The name of Siberia may come from SiberiaTatar, which means "Sib Ir".The Siberian Tatars established the name of the countryKhanate of Sibir , laterMoscow Grand DuchyConquer, the term Siberia entered Russian.It is also known as "Xianbeiya", which comes from Xianbei.There is also an explanation that Siberia was interpreted as the place of Shaban, because his fief was located in Siberia.Another thing,Tsarist RussiawithXibo nationalityThe name of the clan created a new place name in North Asia.And inAncient maps of ChinaSiberia is called Luo Wilderness.
As early as before the Stone Age, Siberia was already inhabited.last Glacial The climate was cold, so the water level was relatively low at that time.CurrentBering StraitIn those days, there was a land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska.CurrentNative American Most people ofLand bridgeFrom SiberiaAmericaOf.
Siberia
Siberia was also the cradle of many powerful nations in ancient times.Hun、Xianbei、Turkic, Tatar, Mongolia, Jurchen and other nationalities all rose from Siberia.
The travel of the Eastern Slavic Lady to Siberia can be traced back to the 11th and 12th centuries.according toKievan Rus Historical records in previous years recorded that the Novgorod people established trade relations with Siberian hunters at that time, and the farthest distance wasYenisei River。
Khanate of Sibir
（mongolian: Сибиригнханлиг), also translated as the Beer Khanate, is a khanate located in Siberia, Asia, from the end of the 15th century to the end of the 16th century, founded by the descendants of the Shaban family (the residents are Tatars, Nenets, Mansi, and Hans), located inOb RiverMidstream andTobor Riverbetween.The administrative center is Chengji Tula (todayQiu Ming）, and later moved to Kashrek.[2]
First, oneNo flower on the platformThe descendants of Beji ruled, but not the descendants of Shu Chi. Later, a Khan Ibak of the Xiban family won the titles of Qiu Ming and Khan from his descendants.In the second half of the 16th century, the original Beer Khan Yadiger turned toCzar RussiaAsk for help. In 1569, Yadegger was killed by a khan named Kuchu. At first, he agreed to obey RussiaSuzerainty, later rebelled.In 1572, the ancient Chu Khan tried to get rid of his subordinate status.In 1582, Yermak Khan devoted himself to merging the Khanate into Russia, which was completed at the end of the 16th century.
Tsarist Russia expansion
czarIn 1579CossacksYermak Zimofiyevich, the leader, led 800 Cossacks against him.He isChuvashia The camp was set up under the Santober River, and in 1581 the camp broke down and fled. In October 1582, after three days of fierce fighting, Yermak defeated the army of the Siberian khanate, occupied Kashrik, the capital of the Siberian khanate on the Ertix River, and completely destroyed the city.In 1598, he fled to Baraba Grassland and was assassinated.These adherentsJunggar KhanatePay fur tax.
The modern development of Siberia began in the late 16th century.It was not Russia that first invaded Siberia from the westRegular army, butStroganov familymercenary army。In 1558, because the fur to the west of the Ura Mountains was decreasing, the tsarIvanrettiThe Stroganov family is authorized to lead the Cossacks to develop a shop in the east of the Ura Mountains to seize the rich local fur resources.In 1572, the semi nomadic Siberian khanate in central Siberia refused to pay tribute to Russia with fur, which became the reason for Russia to attack Siberia.Another argument is that the cause of this conquest is that local Russian settlements are often affected byaboriginesHarassment.In 1578, the Cossack leader Yermak Zimofiyevich（Ming WanliIn October, the eastern invasion began.In a few years, Yermak and others conquered Kuchen Khanate and pacified western Siberia.Later Yermak was killed when he attacked the Siberian khanate, and the Siberian khanate was destroyed in 1598.
Sino Russian Dispute
After that, the Russians continued to move eastward and reached the Sea of Okhotsk in 1636 (the ninth year of Chongzhen's reign in the Ming Dynasty), conquering all of Siberia.This region has become the territory of the Russian people, and Russia has thus become the largest country in the world.
