Yuxi River, formerly known as Ruxu River,Chaohu LakeThe earliest river channel, belonging toYangtze River Tributary。It starts from Chaohu Gate and goes down to Yuxikou to enter the river.It flows from east to west, through Chaohu LakeHanshan County、Inaction market、He CountyFour cities and counties, with a total length of 60.4km.The total drainage area is 12938 square kilometers.The main tributaries are Qingxi River, Xihe River, Niutun River, etc.
It is the natural boundary river between Hanshan County and Chaohu Lake, Wuwei City.yesChaohu Cityand evenHefeiThe main waterway of water transportation is extremely rich in water resources.[1]
Chinese name
Yuxi River
Ancient name
Moisturize the beard
Water system
Yangtze River Tributary
Starting point
Chaohu Lake
Watershed area
Chaohu City, Hanshan County, He County, Wuwei City[15]
Yuxi River, yesChaohu LakeThe earliest river channel, flowing southeastChaohu CityTo Ma'anshan CityHanshan CountyLijiadun, Zuonaqing River;To Lintou, water from Zuonalintou River;It also passes through Diaoyutai and Dongguan to Wachu Village, with two streams of water: the north stream is the Laoyuxi River, which has been incorporated into the Niutun River spillway, flows eastward to Taozui, and connects with the Niutun River through the Tongcheng Gate in Hanshan County;In the south, Yuxi River flows southward toInaction marketHuangluo Estuary, water from Younaxi River;The riverway below Huangluo River is straight and flows southeast, passing through Hanshan CountyYuncao TownTo Sancha River, there is a waterway on the left bank connecting Niutun River through Tongcheng Gate;Via Huangdu to Jiujiang District, Wuhu CityShenxiang TownYongzhen Town, turning north by east, to Yuxi Town, passing Yuxi Gate, turning eastYuxikouIt flows into the Yangtze River.
Shenxiang Town, Jiujiang District, Yuxi River
The Yuxi River has a total length of 60.4 km, including 56.5 km from Chaohu Gate to Yuxi Gate and 3.9 km from Yuxi Gate to the estuary;The river bottom elevation is 4.2 meters from Chaohu Gate to Diaoyutai, and 5.0 meters from Diaoyutai to Yuxi Gate;The river is 125~145m wide, and the river bottom is 100~120m wide, with a gradient of 1/34000.[2]
Drainage system
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The Yuxi River Basin spans 11 cities and counties including Chaoxian, Hefei, Feidong, Feixi, Lu'an, Yuexi, Shucheng, Lujiang, Wuwei, Hanshan, and Hexian.Basin scope: the boundary between the Yangtze Huaihe River watershed and the Huaihe River watershed in the west and north, Caizi Lake in the southBaidang Lake, Chenyao Lake water system, northeast andChuhe River、Desheng RiverNiutun River system is adjacent to the Yangtze River in the southeast.The total drainage area above Yuxikou is 12938 square kilometers, including 3386 square kilometers of mountainous areas, 6070 square kilometers of hilly areas, 2479 square kilometers of plain polder areas, and 1003 square kilometers of lake surface (including 783 square kilometers of Chaohu Lake).[2]
Qingxi River, a tributary on the left bank of Yuxi River, originates fromChaohu CityQinglongjian (403m above sea level), which borders Hanshan County in the north, flows to the east, to the southeast of Juxing Bend, to the southwest of Qingxi Bend, passes through Banhu and Yafu, crosses Huainan Railway Bridge, and flows into Yuxi River at Miaohou Village.The drainage area is only 235 square kilometers, most of which are hilly areas, with 188 square kilometers in total, 47 square kilometers in polder areas, and 25 kilometers in length, with an average gradient of about 1/1500.[3]
Branch Xihe River[4]
Xihe River, a tributary on the right bank of Yuxi River.It is a plain river gradually formed in the process of enclosing and linking dikes, basically parallel to the east of the left bank of the Yangtze River.In history, the Xihe River is from the gap to the Bianjiaguai River, which is hereinafter referred to as "Tianhe" or "Zhouhe".The downstream channel from Makou Gate to Huangluo Estuary is part of the ancient Ruxu water.The channel of the West River flows from the upstream to the downstream, which is the characteristic of the evolution of the river system.The earliest entrances are Xin'an Bridge and Liujiadu.After the Ming Dynasty, the dykes along the river were combined and the river levees were built, so that some tributaries connected to the river were enclosed in the dyke;The upstream estuary is propped up by the river water level, and then looks for a new outlet downstream.During the Zhengde period of the Ming Dynasty (1506-1521), the Liujiadu River mouth was blocked;During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1573-1619), Xin'an Bridge Doumen was built in the Xinmao year of the Wanli period (1591) after the Xin'an Bridge was blocked.Therefore, the estuary of the West River moves towards the middle and lower reaches, mainly from the mouth of the Nicha River to the river through the Nicha River;Enter the river from the Shentang estuary via Magou River and Shentang River;It flows into Yuxi River through Huangluo Estuary and enters into the river from Yuxi Estuary.In the 12th year of Tongzhi's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1873), the two river inlets of Nicha and Shentang were blocked. So far, the drainage outlet of the West River has only left one place to enter the Yuxi River via Huangluo River, officially becoming a major tributary of the Yuxi River.
