Grapefruit（Citrus paradisiMacfad.) is a citrus plant of Rutaceae, also known asGrapefruit。[5]Grapefruit is a kind of fruit. When it is ripe, its peel is generally uneven orange or red,The flesh is yellowish white or pink, soft and juicy,Refreshing, slightly fragrant, slightly sour, some varieties have both bitter and tongue numbing taste.[1]The main origins of grapefruit include: ChinaTaiwanRegionSouth Africa、Israel。
The weight of grapefruit should be the same, and the shiny skin of the fruit body should be thin and soft.Grapefruit is very rich in vitamin C, which is a fruit with less sugar. It is indispensable for dieters.
Small arbor.Branches slightly pendulous, glabrous.The leaf shape and texture are similar to those of pomelo leaves, but they are generally small. The wing leaves are also narrow and short. The midvein of the wing leaves of the tender leaves is short and fine hairy.raceme, rare or solitary flower axillary;Calyx glabrous;The petals are slightly smaller than those of pomelo flowers.The fruit is oblate to round, smaller than pomelo, with thin peel, with or without ring on the top, 12-15 pieces of ladybags, full core, soft texture, yellowish white or pink flesh, soft, juicy, refreshing, slightly fragrant, slightly sour, and some varieties have both bitter and tongue numbing taste;seedFew or none, polyembryonic.Fruiting periodOctober November.[1]
In addition to the whole sale, it is also made offruit juicePackaged for sale.
Grapefruit should be of the same weight, and its body should be shiny, thin and soft.
If the skin is thick and hard, the taste andwater contentThe yellow skin is the best.
Grapefruit was first planted inLatin AmericaBarbadosCaribbeanDiscovered on the island, it was introduced in 1823Florida, USAAs commercial cultivation.
The way the grapefruit grows on the tree
Grapefruit has high requirements for heat, and the annual average temperature in the planting area is required to be above 18 ℃.It can be planted at a place with an annual accumulated temperature of more than 60 ℃ higher than 10 ℃, and can produce high-quality products at a temperature of more than 70 ℃fruit。It is more cold resistant than lemon, and can withstand the extreme minimum temperature of - 10 ℃.No planting is allowed in places where - 8 ℃ occurs.Therefore, the impact of temperature on its growth can be reduced by planting in a suitable temperature place or in a greenhouse.Grapefruit has strong adaptability in other aspects except for its strict requirements on temperature.The requirements for soil are not strict, but loose, deep, fertile, neutral to slightly acidic soil is the most suitable;The demand for rainfall is small, and the annual rainfall is more than 1000mm, which can be planted in wet or dry places;Illumination: strong light and sunny weather can grow and bear fruit well.[2]
Distribution range
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Grapefruit first appeared inLatin AmericaBarbadosCaribbeanDiscovered on the island, it was introduced to the United States in 1823FloridaAs commercial cultivation.Later, James Macfadyen, a botanist, identified it as a new species of citrus in Rutaceae, and officially published it in the first issue of Hook Botanical Miscellaneous in 1830,LatinThe scientific name is Citrus Paradisi Macf.Around 1940, grapefruit was introduced into China for trial planting, but it was not popularized. Only Zhejiang, Jiangxi and other provinces have a small amount of sporadic planting.
Grapefruit is also called grapefruit.Grapefruit originated fromAsiaIt is an artificially planted tree species, which was used by early Europeans for decoration and garden decoration. Later, Captain Shadak took it to the islands around the Caribbean. It is one of the main raw materials for cosmetics and perfume.
The soil layer shall be deep (60cm) and fertile;The soil ph is 5.5-7.0;The slope of the orchard is less than 25 degrees.When planning the garden, there should be necessary roads, irrigation and drainage, water storage and ancillary building facilities.In the specific planning, the park should be built in a centralized area where the traffic and water sources are good.
time
It is usually planted after autumn shoots mature from September to November or before spring shoots sprout from March to March.
density
The density of plant spacing 3m × row spacing 4m is adopted for planting, 55-60 plants are planted per mu.
plant
Soil excavation and planting hole: pull a line to set the distance, dig the planting hole, with the depth and width of 80cm respectively, then press the green manure 50cm deep, and backfill 40cm high for planting;Ridge planting in the field: 8 meters with furrows (60-80 cm wide, 40-60 cm deep), 2 ridges per box (1.5 m wide, 4 m center to center distance, 20-30 cm high).During planting, the root system of the seedlings shall be properly trimmed and placed in the center of the planting hole to stretch and straighten the root system. The seedlings shall be gently lifted up while filling the soil, and the roots shall be firmly connected with the soil.Pour enough root setting water, make a 1m tree disk around the sapling, and cover it with chaff.