When the Russian forces approached the territory of the Qing Dynasty, it happenedmilitary conflict。In 1652 (the ninth year of the reign of Emperor Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty), the Russians moved eastward into Heilongjiang, "garrisonNinggutaZhang Jinghai led his troops to fight againstUzala Village”。This is the first battle between China and Russia.In 1657,Tsarist RussiaSend regular troops toNebuchu RiverAndShileka RiverThe confluence has been establishedAlbazin City andNerchinsk City.After that, there were many diplomatic and military conflicts between China and Russia.In 1685, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty was pacifying“San Francisco Rebellion”Later, send the generalPeng ChunFrom May 22AihuiFive thousand soldiers marched into Yaxa on May 25.Then the Qing army withdrew and the Russian army came back.In 1686, the Qing army attacked Yaxa again.September 7, 1689《Treaty of Nerchinsk 》Duly signedStanovoy Range andErguna RiverDivide the boundary between the two countries.After the decline of the late Qing Dynasty, the Czar Russia forced ChinaQing governmentSigned in 1858《Aihui Treaty》And 1860《Sino Russian Beijing Treaty》, cede Heilongjiang NorthWusuLijiang EastSakhalin IslandA total of more than 1 million square kilometers of land was given to Russia, and China also lostSea of JapanandOkhotsk SeaOfocean resourcesandestuary。
In the 17th century, Russia expanded from the west, annexed many small countries, and expanded to the east of Siberia;ManchuConquered the Mongolian headquarters, owned the southern Siberia, and established the Qing Dynasty.Russia and the Qing Dynasty, two different countries, clashed in Siberia.Through war and《Treaty of Nerchinsk 》, dividing SiberianSphere of influence。Later, in 1858Aihui TreatyAnd 1860Sino Russian Beijing TreatyCut and occupyOuter Northeast。Russia has been expanding eastward to the easternmost end of Siberia, and even owned Alaska, which was later sold to the United States due to "indigestion".Later, although Japan wanted to compete for Siberia, Siberia has been steadily controlled by Russia.stayEastern Front Siberia became the psychological pillar and de factoRear area。
population
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The population is about 37.89 million, with Russians accounting for more than 80%,UkrainePeople andBelarusPeople account for about 5%, others include Buryat people, Komi people, Yakut people, Tuva people, etc.populationAlong the railwayLine distribution.The major cities in Siberia areNovosibirskandKrasnoyarskEtc.
Siberia is more like a visual regional scope than a geographical term.wholethe Ural MountainsEast, wholeAsiaIn the north of the mainland, many people, especially foreigners, are usually called Siberia.Those who have never been here have a prejudice against this vast area - cities, forests, oceans, rivers, lakes and marshes. They always associate it with snow, cold, open and barbarism.
Encyclopedia x Misunderstanding: Illustrating Ural Mountains
In fact, Siberia has various forms.It can be divided into some regions according to certain conditions: Siberia in the west and north, Altay, Tuva, Hakkas, Sayan andOuter BaikalThe region, Yakut and even the northernmost part can also be included in Siberia.Siberia covers an area of 7000 kilometers from west to east, 3500 kilometers from north to south, 10 millionsquare kilometre, almost equal to the area of 20 France.
Zoning
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Russia's Siberian region borders China and Mongolia in the south.The Siberian region of Russia includes Ural provinces, autonomous regionsWestern SiberiaThere are three parts of the Saha (Yakut) Autonomous Region in the province and the Far East.Historically, the entire Far Eastern provinces and regions are actually part of Siberia.
The middle part isCentral Siberian Plateau, starting from Mount Putorana in the northwest corner of Yenisei River in the west and reaching the eastLena RiverWatershed, with an average altitude of 300~500 meters, and the plateau surface is broken;
VegetationTundra, forest swamp, Taigaconiferous forest、Forest steppeAnd treeless grassland.From north to south, there are tundra, forest tundra, forest grassland and grassland belt.Most rivers flow inarctic oceanThe major rivers include Ob River, Yenisei River and Lena River.
