The street pavilion is a place for all generations of military strategists to contend for. It is safe and secure in LongyouGuanzhongOfstrategic role。Three Kingdoms PeriodZhuge LiangTo restore the Han Dynasty to the northShuhanIn the sixth year of Jianxing (228 AD), the Northern Expedition against the Cao Wei Dynasty was deployedBattle of Street Pavilion, for joining the armyMa SuViolating the rules of propriety and resisting Nanshan, Wei JiangZhang HeHe was utterly defeated by the street pavilion.The street pavilion fell,Shu ArmyThe main force is defeated, Zhuge LiangChop Ma Su with tears, and self demotion of upper sparsity request.From then on, the street pavilion became famous all over the world.
Chinese name
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Alias
Jiequan Pavilion
Pinyin
jiē tíng
Location
Gansu ProvinceLongcheng Town, Qin'an County, Tianshui City
Jieting, also known as Jiequan Pavilion, is called Jieting for short.Located todayQin'an CountyLongcheng Town, 45 kilometers northeast of the hall.Belonging in the Western Han DynastyTianshui CountyJiequan CountyIt is said that Jiequan County is named after an ancient spring in Longcheng. It is also called "Longquan" because the spring is under the Longshan Mountain, and the spring water is strong and it does not decrease in winter and summer.In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Jiequan County was renamed Lueyang County, and the old name was taken over by Jiequanluan.According to the Annals of the Counties, "Lueyang County has street spring pavilion, which is the old county".The Jieting Mountain is high and the valley is deep, and the terrain is dangerous. It is an important military pass in history and a place where military strategists must contendGuanzhongIf you retreat, you can guard Longyou.In history, many heroes competed and wars were frequent. There were many large-scale wars here.During the Three Kingdoms period“Ma SuLost Street Pavilion”It happened right here.According to《Romance of the Three Kingdoms》Record:“ShuhanIn the sixth year of Jianxing (228 AD), the general of Shu, Ma Su, and the general of WeiZhang HeFighting in the street pavilion ".at that timeZhuge LiangIn order to realize the great cause of "setting the Central Plains in the north and rejuvenating the Han Dynasty", he personally led the army in the Northern ExpeditionWei , attack Qi Mountain.becauseShu ArmyThe army along the way is well disciplined, has high morale, and has won successive victories,the Wei state of the Three-Kingdoms PeriodNan'anGansuprovinceLongxi CountyNortheast)Tianshui(The county is now under administrationGansu ProvinceGangu CountySouth), Anding (the prefecture is now in Gansu ProvinceZhenyuan CountySouth) Three prefectures rebelled against Wei and surrendered to Shu, which shocked Guanzhong for a while.Emperor Wei MingCao RuiRushed to Chang'an from Luoyang, the capital city, and ordered General Zhang He to lead the troops to resist.Zhuge Liang sent Ma Su to join the army "to supervise all the troops in front and fight with Zhang He in the street pavilion".Unexpectedly, Ma Su disobeyed Zhuge Liang's order and refused to listen to the assistant generalWang PingHe made his own decision to stop the army from going down to the city in accordance with the Nanshan Mountain. He did not go near the water and camped the army on the mountain.Sima YiKnowing that the Shu army had set up camp on the basis of Gao, he drove the army into the mountain and surrounded it on all sides, cutting off the way down the mountain to get water, trapping the Shu army on the mountain.A battle for street booths started here.The Wei army took advantage of the situation to attack the mountain, but Ma Su found it hard to defend it. After several days, he broke through the encirclement with a lack of soldiers and fled.Wang Ping, who was camped at the foot of the mountain, wanted to lead his troops to save him, but Zhang He was blocking the way to fight. He had to flee hastily and withdraw to Tianshui because he was alone.As a result, the Shu army was defeated and lost the street pavilion.Zhuge Liang had to return from TianshuiHanzhong。Zhao YunThe army also lost the battle in Jigu. Fortunately, Zhao Yun personally cut the rear and suffered less loss.In the battle of Jieting, the main force of the Shu army was defeated, which led to the overall failure of Zhuge Liang's early departure from Qishan.When Zhuge Liang returned to Hanzhong, he beheaded Ma Su and demoted Zhao Yun according to the military law.He also said in the chapter of "Persuading officers and men to attack frequently has been lacking in education" that "there are more thieves in the army in Qishan Mountain and Jigu Valley, and those who cannot break the thieves are broken by the thieves, then the disease is not due to the shortage of soldiers, but also in the ears of one person. If you want to reduce the number of troops and provincial generals today, punish them clearly and think about their mistakes, and compare the ways of flexibility in the future." It shows that the loss of street pavilions is a profound lesson.This is the famous "Lost Street Pavilion" in history.For thousands of years, mountains and rivers have become easier, and history has changed. Historical stories such as the loss of street pavilion, empty city plan, and the killing of Ma Su have been widely read.However, the former Jiequan Pavilion was destroyed in the pavilion, so it is difficult to determine the site of the ancient Jieting.The Book of the Later Han DynastyCounty and Country Annals》In: "There is a street spring pavilion in Lueyang County, which is the old county".