Soil management
It is necessary to do a good job of deep digging and hole expansion, mature soil, prohibit planting corn, wheat and other high stem plants in the garden, and do a good job of reasonable intercropping andIntertillage weedingAnd so on.
Fertility and water management
Fertilization principle
It should fully meet the needs of blood orange for various nutrients, and promote the application of more organic fertilizer, reasonable application of inorganic fertilizer and formula fertilizer.According to the results of leaf analysis, orchard soil analysis, and blood orange phenology, fertilization was guided.
Fertilization method
Mainly apply fertilizer on soil, with foliage fertilization.Circular ditch application, strip ditch application, hole application and soil surface fertilization are adopted.
Fertilization of young trees
Frequent and thin application, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, applied fertilizer 5-6 times during spring, summer and autumn shoot sprouting period, and applied 0.4 kg ammonium bicarbonate or 0.2 kg urea per plant each time in March, May, June, July, September and December.The annual application of pure nitrogen 100-400g per young tree in 1-3 years, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be 1.0: (0.4-0.5): 1.0.For adult trees, apply four times of fertilizer, namely sprout fertilizer, fruit protection fertilizer, fruit strengthening fertilizer and fruit picking fertilizer.The amount of fertilizer applied is generally 2-3 jin of sprout fertilizer, and a load of manure water;1-2 jin of fruit protection fertilizer+1 jin of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer;1-2 jin of strong fruit fertilizer+1-2 jin of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer;Fruit picking fertilizer (base fertilizer) is mainly organic fertilizer, with 50-100 jin organic fertilizer+1-2 jin chemical fertilizer applied per plant.
water content
Irrigation when the soil is dry, drainage when water is accumulated.
Shaping trimming
principle
Adjust measures to local conditions, prune trees, promote and suppress appropriately, ventilate and transmit light, and achieve three-dimensional results.
plastic
plastic
(Natural open center shape).The trunk is 20-40cm high, and the main branches (3-4 branches) are scattered on the trunk. The branch angle of the main stem is 30 ° - 50 °, and 2-3 auxiliary main branches are left on each main branch.Generally, after the formation of the third main branch, the quasi central trunk is cut off and twisted to one side to form a fruiting branch group.
trim
Sapling
Mainly light shearing.After selecting the extension branch in the center of the class and the extension branches of each main branch and auxiliary main branch, cut them moderately or even severely, and adjust the growth balance between the main branches by the degree of cutting and the direction of cutting buds.In addition to properly thinning and pruning the over dense branches, the inner bore branches and the weaker branches in the middle and lower parts of the crown should generally be retained.
Initial result period
Continue to select the trunk extension branches at all levels to be cut short, wipe out the summer shoots, and promote the healthy autumn shoots.In autumn, measures such as ring cutting, root cutting and water control were taken to promote flowering of flourishing trees.
Fruiting period
Retract the fruiting branch group, falling fruiting branch group and declining branch group in time, and cut off the light blocking branch, dead branch, disease and insect branch.
Diseases and pests
Anthrax
Anthrax
Strengthen cultivation management to prevent biased application of nitrogen fertilizer;During the spring and summer shoot sprouting period and before fruit ripening, mancozeb, cupric pine twig acid, mancozeb, chlorothalonil, etc. can be sprayed on the crown, once every 15 days for 3-4 consecutive times.
Foot rot
Timely drainage, improve the light and ventilation conditions in the park, and strengthen the control of longicorn beetles and other trunk pests;Select disease resistant rootstocks such as trifoliate orange, trifoliate orange and orange, and use disease resistant rootstocks to replace rootstocks for plants already susceptible to disease.Medicament prevention: apply the medicine after scraping the spots. Common medicaments include carbendazim, thiophanate methyl, etc.
Mites
(citrus red spider, four spotted yellow spider rust tick).Before and after flowering (March May) and in autumn (September November) are the key periods for the prevention and control of red spiders: the population density reaches 1-2 heads/leaf before flowering, and 5-6 heads/leaf after flowering and in autumn.The main control period of rust louse was the spring shoot sprouting stage, young fruit stage and fruit expansion stage: the leaf back of the spring shoots of the same year showed rust color;When the density of insect population on leaves or fruits reaches 2-3 per leaf, it shall be immediately controlled.The commonly used agents are thiadimefon, damiazide, dimethazide, bromacate, and dimethazide, etc. Pay attention to the protection of bearded mites, blunt mites, mite eating ladybugsJapanese square head armourAnd natural enemies such as lacewings.