The West River is connected to the water system of Huangpi Lake in Lujiang County. The main stream starts from the gap, flows eastward, turns north to Hengshan, and then turns east to Huanggunan;It passes through Liangjiaba Right Naguogong River, to Hulong River in the north of Hulong, to Yong'an River in the south of Xiang'an Town;To Fenghuangjing, the right bank has a river diversion to the south through Fenghuangjing Gate. The Fenghuangjing Gate was built in 1952, mainly for river diversion irrigation and drainage to the Yangtze River after flood season, which generally does not play a role in flood drainage.The West River continues to the east and turns to the northeastInaction market[15]Changba, Zuonahuadu River;It flows into Yuxi River through Tianqiao to Huangluo Estuary.The drainage area is 2224 square kilometers (including 602 square kilometers of water from Huangpi Lake), including 509 square kilometers of mountainous areas, 791 square kilometers of hilly areas, 869 square kilometers of plain polder areas, and 55 square kilometers of lake water surface.The total catchment area of Huangpi Lake and Baihu Lake above the Xihe River Gap is 1138 square kilometers, most of which are hilly areas. The incoming water flows into the Xihe River after being regulated by the two lakes.From 1953 to 1960, the White Lake was reclaimed, reducing the storage capacity of the upper reaches of the West River, but the Zhaohe River after dredging and regulation has connected Chaohu Lake from the gap and northeast to the Mawei estuary.So far, the flood above the gap basically flows into Chaohu Lake through Zhaohe River, and the inflow area of the West River below the gap into Yuxi River is 1622 square kilometers.The length of the river channel from the gap to the Huangluo estuary is 108 kilometers, the upper mouth of the channel is 110 meters wide, the bottom is 45 meters wide, and the gradient is 1/70000.The polders on both banks are concentrated, with about 1 million mu of cultivated land. The river embankment is composed of polders and dikes, and the flood control standard is still low.[5]
Niutunhe, Shenxiang Town, Jiujiang District, Wuhu City
Niutun River, located in He County and Hanshan CountyNiuzhu MountainIt gets its name.The upstream connects Yuxi River at Shuidamiao, flows through Tongcheng Gate, Hangbarge, Hougang Bridge and Baiqiao, and flows into the Yangtze River at Shengjiaxu, with a total length of 31.12km and a drainage area of 372km2.In order to control Chaohu Lake flood and river flood back flow, Tongcheng Gate was built in the upper reaches of Niutun River as early as Wuchiwuzhong (245 AD).In the 32nd year of the Republic of China (1943), a new bridge gate was built at the downstream of the new bridge to prevent the river tide from flowing back.Niutun River is a river channel in the polder area, with a flat bottom and a river width of 30~150 meters. At the middle water level, the water depth in the river is 2.0 meters, and the safe discharge is 455~495 seconds cubic meters.After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the highest water level of Niutun River was 12.56 meters (August 1, 1954), which made 338000 mu of farmland along the coast flooded and suffered heavy losses.In 1965, Niutun River was opened as a flood diversion channel of Chaohu Lake. Tongcheng Gate was rebuilt at the mouth of Niutun River on the old Tongcheng Gate, with a design flow of 118 seconds cubic meters. The original curved river channel was straightened and widened to 150 meters. In 1978, Xinqiao Gate (once called Hongqi Gate) was rebuilt south of the old Xinqiao Gate, with a design drainage flow of 700 seconds cubic meters.The elevation of Liangangwei dike top, which forms a circle with Wuwei dike, has been increased by 12.5~13 meters, and the flood control standard has reached a 20-year return period (the upper water level of Xinqiao sluice in 1983 was 10.7 meters).In order to solve the problem of Chaohu Lake flood, in 1986, Chaohu District decided to build the "two rivers and one station" project, namely, excavation of Niutun River spillway, construction of Fenghuangjing irrigation and drainage station and small section regulation of the West River.The Niutun River has been excavated with a bottom width of 60~80m, a bottom elevation of 3.4~2.0m, and a design flood diversion flow of 455m3. It was completed in 1991.The amount of water injected into the Yangtze River in normal years is 140 million cubic meters, 279 million cubic meters in the most wet year, and only 67 million cubic meters in the least wet year.[6]
Huangchen River starts from Chuntuan Temple in Shijian Town, flows through Taiping, Huangluo and Huanglong, and enters Yuxi River from Huangluo Estuary, with a total length of 10 kilometers, a drainage area of 114 square kilometers, and an average annual runoff of 1.7 cubic meters per second.[7]