《Taiping Huanyu》It is recorded that "Jiequan Pavilion, commonly known as Han Jiecheng, is where Ma Su failed".《etymology》、《Chinese Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Place Names》It is believed that the street pavilion is located in Qin'an County, Tianshui, Gansu Province.According to《Records of Qin'an County》Note: "The hundred miles in the northeast are called Gaomiao Mountain, Danma Valley, so Danma Posthouse. The mountain is called Duanshan, which is the balance between the north and the south of Lueyang. It rises from the middle of the mountain, and does not belong to the mountains. It is connected belowHechuanThat is, Ma Su's place of returning to the army ".Lianhechuan is located between Longcheng Town and Longshan Town.Longshan, formerly known as Duanshan, was under the jurisdiction of Qin'an County. In the 14th year of Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty, Jiang Yun, the magistrate of the county, changed its name to Longshan because of its ominous name. After liberation, it was included in Zhangjiachuan Hui Autonomous County.In short,Jieting Ancient BattlefieldAccording to historical records and topographic observation, the site should be located between Longcheng and Longshan. However, due to its long history, the site remains to be verified.After liberation, local people found a piece with the word "Shu" engraved on it at Xue Lichuan, 2 kilometers northwest of Longcheng and LongchengCrossbow machine, ExistingGansu Provincial Museum。
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Lost Street Pavilion
Lost Street Pavilion
The lost Jieting is high and deep, and the terrain is dangerous. It is an important military pass in history and a place for military strategists to fightGuanzhongIf you retreat, you can guard Longyou.In history, many heroes competed and wars were frequent. There were many large-scale wars here.During the Three Kingdoms period“Ma Su Lost the Street Pavilion”It happened right here.According to《Romance of the Three Kingdoms》Record:“ShuhanThe sixth year of Jianxing (228 AD)General of ShuMa Su and Wei JiangZhang HeFighting in the street pavilion ".at that timeZhuge LiangIn order to realize the great cause of "setting the Central Plains in the north and rejuvenating the Han Dynasty", he personally led the army in the Northern ExpeditionWei , attack Qishan Mountain.becauseShu ArmyThe army along the way is well disciplined, has high morale, and has won successive victories,the Wei state of the Three-Kingdoms PeriodNan'anGansuprovinceLongxi CountyNortheast China), Tianshui (the prefecture is now in Gansu ProvinceGangu CountySouth), Anding (the prefecture is now in Gansu ProvinceZhenyuan CountySouth) Three prefectures rebelled against Wei and surrendered to Shu, which shocked Guanzhong for a while.Emperor Wei MingCao RuiHurry from the capitalLuoyangArrive at Chang'an, and order General Zhang He to lead the troops to resist.Zhuge Liang sent Ma Su to join the army "to supervise all the troops in front and fight with him in the street pavilion".Unexpectedly, Ma Su disobeyed Zhuge Liang's order and refused to listen to the assistant generalWang PingHe made his own decision to stop the army from going down to the city in accordance with the Nanshan Mountain. He did not go near the water and camped the army on the mountain.Zhang He learned that the Shu army camped on the high ground and drove the army into the mountain. He was surrounded on all sides, cut off the way down the mountain to get water, and trapped the Shu army in the mountain.A battle for street booths started here.The Wei army took advantage of the situation to attack the mountain, but Ma Su found it hard to defend it. After several days, he broke through the encirclement with a lack of soldiers and fled.Wang Ping, who was camped at the foot of the mountain, wanted to lead his troops to save him, but Zhang He was blocking the way to fight. He had to flee hastily and withdraw to Tianshui because he was alone.As a result, the Shu army was defeated and lost the street pavilion.Zhuge Liang had to return from TianshuiHanzhong。Zhao YunThe army also lost the battle in Jigu. Fortunately, Zhao Yun personally cut the rear and suffered less loss.In the battle of Jieting, the main force of the Shu army was defeated, which led to the overall failure of Zhuge Liang's early departure from Qishan.When Zhuge Liang returned to Hanzhong, he beheaded Ma Su and demoted Zhao Yun according to the military law.He also said in the chapter of "Persuading officers and men to attack frequently has been lacking in education" that "there are more thieves in the army in Qishan Mountain and Jigu Valley, and those who cannot break the thieves are broken by the thieves, then the disease is not due to the shortage of soldiers, but also in the ears of one person. If you want to reduce the number of troops and provincial generals today, punish them clearly and think about their mistakes, and compare the ways of flexibility in the future." It shows that the loss of street pavilions is a profound lesson.This is the famous "Lost Street Pavilion" in history.
