition of the school classics mountain house magazine "True Interpretation of the Journey to the West" was collected in Dalian Library;This is a copy of "New Talk about Journey to the West" printed on the stone of Shanghai Weiqian Zhai in the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty.1985 Taiwan Tianyi Publishing House, "Ming and Qing Dynasty Rare Novels Series", Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House“Integration of Ancient Novels”Photocopies of Jinling Shide Hall, Yang Minzhai, the original publication of the early Qing Dynasty, its Youtang, the forty fifth year of Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1780) and Huguo Nunnery, etc. In 1985, China Bookstore photocopied the stone print of Shanghai Weiqian Hall, in 1989, Yuelu Bookstore printed the "Popular Library of Classical Masterpieces", and in 1990, People's Literature Press printed the "Chinese Classical Literature Masterpieces",The "Ancient Novel Series" of Zhonghua Publishing House was photocopied by Yang Minzhai, the publication of Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House in 1991, the "Four Great Novels of the Ming Dynasty" of Qilu Publishing House in 1991, the review of Li Zhuowu by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House in 1994, and the original publication of the early Qing Dynasty by Zhonghua Publishing House in 1993.[46]
Publication
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On June 19, 2024, the children's English book Journey to the West was released in Beijing. The book contains colorful chapters and stories, supporting animated short films, and audio. It reproduces the ups and downs of the story in Journey to the West in humorous, simple and easy to understand English.[71]
Work disputes
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Since the birth of the chapter novel Journey to the West, the debate about the author of the book has never stopped. The representative views are Qiu Chuji, Chen YuanzhiHuayang Cave MasterLi ChunfangWu ChengenTheory of waiting[40]。The Ming edition of Journey to the West was not titled as the author, but it was thought that Qiu Chuji wrote the book of Demonstrations on Journey to the West by Wang Xiangxu in the early Qing DynastyWu YulinAccording to the Ming Dynasty Tianqi's Huai'an Prefecture Annals and the Huai'an dialect in the novel, the author is Wu Chengen.
Early 1920sLu XunAccording to the Annals of Huai'an Prefecture andQian Daxin、Ji Yun、Ding Yan、Wu YulinWu Chengen was identified as the author of Journey to the West.It should be said that Lu Xun's conclusion was quite cautious when he searched ancient books and compared with others, which was recognized by most scholars at that time. Since then, the domestic academic community has basically accepted this statement.At that time, although some people put forward different views, such as Yu Pingbo's refutation of "Postscript Relieving the Treasure Scroll of Vacuum" in 1933, they did not pay enough attention to it.However, among overseas and Taiwan scholars, such as Tanaka Yan, Taitian Chenfu, Jibu Zhang, Du Deqiao, Yu Guofan, Zhang Jinger, Zheng Mingxuan, etc., hold reservations, doubts and even negative attitudes towards Wu Chengen's "Journey to the West".
In the 1980s, Zhang Peiheng took the lead in publishing the article "Whether the Hundred Chapter Version of Journey to the West was Written by Wu Chengen", proposing that the existing materials could not prove that Wu Chengen was indeed the author of Journey to the West, which broke the silence on this issue in the domestic academic circles for many years and triggered a great discussion on the issue of the author.According to the starting point of various scholars' arguments and their research methods, the relevant discussions can be summarized into three major theories: Wu Chengen's theory, Qiu Chuji's theory and Chen Yuanzhi's theory.Zhang Peiheng, Yang Bingqi, Li Angang and Huang Lin denied Wu Chengen's copyright, while Su Xing, Liu Huaiyu, Zhong Yang, Yang Zijian, Chen Gan, Liu Zhennong, Cai Tieying and other defenders denied Wu Chengen's copyright.Qiu Chuji was mainly mentioned again by overseas and Taiwan scholars, such as Zhang Yike, Liu Cunren, Chen Dunfu, and Chen Zhibin. Some domestic advocates of this theory are Jin Youjing, while Wu Shengxi vigorously refuted it.The proposal of Chen Yuanzhi's theory was accompanied by the study of "the owner of Huayang Cave". After the 1990s, some researchers turned to Chen Yuanzhi on the basis of denying Wu and Qiu, re examined the relationship between the owner of Huayang Cave, Chen Yuanzhi and the author, and proposed that Chen Yuanzhi is the owner of Huayang Cave and the author.Chen Junmou was the first proponent of this theory, and Zhang Jinchi made a more profound discussion on it. However, while putting forward a new theory, this theory also faces refutation, such as Lian Xu, Wu Shengxi, Song Kefu, etc.
Among these three theories, Wu Chengen's theory is still hard to deny. Qiu Chuji's theory is inconsistent with the novel text and hard to justify itself. Chen Yuanzhi's theory is original, but Chen Yuanzhi's name is not his real name. Who he is is still a mystery.It can be seen that the real solution of the author's problem still needs more in-depth thinking and research by scholars.[23]
About the author
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Wu Chengen (about 1500-1582), known as Ruzhong, was born in Sheyang Mountain, Huai'an Shanyang (Huai'an, Jiangsu), and was a novelist of the Ming Dynasty.Wu Ming, the great grandfather, and Wu Zhen, the grandfather, served as the county school's admonition and instruction respectively. His father, Wu Rui, made a living by doing business. All the scholars in the Six Classics School looked around, optimistic and broad-minded.Wu Chengen has been very clever since he was young, but he was not good at the scientific examination. He only made up the "Sui Gongsheng" in his middle age.He has lived in Nanjing for a long time and subsidized his family by selling articles.Later, he served as the official of Changxing County, but was not used to the darkness of officialdom, so he resigned in anger soon.Later, he served as an idle post of Jingfu Jishan, which was similar to the rank of the county magistrate.In his later years, he returned to the countryside, wrote poems and drank wine, and ended up poor and old.[43]