Houhe River, the Yuxi River Tongjiang River channel excavated in the Southern Song Dynasty, starts from Xiezikou through Tongcheng Gate to Sancha River.[8]
hydrographic features
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The safe discharge of Yuxi River is 600-800 cubic meters per second for 10-20 year return period and 1170 cubic meters per second for 100 year return period.In 1969, the suspended sediment volume under Chaohu sluice was the largest in history, with an annual average sediment concentration of 0.170 kg/m3, an annual average sediment transport rate of 42.1 kg/s, and an annual sediment transport of 1.33 million tons;In 1968, the sediment volume was the lowest in history. The annual average sediment concentration was 0.083 kg/m3, the annual average sediment transport rate was - 0.661 kg/s, and the annual sediment transport was - 20900 tons.[2]
Channel vicissitude
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Yuxi River was called Ruxushui in ancient timesMoisturize the beardIt is the earliest river channel connecting Chaohu Lake, which was formed in the Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C. - 25 A.D.), starting from Ruxukou in Dongguan.Ruxukou is located between Ruxushan Mountain and Qibao Mountain. Ruxushan Mountain is located in today's Dongguan Township of Hanshan County, which is called Dongguan;Qibao Mountain is located in Huanghua Township of Wuwei City, which is called Xiguan.The confrontation between the two mountains is a dangerous situation. It is the exit of the ancient Chaohu Lake and the ancient battlefield where Wu and Wei fought.Ruxushui flows southward to Huangluo Estuary, passes through Cangtou Town to Makou Gate, enters the Makou River between the upper and lower Jiulianwei, and flows into the Yangtze River at Shentang Estuary.The earliest estuary was Zha Port at the lower reaches of Shentang Estuary, which had already collapsed into the river, and then the river section from Shentang Estuary to Zha Port also collapsed into the river, and the Ruxushui Tongjiang Estuary retreated to Shentang Estuary.
By the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279), the river channel from Chaohu Lake to Yuxikou gradually formed. The reach from Chaohu Lake to Sanchahe Town along the north embankment of Yangliuwei via Dongguan, called Houhe River, flows into the river from the east;It starts from Xiezikou, passes through Huangluo River, reaches Nahou River, Sancha River, reaches Yongzhen Town, called Qianhe River, and flows into the river from the northeast.At this point, the river channel of Chaohu Lake has become two, that is, Ruxu River flowing to the south and Yuxi River flowing to the east.In the 12th year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1873), the Shentang Estuary was blocked, and the Yuxi River became the only channel for Chaohu Lake water system to enter the river, and the West River became the main tributary of the Yuxi River.The upper section of ancient Ruxushui, from Dongguan to Huangluo estuary, has become a part of Yuxi River. Its middle reaches, from Huangluo estuary to Makou Gate, have become the middle and lower reaches of the West River.From the Song Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the section from Chaohukou of Yuxi River to Dongguan River is called Tianhe, also called Caohe, commonly known as Mawei Valley;The section from Dongguan to Huangluohe Town is called Tiemao River;The section from Huangluo Town to Yuncao Town is called Yuncao River;Yuncao Town, formerly called Yuxi River, passes through Yong Town (Ruxu Town) and turns northeast to the Yangtze River.[2]
Channel shipping
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channel
Yuxi RiverHeyu ChannelThe lower section of.The water source is rich, and the rainstorm is concentrated in flood season, and the water from the long river flows back half a year.At moderate flood level, the channel flow is stable, the river is wide and deep, and the navigation condition is good.During the dry season, there are more than 10 shoals along the river, including Diaoyutai, Wanshicang, Huangluo River, Luopengwan to Sanhan River, Yuncao River up and down, Yongjia Town, Yuxi Railway Bridge, and Yuxikou.These shoals are mainly formed by river bank collapse, and drought resistance caused by farmers damming in dry season, and sediment siltation.The shoal increases and expands year after year, and the river channel bends more and more seriously.From before and after the Anti Japanese War to the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Yuxi River can only be used for wooden boats of less than 50 tons all year round, and 50-80 tons of wooden boats can be used for seasonal navigation, but it needs to navigate from Houhe River (in 1974, a dam was built in Wanshicang to block Houhe River, and the trunk channel has been changed to Qianhe River).During the dry