Lake BaikalIs the world's largest and deepest water storageFreshwater lake。PermafrostAnd permafrost.Coniferous forests account for 60~70% of the mountainous area in the region.A furry beast.Siberianatural resourcesIt is rich in oil, natural gas, coal, golddiamondEtc., variousresource distribution It is relatively concentrated, and there are many large deposits.Water resourcesReserveAccounting for more than half of Russia.
The precipitation has obvious temporal and spatial differencesAnnual precipitation100~250 mm, 500~600 mm in coniferous forest zone, 1000~2000 mm in Altay Mountains, of which 75%~80% of precipitation is mainly concentrated in summer.
Hidden in the vast primeval forest is the mysterious Putorana Plateau, the highest part of the Central Siberian Plateau."Putoran" means "kingdom of steep shore lake" in the language of local residents, Ewenki people.A valley up to 1000 meters deep cuts off the plateau and forms a lake.Standing on the highest point of Kamain Mountain, you can have a panoramic view of hundreds of kilometers around.The water poured down the steep valley wall, forming a series of waterfalls.
For northernIndigenous peoplesDeer is always the most precious property.You can ride a deer or ride on a sled, sew clothes and shoes with deer fur, or build tents -- houses of local residentsVenisonIt has been the main food for northerners for hundreds of years.
This vast area is called an inexhaustible treasure house of resources.Russian scientist and writer Romonosov once said: "Russia's strength lies in the richness of Siberia." According to rough estimation of exploration materials, the resources in Siberia are close to the originalSoviet Union2/3 of all resources.
In January 2018OimiakonThe village measured minus 67 degrees CelsiusExtremely cold weather, almost equal to the record of minus 67.7 degrees measured in 1933.[1]
According to the Daily Mail of Britain, Oymyakon village in Siberia, Russia, is the coldest human settlement on the earth. Recently, it was measured that the extremely cold temperature was minus 67 degrees Celsius, so cold that even the thermometer was damaged.
land resource
Siberia has a large area of fertileChernozem, cinnamon soil;The famous Siberian forest covers a vast area of SiberiaWood stockAccounting for more than 75% of the former Soviet Union;Scattered lakes and thousands of rivers make Siberia have a large number ofWater resources。The largest freshwater lake in the world, Lake Baikal, has a freshwater reserve of 23600 cubic kilometers, accounting for about 20% of the world's freshwater reserves and more than 70% of the former Soviet Union's freshwater reserves.Siberia is the largest in the former Soviet Unionfreshwater fishProduction area, freshwater fish production accounted for the former Soviet Uniontotal output25% or more.East SiberiaLake Baikal, Yenisei River and Lena River basins are also important freshwater fish producing areas.
Coal is one of the main fuel power in the former Soviet Union, accounting for 93%coal resource In Siberia to the east of Ural, it is estimated that about 70% of the proven reserves are in Siberia.
Due to the rich energy resources in Siberia, the fuel and power industries have become the fastest growing in SiberiaNational economic sector。In the early 1970s, Siberia provided only about 20% of the total output of the former Soviet Union, about 30% of natural gas and less than half of coal.By the early 1980s, the oil produced in Siberia accounted for about 50% of the total output of the former Soviet Union, natural gas accounted for about 60%, and coal accounted for 50%.amongpetroleum industryThe development is particularly rapid. From 1965 to 1975, oil in Western SiberiaAnnual outputFrom 95 million tons to 148 million tons;1976-1980, Western SiberianOil productionAn increase of 163.6 million tons.
