synonymSiberian Korean pine(Siberian Korean pine) generally refers to Xinjiang five needle pine
Xinjiang five needle pine（Pinus sibiricaDu Tour) is a plant of the pine genus of Pinaceae;tree;Bark light brown or grayish brown;The branches are dense, horizontally developed, and the crown is in a pyramid shape;Branchlets are thick, yellow or light brown yellow, densely covered with light yellow villus;Winter bud is reddish brown, conical;Early fall of leaf sheath;Cones erect, conical ovoid;The seed is born in the groove at the lower part of the ventral surface of the seed scale, does not fall off, yellowish brown, obovoid, slightly ridged, wingless;The flowering period is May, and the cones mature from September to October of the next year.
Pinus quintaculatus of Xinjiang is produced in the Kanas River and Hom River basins in the upper reaches of the Burqin River in the northwest of Altay Mountains in Xinjiang, China. It often grows together with Larix gmelinii of Xinjiang in the cold and humid climate and mountainous grassland ashing land belt at an altitude of 1600-2350 meters, forming a mixed forest dominated by Pinus quintaculatus of Xinjiang;It has strong adaptability and shade tolerance, and can grow on dry sandy land and marshland with poor drainage, but the sand loam or clay loam with deep soil layer and good drainage is the best;It is also distributed in Russia.[7]Five needle pine in Xinjiang is propagated by sowing and grafting.[8]
The wood of Xinjiang five needle pine is fine, light and soft, fine in structure, fragrant and durable.Can be used as building, furniture and other materials;The seeds can be eaten or pressed for oil.[9]
tree, 35 meters high, 1.8 meters at breast height;Bark light brown or grayish brown;The branches are dense, horizontally developed, and the crown is in a pyramid shape;Branchlets are thick, yellow or light brown yellow, densely covered with light yellow villus;Winter buds are reddish brown, conical, with a sharp apex.The needles are in a bunch of five needles, thick and hard, slightly curved, 6-11cm long, 1.5-1.7mm in diameter, sparsely serrated on the edge, no stomatal lines on the back, and 3-5 gray white stomatal lines on each side of the ventral surface;The cross section is nearly triangular, the cells in the subcutaneous layer are monolayer, and rare and individual cells in the second layer,resinThere are 3 channels, intermediate, located at three corners;The leaf sheaths fall early.[10]
coneErect, conical ovoid, 5-8 cm long, 3-5.5 cm in diameter, the seed scales do not open or slightly open when mature;Seed scaleThe upper part is thick, the lower part is thin, wide cuneiform, curved inward at an angle of about 90 degrees, the scale shield is purplish brown, wide rhombic or wide triangular semicircle, densely covered with flat slender hair, the upper part is round, the edge is sharp, slightly inward curved, the lower bottom is nearly truncated, the scale umbilicus is obvious, yellowish brown;seedBorn in the groove at the lower part of the ventral surface of the seed scale, it does not fall off, yellowish brown, obovoid, about 1 cm long, 5-6 mm in diameter, slightly ridged, wingless.The flowering period is May, and the cones mature from September to October of the next year.[1]
Growth environment
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Pinus quintaculatus of Xinjiang is produced in the cold and wet climate land belt with an altitude of 1600-2350 meters, and is often mixed with Larix gmelinii to form a mixed forest dominated by Pinus quintaculatus of Xinjiang.[1][7]
Distribution range
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Xinjiang five needle pine is distributed in Russia（Siberia）And China;Distributed in Xinjiang in ChinaAltai MountainsKanas River and Hom River basins in the upper reaches of the Burqin River in the northwest.[1]
Xinjiang five needle pine
Growth habit
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Pinus armandii in Xinjiang has strong adaptability and shade tolerance, and can grow on dry sandy land and marshland with poor drainage, but it grows best on sandy loam or clay loam with deep soil layer and good drainage.[7]
Reproductive methods
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Five needle pine in Xinjiang is propagated by sowing and grafting.[8]
The scions of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica were collected and grafted onto container seedlings of 3-year-old Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica.[2]
Twig grafting:The time was chosen in late July, and the method of medullary cambium bonding was adopted.The scion can be grafted when it is lignified but not lignified. When the pith core of the scion is half lignified or the cambium of the stock hardens, it cannot be grafted, which affects the survival rate.When grafting, take as much as you want, and take as little as you like. When grafting, place ice cubes in the container where the scions are placed, and cover them to prevent moisture evaporation of the scions.