season, the water level of the Yangtze River drops rapidly, and the flow at the Yuxi Estuary is rapid. Ships entering the river must gather together to carry their boats and slip into the entrance.At that time, some idle labors in Yuxikou Street and the nearby countryside were specially used to pull the imported ships on both sides of the entrance to get some micro rewards.Therefore, there is an allegorical saying among the people that "the fiber at the mouth of Yuxi is easy to carry when you reach it", which also shows that it was difficult to navigate the Yuxi River at that time.Since 1957, Yuxi River has first set simple standards and then focused on development.By the end of the 20th century, there were 37 shore receiving and river crossing beacons, 9 floating drums, and a total of 46, of which 5 were luminous. The Chaohu and Yuxi river sections were equipped with two buoy boats, which were responsible for the maintenance of the buoy.There are 2 river crossing bridges in Yuxi River Channel.[9]
[9]
River training
Yuxi Shiplock of Heyu Channel[10]
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the planning, design and construction of Yuxi River regulation have never been interrupted.The early governance of Yuxi River was implemented in 1955, 1959 and 1963-1965.In 1955, the provincial shipping department cut and straightened Diaoyutai and Haizikou.In the spring of 1959, we cut the beach of Luopeng Bay under the Huangluo River, shortened the voyage by 3.5 kilometers, and completed a total of 490000 cubic meters of earthwork.In September of the same year, the construction of control gates for Chaohu Lake and Yuxi River Water Control Projects was started at the Dongkoumen of Chaohu Lake and Yuxi River, and Yuxi River became a channelized river.
In 1962,Chaohu sluiceWhen it is completed, the water source at the upstream of Yuxi Estuary is under control. In dry season, the flow of Yuxi River cannot be kept normal, affecting navigation and farmers' irrigation.Farmers along the river often block the river and build dams to store water and benefit farmland. The dam soil is washed into the river channel during the flood season. In addition, the river bank collapses and natural siltation, the channel becomes shallow, the navigable water level decreases, and the freight volume also decreases.
From 1963 to 1982, the provincial shipping and water conservancy departments carried out comprehensive regulation of Yuxi River for five times. Now the river is wide and deep, the channel is straight, and the minimum bending radius is 200 meters, generally about 500 meters.In dry season, the water depth is 1.5~2.5 meters, and the 100 ton barge fleet is open to navigation all year round.[9]
Yuxi sluice was built in 1967.The two sluices form the Chaohu Yuxi River cascade hydro junction, which brings into play the comprehensive benefits of flood control, waterlogging drainage, irrigation, navigation and other aspects.
In the 1970s, the Yuxi River was comprehensively regulated for the first time.The construction section is from Chaohu Gate to Yuxi Gate.At that time, there was no current mechanized construction conditions, and large-scale water conservancy construction depended on the sea of people tactics.From the winter of 1971 to the spring of 1972, 160000 migrant workers were distributed in Chaoxian, Wuwei, Hanshan and He counties on both sides of the Yuxi River on the 60 km long river training site.From the winter of 1973 to the spring of 1974, 60000 migrant workers from five counties including Feidong, Wuwei, Chaoxian, Hanshan, and Hexian were mobilized to continue to invest in the completion of the Yuxi River regulation project.After the above two winter and spring river training construction, the earthwork task of the river water part was basically completed.In addition, the length of Yuxi River has been shortened by 7.6 km by cutting straight the three big bends, namely Diaoyutai, Dongguan and Huangluo River.
From 1977 to 1982, the shipping department carried out six local dredging operations for underwater earthwork in the Yuxi River.
Since 1992, a new round of large-scale regulation of Yuxi River has begun.The project will be implemented in 9 phases, lasting 13 years and ending in 2004.The completed works include: underwater earthwork dredging of river channel, additional training and protective masonry of river embankment, reconstruction and reinforcement of embankment crossing buildings, demolition of embankment buildings, etc.For a long time, the original 3.9 km curved river channel under Yuxi Gate could not be treated due to the obstruction of Huainan Railway River Crossing Railway Bridge.It was bent and straightened in 2003.
From 2001 to 2003, the expansion and reinforcement project of Chaohu sluice was implemented, and six control sluice holes were expanded, so the project benefits were better brought into play.