SiberianMetallic oreandNonmetallic oreIt is very rich. It has almost everything that has been found in the worldmineral resources。Non ferrous metal ores such as iron, copper, aluminum, tin, nickel, lead, zinc, magnesium and titanium, precious metal ores such as gold and silver, rare metal ores such as tungsten, molybdenum and potassium,mica、asbestos、fluorite、graphite、talcAnd other non-metallic minerals, as well as saltapatite, phosphorite, etcChemical raw materialsmineral resourcesIts reserves are very considerable.Among them, the reserves of iron, copper, aluminum and tin are particularly rich.
development potential
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This is a rich but not yetFully developedLand.Three centuries ago, Russian scientists and educatorsMikhail RomonosovHe once predicted that "Siberia will promote the strength of Russia".It is rich in natural gas, oil, gold, diamond, wood, furwild animalThe world's largest power station has been built on many large rivers.
In general, everything in Siberia is on a grand scale: the Ob RiverErtix River, Yenisei RiverAltai MountainsIt is particularly attractive.The symbol of this area isJielietskoye LakeThe local residents call it Jinhu.
Siberian Baikal Lake
This area is very popular with hikers, water sports enthusiasts, skiing enthusiasts, mountaineers, and horse riding enthusiasts.Along Katong River, Bus CardUsi River, Qiuya River, Qiumeshi River and other complex waterways can also test tenacity and courage.Climbing Mount Beruhe (4056m), the highest peak in Altay, is considered a matter of pride.Shoria Mountain, not far from Meryduletsk, is equipped withAlpine skiingAvenue.
traffic
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Siberia has a vast territory, a small population and a cold climateTransportationExtremely unfavorable.In view of this reality and according to the development needs of this regionriver transport, railway, highway and aviationtransportation network 。
Railway
Railway is the main railway in SiberiaTransportation modeRailway transport accounts for more than 80% of the total freight transport in Siberia.Siberian Railway, Lake Baikal——Amur River Trans east-west railway is the transportation of SiberiaGreat arteries。
With a total length of 7416km, the famous Siberian Railway spans 8 time zones and is the longest railway in the worldElectrified railway。Siberian RailwayDouble track has been laid along the whole line, and three lines have been realized in some sections.But each sectionTransportation capacityout-off-balanceThe annual cargo volume of the western route can reach more than 100 million tons, while that of the eastern route is only 25 million to 40 million tons.
The total length of the Baikal Amur River railway is 4275 kilometers, with an annual freight capacity of 70 million to 75 million tons. It connects Siberia withfar eastregionalRailroad Lines。
highway
The roads in Siberia are mostly concentrated in the south, especially along the Siberian railwayBei'a RailwayAround large and medium-sized cities, it is connected with two main railway lines to form a small area transportation network.In the southern railway trunk line and around large and medium-sized cities, there are roads with good pavement quality, complete equipment and open to traffic all the year round;In sparsely populated areas, it is a simple winter road, which can be open to traffic for more than 200 days a year.
river transport
Siberia has many rivers with abundant water. The transport channels of Ob River, Yenisei River, Lena River and other water systems are nearly 100000 km long.Many rivers are also connected with railways and highways, formingSurface transportWeb.
The Ob River is the largest river transportation trunk line in Western Siberia, with a navigable distance of 3650km.The Ob River and its main tributary, the Ertix River, connect Novosibirsk, BarnaurSurgut, Uvartovsk, Mogoqin, Krasneyar, Omsk andQiu Ming、Kurganetc.Economic central cityandindustrial baseWith the Siberian RailwayTuxi Railway, South Siberian Railway, Central Siberian Railway, etc.
The Yenisei River is 3487 kilometers long and is the main river transportation trunk line in East Siberia.Connecting KrasnoyarskIndustrial hub、LesothibirskForest industrial complex, Irkutsk industrial hubNorilskMining metallurgyJoint ventureAnd other industrial bases.
Lena River is the main river transportation line in the northeast water transport area, with a navigable distance of 4125 kilometers, mainly transporting construction materials, oil, coal, timber, etc.