Scale
(Sagittarius scale, red wax scale, cotton blowing scale, etc.).The key period of drug control: the first generation nymph stage of the sagittal scale, the larval stage of the red wax scale, and the larval stage of the cotton blowing scale.Commonly used medicaments include Yinthiazinone, Chlorphos, Matrine+Nicotine, Lesben, oil emulsion, etc.Pay attention to improving the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the park;Protect and utilize Japanese square head armourchilocorus kuwanae silvestri , lacewingGolden Aphid Wasp、Australian ladybug、Coccinella rubraAnd other natural enemies.
aphid
The damage rate of new shoots reached 25%, which should be controlled by spraying pesticide immediately.Common medicaments include chlordimeform, dimethoate, carbosulfan, etc.Attention should be paid to protecting Coccinella septempunctata, lacewing, aphid eating fly, aphid wasp, etc., and cutting off the eggs of overwintering insects to reduce the number of pests.
Leaf miner
The key period of prevention and control is the summer and autumn shoot sprouting period (early and middle July).Wipe off the scattered summer and autumn shoots in time, and combine with fertilizer and water management to promote the new shoots of plants to be healthy and tidy.Chemical control: spray once every 7-10 days, 2-3 times continuously, when the new shoots are 1-2cm in diameter.Common medicaments includeAvermectin, CartapCyhalothrinEtc.
cerambycidae
From May to August, the adults of Anoplophora alternata and Anoplophora viridis were killed manually at noon in sunny days, and the adults of Anoplophora viridis were killed in the evening;Timely remove eggs, newly hatched larvae and damaged branches;After soaking dimethoate and other pesticides with cotton or cotton yarn, the wormhole is blocked, and then the wormhole is sealed with soil to poison the larvae.
Bud maggot
During budding, methionine powder, diazinon granules, etc. are mixed with fine soil and then sprayed on the soil surface of the tree disk, once every 7 days, 2-3 times in a row;When the diameter of the flower bud is 2-3mm (when it is white), sulfur and phosphorus, trichlorfon, etc. shall be sprayed on the crown;Remove the injured flower buds as soon as possible, and bury or boil them intensively;In winter, turning the garden soil deep can eliminate some pupae of overwintering pests.
Key values
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The fruits are edible and medicinal.
nutritive value
Grapefruit contains precious naturalvitaminP, rich in vitamin C and soluble cellulose, is a fruit with less sugar.Vitamin PIt can enhance the function of skin and pores, and is conducive to skin health care and beauty.vitamin CIt can participate in the synthesis of human collagen, promote the generation of antibodies, and enhance the detoxification function of the body.It is indispensable for dieters.[2]
Grapefruit
Nowadays, the common grapefruit in the market（Grapefruit）There are three main varieties.Pulpy whiteMarxu Grapefruit(Marsh), also known as seedless grapefruit, is polyploid, and there are red flesh lines in the variety;Pulpy whiteDuncan Grapefruit (Duncan), with larger fruit, thicker peel, more seeds and slightly bitter pulp;Thompson grapefruit with red flesh.In addition, the flesh of other varieties is light yellow or pink or nearly colorless and transparent.
Medicinal value
Nature, taste and meridian tropism: sweet, sour, cold.It belongs to stomach and lung meridian.
Efficacy.
1. Forstomach trouble、indigestionSymptoms.If cold coagulation is treatedstomachache, abdominal pain, take a pomelo (leave it on the tree, wrap it with paper, and remove it after frosting), cut it into pieces, a child hen (remove viscera), put it into the pot, add yellow rice wineBrown sugarModerate amount, steam until cooked, and eat in one or two days.
2. It is used to hurt wine,Chronic cough, excessive phlegm, asthma, etc.Take the pomelo raw and use it to cure drunkenness.If you want to cure cough, phlegm and asthma, take a pomelo, remove the inner white bladder, cut it into pieces, put it in a covered bowl, and add some maltose (orHoney）, steam until thoroughly cooked, and take one tablespoon of hot yellow rice wine every morning and evening.
3. Governancejaundice。The folk take 2 pomelos, burn ash to grind fine powder, take 6-9 grams after meals every day, three times a day.
4. It is used for coughing due to excessive phlegm.Cut the grapefruit into pieces, remove the stone, soak it in wine overnight, boil it thoroughly, mix it with honey, and swallow it from time to time.
Dosage and usage: raw food, mashed juice, fried soup or steamed cooked food.
Caution: cold in nature, prone to abdominal pain,anemiaOr phlegm should not eat more.