Heyu Waterway is the only waterway connecting Hefei, the provincial capital, and the surrounding areas, and Yuxi River is the golden waterway in this waterway.As a part of Chaohu Lock Yuxi Lock Water Control Project, the current Chaohu Lock and Yuxi Lock are located at the entrance and exit of both ends of the Yuxi River. Due to low design standards, small project scale and long-term serious navigation congestion, they have become a bottleneck restricting the development of Heyu Channel navigation.For this reason, Yuxi and Chaohu double track ship locks have been put into operation in November 2008 and October 2010 respectively. After the completion of the two double track ship locks, the navigation capacity of Heyu Channel will be greatly improved, which is of great significance to promoting the economic development of Hefei.[11]
Valley culture
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To moisten the mouth of the beard
To moisten the mouth of the beard[12]
The ancient outlet of Chaohu Lake, Ruxukou, is located between Ruxu Mountain and Qibao Mountain, and its geographical location is equivalent to the junction of Hanshan, Wuwei and Chaohu in the upper reaches of Yuxi River.Here, the two mountains are facing each other. During the period when Ruxu water flows through.The upstream of Ruxukou is the broad Chaohu Bay, which is very dangerous.
During the Three Kingdoms period, the area along the river and lake in the Chaohu basin was the place where Wu and Wei fought.Zhuge LiangIn his "Model of Later Dispatch", it said that Cao Cao "failed in the four Yuechao Lake", referring to the four wars between Wu and Wei in Chaohu between the 14th and 22nd years of Jian'an (AD 209-2017).Ruxukou is located on the mountain and near the water, which naturally became the strategic focus of the war between Wu and Wei at that time.
From the winter of the 17th year of Jian'an to the spring of the next year, Cao Cao set up an army to cross Chaohu Lake.king of Wu in the Three Kingdoms EraIn order to repel Cao Cao, a defensive castle was built on Ruxu Mountain on the east bank of Ruxu River, called Ruxu Dock, as the land stronghold of the navy.Therefore, Ruxu Mountain here is called the Dongguan of Ruxu Mouth."Dongguan", the name of the military fortress in the Three Kingdoms period, has been used as a place name, becoming the name of Dongguan Town on the old battlefield site of Hanshan County.
In the Annals of the Three Kingdoms · Biography of the Lord of Wu, Pei Songzhi wrote a paragraph about Cao Cao's expedition to Wu at Chaohu Lake in the second Yue Dynasty: "Wei Lue" said: "Quan (Sun Quan) came to watch the army in a big ship, and the public (Cao Cao) sent a bow and crossbow in disorder, and the arrow hit his ship. The ship was inclined to cover. Quan returned to the ship because he received the arrow on one side. All the arrows were leveled and returned." This is the widely known story of the Three Kingdoms, "The boat borrowed the arrow"The historical prototype of.It happened in Dongguan, Ruxukou, Chaohu Lake. It was Sun Quan, not Zhuge Liang, who borrowed arrows from the boat.[13]
Floating hill fishing platform
On the right bank of the upper reaches of Yuxi River, there is a famous old scenic spot called Fuqiu Fishing Platform, which is one of the ten ancient nests.This is Diaoyutai Village in Chaohu City, 30 miles southeast of Chaocheng.
The Diaoyutai, or Diaoyutai along the Yuxi River, is a huge stone cliff facing the river.The stone cliff extends from the steep mountain beside the river to the water surface, which is as wide and flat as a chess floor.On the cliff, there were four characters carved by the people of the Song Dynasty: "Floating Hill Fishing Platform".According to legend, this is the place where the Duke of Fuqiu fishes.The stone cliff still has the footprint of the man "deep enough to be inch" and the impression of sitting and placing fishing rod.There is also a cave under the cliff, which is not underwater all the year round. Only when the water level of Yuxi River is low, can the cave mouth come out of the water.
In the historical records of Chaoxian County, Fuqiu is a mythical figure who travels everywhere.The floating hill fishing platform is a pleasant place with beautiful scenery.According to the Annals of Chaoxian County · Territory Annals of Kangxi, "the mountain and the water are on the back, the stone bank is rugged, and the boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats, boats
In the 1970s, Chaohu District set up Diaoyutai Quarry to mine a large amount of stones for riprap revetment construction on the river bank of Wuwei Levee Huisheng Levee.The natural environment of the Diaoyutai Mountains has been damaged by years of blasting.The handwriting on the stone cliff near the river has been damaged, and only the footprints of the floating hills and the footprints of sitting can be seen vaguely.[14]