Siberia is the habitat of nomads.Since the second half of the 16th century,Tsarist RussiaIt expanded across the Ural Mountains to Siberia and cut off a large area of territory belonging to China.1895-1905Siberian RailwayAfter construction, the area began large-scale development toRussian nationalityThe majority of the population moved eastward.frontSoviet UnionDuring the first five-year plan period (1928-1932), the industries along the Kuznetsk coal field and the Siberian railway were greatly developed.In the 1950s, the development of hydraulic resources of the Angara Yenisei River was implemented.Since the mid-1960s, large oil and gas fields in West Siberia have been developed.In the mid-1970s, the second line with a length of 4275 km was builtSiberian Railway, i.e. Bei'a Railway（Teschet– Soviet port), which was opened to traffic in November 1984.Siberia is an important energy and raw material base. On this basis,petrochemical industry、coal chemical industryNonferrous metal miningmetallurgical industry It is also very developed,steel industryIt has begun to take shape,Machinery industryThere is development, but it is still weak.Agriculture is relatively developed in southern Siberia to the west, with wheat, milkMeatAnimal HusbandryIt is the main department.
From the perspective of economy, Siberia can be divided intoWestern Siberian Economic ZoneAnd East Siberian Economic Zone.
Western Siberia
The Western Siberian Economic Zone includes six administrative regions, namely, Kemerovo State, Altai Border Region, Qiuming State, Novosibirsk State, Omsk State and Tomsk State.It covers an area of 2.4272 million square kilometers, accounting for only 37% of the total area of SiberiaTotal industrial output valueAccounting for more than 60% of Siberia,Total agricultural output valueAbout 70%.
The Western Siberian Economic Zone is Russia's largest oilindustrial base, the second largest coal base, the third largest blackmetallurgyindustrial center , machinery industrychemical industryIt is also very developed. It is also an important grain producing area in Russia, and the cattle industry is also very developed.
total investmentMore than 60 billion rubles. The establishment of a regional production complex in Western Siberia based on the development of oil, natural gas, coal and timber has played a huge role in the economic development of Western Siberia.The former Soviet Union government attached great importance to the establishment of the complex, and its construction cost was higher than that of the economic construction of East Siberia and Ural during the five year plan period before the warTotal investmentIt is many times higher.
Siberian oil andNatural gas industryRapid development and continuous growth in output.Not only to Siberian oil processing andPetrochemical industryIt supplies crude oil, and supplies oil and exports to other regions.
forestloggingAnd timberProcessing industryIt is also an important economic sector of the regional production complex in Western Siberia, mainly concentrated in Qiuming and Tomsk.
Agriculture in Western Siberianational economyIt plays an important role in.Western Siberia is the main grain producing area andAnimal husbandry baseone of.
According to economic conditions andnatural conditionWest Siberia is divided into the southern region and the northern region.The mining and logging industry in the northern region is developed, with rich mineral resources andForest resourcesIt has laid a foundation for its future development.In the southern regionFuel industry, ferrous metallurgy, machine manufacturing, electricityPetrochemistry, light industryfood industryAnd agriculture are the main economic sectors.
East Siberia
East Siberia includes five administrative regions, namely Krasnoyarsk Border Region, Irkutsk State, Chita State, Buryat Republic and Tuva Republic.It covers an area of 4.123 million square kilometers, accounting for 63% of the total area of Siberia.
The East Siberian Economic Zone is rich in natural resources, with coal reserves accounting for about 50% of the former Soviet Union and timber reserves accounting for more than 30%Hydropower resourcesIt accounts for about 30%, and copper, nickel and other mineral resources are also extremely rich.
Industry is East SiberiaRegional economic structureInLeading department, formedExtractive industryAnd non-ferrous metals, wood primary processing industry, etcProduction department。The mining of nickel, copper, tungsten, aluminum, zinc, tin, gold and other non-ferrous metals in eastern SiberiaSmelting industryWith large-scale development, it has become an important nonferrous metal industrial base in Russia.