Hard branch grafting:In the first half of April, bud grafting was adopted.Collect the scions in the winter of the year before grafting, put them in the storage cellar, cover them with wet sand, pay attention to the sand moisture at any time, spray them in time, and prevent the scions from losing vitality due to drought.The temperature shall be controlled at 5 ℃± 1 ℃.[2]
cultivation techniques
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Subsequent management
The rootstock shall be irrigated 1-2 days before grafting to let the rootstock absorb enough water to prevent the rootstock from dying due to water shortage.After grafting, immediately irrigate once, so that the grafted seedlings have sufficient water.Later, the management was the same as that of container seedlings of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica var. mongolica, which were fertilized 3 times a year;Use methotrexate and chlorothalonil to prevent and control diseases. Once the disease is found, the diseased seedlings should be pulled out immediately, and dixon should be used to control the disease;The windbreak net is used to prevent wind. A layer of windbreak net is carried around the grafted seedlings with straw. In the introduction area, it is mainly northwest wind, and an additional layer is carried on the west and north sides to prevent the spring wind from drying the water in the grafted seedlings, causing physiological drought and death.After 3-5 years of growth, when the current year's ear strips can grow and lignify to about 8 cm, they can be transplanted out of the nursery.[2]
Planting and tending
The transplanting time is from the late March to the early April of the next year, and the transplanting is carried out as the seedlings rise.Five needle pine in Xinjiang is afraid of wind, so the location should be selectedPinus sylvestris var. mongolicaOn the mixed forest land with Korean pine, the soil is sandy soil, the original planting density of trees is 4m × 4m, and the plot with certain vegetation.Before afforestation, a shallow ditch with a depth of 25 cm shall be opened according to the planting density, and planting pits shall be dug in the ditch according to the plant spacing. The size of the pit can be determined according to the size of the container cup.Tear up the nutrient bag of the seedlings without spreading the nutrient soil, put the seedlings together with the nutrient soil in the center of the planting pit, then bury the seedlings with wet soil, and finally water them once.The planting depth of seedlings should be deep rather than shallow.Within 2-3 years after planting, irrigate 5-6 times a year according to soil moisture.After planting, the windbreak wall shall be erected with straw in the west and north.[2]
Key values
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Edible value
The seeds of Xinjiang five needle pine are edible and can also be pressed for oil.[9]Fruit has dual value of food and medical treatment.[3]
economic value
Xinjiang five needle pine has fine wood, light and soft material, fine structure and aroma.With extremely strong corrosion resistance, beautiful patterns and light and soft texture, it is a high-quality material for large diameter grade construction and joinery decoration;Branches and bark, fruit shells and pine needles of trees contain various chemical components, which are chemical raw materials.[3]
ecological value
In terms of forest ecology, the undergrowth and grass of Pinus quinquefasciatus in Xinjiang are well developed and can maintain water and soil. Because of its large amount of fruit and good shade, it also provides high-quality feed and the best habitat conditions for wild animals, can form biodiversity and its food chain, and maintain the ecological balance between animals and plants.[3]
Protection level
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Listed in the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species - Vulnerable (VU).[5]
Species status:China's national third class protected plant, a vulnerable species.It is only distributed in the northwest of Altay Mountain in the north of Xinjiang, China. In addition, the seeds are not easy to spread and are vulnerable to birds and rodents. There are few seedlings.[4]
Protective measures:A nature reserve has been established in the northwest of Altay Mountains in northern Xinjiang, China, which should promote natural regeneration.[4]