Dietotherapy
When the human body ingests too much high-fat and high calorie food, the nutrition is excessive, the blood lipid is increased, and a large amount of lipids, especially low-density lipoprotein, adhere to the inner wall of the artery, causingArteriosclerosis, leading to heart, brainkidneyThe insufficiency of blood supply to important organs, such as heart disease or brain and kidney diseases.Grapefruit is rich in pectin, which can reduceLow density lipoprotein cholesterolIt can reduce the damage of arterial wall, maintain vascular function and prevent heart disease.[4]
hypertensionPatients often take antihypertensive drugs to eliminate excess sodium in the body and maintain normal biochemical metabolic balance, but at the same time, they often lose the necessary potassium in the body.Potassium is very important for maintaining the function of the heart, blood vessels and kidneys.Grapefruit is a rare fruit that is rich in potassium but almost free of sodium.Therefore, it is the best therapeutic fruit for patients with hypertension, heart disease and kidney disease.West sleeve contains a variety of vitamins, especially vitamin C, so eating grapefruit often is beneficial to cardiovascular disease andObesitySick patients.Grapefruit contains a variety of vitamins, especially vitamin C. Therefore, eating grapefruit regularly is beneficial to patients with cardiovascular disease and obesity.[4]
Grapefruit also contains natural folic acid.Folic acid is not only important for early pregnancypregnancyIt is also essential.With the rapid growth of fetal body tissues during pregnancy, pregnant women need a lot of folic acid to meet the needs of the fetus.Folic acid deficiency will not only increase the incidence of pregnancy hypertension and placental abruption, but also cause pregnant women to suffer from megaloblastic anemia, intrauterine growth retardation, premature delivery and low birth rate of newbornsweight。Therefore, grapefruit is also the first choice for pregnant women.[4]
When I eat red grapefruit, I don't think it has such high nutritional value and good therapeutic effect.Then, based on the specific understanding of the efficacy of red grapefruit, it is suggested that we can eat more fresh red grapefruit at ordinary times, which will help to absorb a variety of nutrients, help promote bone growth, prevent cancer, fight cancer, and prevent disease.[4]
Main varieties
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There are 4 main varieties of grapefruit in the market.
Ruby Grapefruit
STAR RUBY Grapefruit Appearance
Pulpy redruby red grapefruit (Star Ruby), large fruit, soft peel, a small number of seeds or seedless, mainly produced in South Africa.[3]
STAR RUBY grapefruit label
Marxu Grapefruit
Marsh appearance
Marsh grapefruit with white flesh, also known as seedless grapefruit, is polyploid, and there are also red flesh lines in the variety;
Duncan Grapefruit
Duncan Grapefruit
Duncan grapefruit with white flesh is larger, thicker peel, more seeds, and slightly bitter flesh;
Thomson Grapefruit
Thomson Grapefruit
Red or yellow fleshThomson Grapefruit(Thompson), fruit weight between 400-500G, with a few seeds or seedless
Main efficacy
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Grapefruitvitamin CThe content is extremely rich, which can promote the generation of antibodies and enhance the detoxification function of the human body.Naturalfolic acidIt can also preventanemia, Decreasepregnant womanThe probability of having a birth abnormality.For girls who love beauty, the vitamin P contained in grapefruit can enhance skin elasticity and shrink pores.Grapefruit can be eaten in many ways. In addition to being fruit, it can also be squeezed into juicesaladAnd cold dishes;doseafoodWhen added, it can remove the fishy smell.Grapefruit containscellulose, pectin, potassiumvitamin C, folic acid, inositolBioflavonoids、lemonAlkenes, and is a good source of them.Fresh grapefruit has low calorie content, and each grapefruit only contains 82 kcal of calories on average, which is one of the good fruits for weight loss.[2][4]
Grapefruit contains precious natural vitamin P, rich vitamin C and soluble cellulose, which is a fruit with less sugar.Vitamin P can enhance the function of skin and pores, which is beneficial to skin health care and beauty.Vitamin C can participate in human bodycollagen proteinSynthesize and promote the production of antibodies to enhance the detoxification function of the body.It is indispensable for dieters.[2][4]
Suitable crowd
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It is edible for the general population.Grapefruit influenceHypertension drugsIt can slow down the reduction of the concentration of hypertension drugs, thus enhancing the concentration and effect of hypertension drugs. Patients taking grapefruit should monitor their blood pressure more.
Patients with hypertension should not take it because some commonly used antihypertensive drugs may interact with grapefruit juice, causingAdverse reactions。