Copper and nickel industries are distributed in Krasnoyarsk border area, lead smelting industry is in Krasnoyarsk border area and Irkutsk state, nickel and molybdenum smelting industry is in the Republic of Buriat, Chita state and Krasnoyarsk border area, tin mining industry is concentrated in Chita state, and gold mining industry is relatively developed in Chita state and Irkutsk state.
The coal mining and power industry is another specialized sector in East Siberia.The coal in East Siberia is mainly concentrated in Krasnoyarsk Border Region and Irkutsk State, with an annual output of 50 million tons, part of which is transported to West Siberia, Ural andfar eastRegion.Most of the coal mines in East Siberia areOpen pit mineThe cost of coal is low, so its power industry is also very developed. In addition to meeting the demand of increasing production sectors, the power of East Siberia is also transmitted to other regions.
Forest industryAnd timberprocessing industryIt is located in the north of East Siberia Economic ZonePillar industry。Wood of East SiberiaHarvestSecond only to the Far East Economic Zone, accounting for the second place in Russia, timber industry, forest chemical industryWood hydrolysisIndustry, pulpingPaper industryIt also has an important position.
Due to the scarcity of population and the serious shortage of labor forceclimatic conditions Bad and other reasons are not very developed, but its feed, potatoes and vegetablesseeded areaIt is larger than Western Siberia.The animal husbandry in eastern Siberia is relatively developed,Sheep farmingIt is the main department of animal husbandry, and the number of sheep isRussiaThird in the Federation.
Historical policy
October RevolutionPreviously, the Russian government pursued predatoryeconomic policy, did not take much to benefit the localeconomic developmentMeasures.Productivity of the areaDevelopment levelVery low, and the economic development is far behind the level of Russia.Throughouteconomic structureMiddle, agriculture accounts forabsolute advantage。In 1913, the total agricultural output value of Siberia accounted forTotal industrial and agricultural output valueThe total industrial output value of Siberia in the same year was only 1.5% of that of Russia.At that time, in addition to the mining industryindustrial sector They are all extremely backward.There is almost no ferrous metallurgy industry,heavy industryProductiveIntermediate productsandFinal productIn particular, the proportion of products in the processing industry sector is insignificant,light industryAlmost all the products are imported from the European part of Russia.czarThe colonial policy of the Soviet Union hindered the development of resources and industrialization in Siberia.After the October Revolution, the process of resource development and industrialization in Siberia accelerated,economic developmentIt has entered a new historical period.
Modern development
After decades of development, Siberia has gradually formed a resource development orientedNational economic system。In more than half a century, great changes have taken place in Siberia.With the laying of the Siberian railway, the productivity here has begun to develop at an unprecedented speed.In the 20 years from 1897 to 1917, the number of cities along the railway increased from 40 to 63city dwellerThe number has increased by 2 times, 4 times or even 8 times.
In the 1930s, the second coal metallurgical base of the former Soviet Union was built in the Ural Kuzbas region.Ural Kuznetsk Coal MetallurgyJoint ventureIt has become the basis for the industrialization of Ural and Siberian regions.The purpose of establishing the complex is to move the industrial focus to the eastern region in a planned way, and to eliminate new developmentRegional economyThe backward state of.
the Second World WarDuring this period, Siberia was the originalSoviet UnionOfRear areaThe speed of economic development is higher than that of other regions.From 1941 to 1945, the capital construction investment here accounted for almost 1/4 of that of the Soviet Union.In 1942, Siberia produced more than 1/4 of the steel and steel of the former Soviet Union, and 1/3 of thepig ironAnd nearly half of the coal and coke.
In the 1950s, the plan to develop the natural resources of the Angara Yenisei region in eastern Siberia began to be implemented.This marks the further eastward movement of productive forces.This project is more than Ural Kuznets joint ventureConstruction scaleLarger and takes longer.The implementation of the Angara Yenisei development plan has greatly promoted the productivity development of Krasnoyarsk Border Region and Irkutsk State.As a result, Siberian economy has entered a high-speedDevelopment stage。The goal of this stage is to develop the natural resources of Siberia more widely, and on this basis, establish severalProduction structureComplex large-scale regional production organization.
In the 1960s, the development of the largest oil and gas base in the former Soviet Union, the Tyumen Oil and Gas Field, made Western Siberia the region that attracted the most capital and labor.According to its scale, the development of Qiuming oil and gas field has greatly exceeded the Ural Kuzbas coal metallurgical base and the Angara Yenisei complex system.The development of the Tyumen Oilfield has enabled the former Soviet Union to catch up with and surpass the United States in crude oil production in less than 20 years and become the country that produces the most crude oil in the world.
Focus of the 1970sProjectOne is to lay the second major transportation artery to the Pacific Ocean - Beia Railway.The construction of the 3145 km Beia Arab Railway across Siberia and the Far East and the Near North is another major step for the former Soviet Union to accelerate the economic development of Siberia and the Far East.With the construction of this railway, the focus of resource development is gradually extended to the vast areas near the north.The abundant coal, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, asbestos, mica, apatite and forest resources here are likely to be developed in large quantities.In the future, the population along the railway will continue to increase, and several industrial centers and new cities will gradually be built here.
In the 1980sSoviet Academy of SciencesThe Siberian Academy's 50 research institutes and nearly 200 scientific research units of various competent departments jointly formulated the Siberian Natural Resources Comprehensive Development Plan, or the Siberian Plan for short.Based on the characteristics of Siberia and the Far East and the overall consideration of the former Soviet Union, the Siberian Plan selects those sectors that have a decisive impact on the entire national economy as the main development direction.This is a long-term plan for the comprehensive development of Siberia on a larger scaleComprehensive planning。
Modern overview
Siberia is at an unprecedented stage of development.For a long time, the imbalance between various sectors of the national economy, coupled with the lack of funds, labor and other factors, has restricted its economic development.In order to solve these problems, the Russian government has actively adjusted its domestic policies and measures in the development and construction of Siberia, further expanded its opening up, actively introduced funds andadvanced techniqueEquipment, and constantly expanding the economictechnical cooperationAnd put Siberia on the road of rapid development.
foreign trade
Siberia has a vast territory, rich resourcesgeographical positionIt is superior and is entering the stage of accelerated development. For this reason, Russia has developed foreign economic ties in this region.Since the Eighth Five Year Plan, the former Soviet Union has taken expanding the region's foreign economic ties as an important task of each five-year plan, vigorously developing the production of export commodities in the region, and building the region into aExport commodity production base。
The structure of Siberian export commodities is mainly determined by itsindustrial production It is determined by the specialization of.Siberia's ferrous and non-ferrous products account for the largest proportion of export commodities, accounting for 38.6%.
Compared with other regions, Siberian timber export base obviously has advantages.The proportion of timber in Siberian export commodities is only second to black and non-ferrous metal products, about 24%.The processing capacity of the Siberian timber export base is not high, and the export commodities are mainly raw materials, logsPlywood、ParticleboardBuilding materials.Pulp and paper for exportindustrial productyesnewsprint、Corrugated paper、Photographic paper。Products of wood and pulp and paper industryExportsAbout 6.6% of the total production.
The fuel and power commodities exported from Siberia mainly include those from Kuzbascoking coal, IrkutskCheremhovoCoal, TNK and Tomsk oil and gas.In 1976, oil accounted for 52% of the export of fuel and power resources.In the export commodity structure of Siberia, the export of fuel and power resources accounts for all exportscommodity production12.8% of the total amount.
The export share of agricultural products is relatively low, accounting for only 1.6% of the total export of Siberia.The main export products are meatdairyProducts, soybean oil, alcoholVodka、Pekoe tea, flour andEdible oil。
Main exportthroughputIt is concentrated in Irkutsk, Kemerovo and Krasnoyarsk Border Region.75.3% of Siberia's total exports are provided by enterprises in these three regions.
The Russian government has put the development and construction of Siberia on the important agenda. Siberia is in the period of large-scale development and construction.Due to the lack of construction funds, labor force and necessary technology and equipment in Siberia, we are eagerly looking forward to the participation of domestic and foreign investors.At the same time, the extremely rich natural resources in Siberia also attract domestic and foreign investors to invest, conduct economic and trade cooperation, and seek mutual benefitscommon development。
Nationality and Culture
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In South Siberia, on the bank of Yenisei River, there are someethnic minority——Hakas,Angara River, Lena River, Altay and Sayan Mountains, and Lake Baikal, the pearl of East Siberia.Lake Baikal is the deepest and possibly the oldest lake in the world, with a history of 25 million years.It contains almost 25% of the world's fresh water reserves, and is very clear and transparent.The white plate with a diameter of 30 cm can still be seen 40 meters underwater in Lake Baikal.The elevation of Lake Baikal is about 500 meters.There are 1850 kinds of animals and 850 kinds of plants living in Lake Baikal, and many of them are unique here.
Siberia's severe cold itself is also famous.Sometimes, it is cold up to - 40 ℃~- 50 ℃.However, - 25~- 30 ℃ does not attract the attention of local residents at all, which is a common temperature in winter.The summer in southern Siberia is very hot, reaching 30 ℃.You can swim, although the water is still a little cold often: even in July, the water temperature can only reach 17~18 ℃.There are many artificial "seas" - numerous reservoirs of hydropower stations.In the south of Siberia are some big cities - Omsk, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk.
The main scenic spot in Krasnoyarsk Border Region is the nature reserve in the East Sayan Mountains - Sayan Stone Pillars.The abrupt rocks form 80 groups of cliffs up to 100 meters high.Some cliffs have the same names as their own: old people, peasant womenGolden Eagle, feathers, castles, etc.This isMountaineeringSport andRock ClimbingThe favorite place of sports lovers.Attractive waterway tourism starts from Krasnoyarsk and goes down the Yenisei River toFar North, toDukinkaAnd Dixon.
Tuva, Yakut and Buriat people live here.For example, there are only 80000 Hakkas and less than 200000 Tuvans.The people of these nations have uniqueVentriloquismArt.The performer does not sing words, but only makes sounds with his voice. Sometimes it sounds like a band playing, sometimes it sounds like hooves beating, sometimes it sounds like hundreds of wild animals howling.They have learned this art since childhood, but not everyone can learn it.Interestingly, the ventriloquists are only men.
BriatLocated in the southeast of Lake Baikal, it is the Buddhist center of Russia.There are more than 30buddhist temple ——Lama Temple.Like all grasslandsnomadic peopleSimilarly, Buryat people always love horses.The owner of the herd can always remember the "appearance" of each horse.Friendly steeds are the main characters in many legends and stories.Mare's milk——Equine milkThe medicinal value of wine has been highly evaluated.
In the adjacent Republic of TuvaAsiaCenter of.The roads here are few and hard, but miraculousnatural environmentIt attracts a steady stream of tourists.
Relatively not long ago, another way of traveling far away in Russia - Arctic tourism.fromMoscowridehelicopterArrive at Spitsbergen Islands and then by helicopterNorth PoleThe nearby ice tent camp.Tourists will spend a few days here, but they will not be lonely: take a dog sled, run wildly in a skiFloe groupGo hiking and float in a balloon over the white and silent land.There are even polar saunas and recreational equipment in the camp.As long as there is suitable weather, we will take a helicopter to sprint to the geographical pole with coordinates of 90 ° 00 ′ 00 ″.Lucky tourists can go throughSatellite telephoneCall your relatives and friends and take photos at the northernmost point of the earth happily.