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Jieting is located in Tianshui City, Gansu ProvinceQin'an County40 kilometers northeast of the cityLongcheng Town, Distancedadiwan site 8km is an open area about 6km wide and more than 10km long, which is the throat of Guanlong,strategic roleIt is very important and has become a place of great importance for all generations of military strategists.Wei and Shu in the Three Kingdoms PeriodBattle of Street PavilionIt happened right here.The location of the street pavilion is an open river valley extending in all directions. The mountains in the north and south are dangerous. It can be attacked and defended in advance and retreatStrategic location。Three Kingdoms PeriodZhuge LiangMa Su was sent to supervise the vanguard troops,Major-general Wang Ping firmly guarded the street pavilion for Ma Su's army pioneers (1000 soldiers). Because Ma Su disobeyed Liang's plan and refused to listen to Wang Pingli's advice, "he refused to follow the way of drawing water, to block Nanshan, and not to go down to the city", he was eventually defeated by the general of the Wei armyZhang HeWhen Zhuge Liang learned that Jieting was lost, Ma Su (who was responsible for escaping from prison) was imprisoned and killed. Shangshu asked for demotion to three levels.Since then, the street pavilion has become famous all over the world.[1]
A mouth was unearthed in Wangjiachuan, Longcheng Town“Iron pan”"Prime Minister of Han Dynasty"Zhuge WuhouAt the same time, the inscription "Shu" was also unearthed nearbyCrossbow machine、Spurs, knives, spears, armor and other weapons.The experts verified from the only battle relics that the place where the weapons were unearthed was where Ma Su and Wang Ping'an camped.Longcheng Town, the street spring pavilion in the Three Kingdoms period, is worthy of its nameAncient battlefield。Ma Su disobeyed Zhuge Liang's deployment at the Jieting, and refused to take the advice of Deputy General Wang Ping. He was arbitrary and decided to camp in the mountain without water.Zhang He's soldiers arrived and besieged the isolated mountain, cut off the water and attacked the mountain, breaking the Shu army. The Shu army dispersed, Ma Su abandoned the mountain and fled, and the street pavilion was lost.However, Wang Ping led thousands of people, who sounded drums and trusted themselves. Zhang He suspected that there was an ambush and did not dare to pursue. Wang Ping collected the rest of his troops and led his soldiers back to Hanzhong.Zhuge Liang had lost the street pavilion and could no longer use it to attack the Wei army,Pull outThere are more than 1000 people in Xixian County, still in Hanzhong.
The street pavilion is also ZhejiangZhujiThe name of a town in the jurisdiction is named after the pavilion on the street.
《Taiping Imperial Survey》Volume 194. Pavilion Strip Guide《Custom》He said, "Because of the Qin Dynasty, the Han family took the lead in building a pavilion for ten miles. The pavilion is reserved. Today, there are pavilions reserved, pavilions reserved, and hotels built. The pavilion is also flat. The people have lawsuits, and the officials have to stay in court. Don't lose their integrity.".
《Later Han Dynasty》Emperor Xian lived and wrote: "In December of the fourth year of Chuping, Hanyang has been dividedShangjunFor Yongyang, Xiangting is a county.
《Public Records》"Longcheng County... has Dalong Mountain, Wating Mountain and Jiequan Pavilion".
《Fang Yu's summary of history reading》Volume 59: "Street Spring City, in the County (Qing DynastyQin'an County）In the northeast, the county was set up in the Han Dynasty, belonging to Tianshui County, and was introduced into the later Han DynastyLueyang County。Liu Zhaoyue said that there is a street spring pavilion in Lueyang County, so the county is also.Six years of Jianxing in the Han Dynasty of the Three Kingdoms (Note: 228 AD, the emperor of Han and ShuLiu ChanSix years), Marquis Wu went out of Qishan Mountain to make Ma Su and Zhang He fight in Jieting and lose.Du YouIt was said that there was Jiequan Pavilion in Longcheng County, where Ma Su was defeatedAt that time, Marquis Wu's armyXixian CountyHe was defeated by the Jieting division and had no way to gain access. More than 1000 families in Baxi County returnedHanzhong”。
Kangxi's Records of Gongchang Mansion - Historic Site: "70 miles southeast of Qinzhou today, the place name of Jiezikou is the ancient street pavilion."
Volume II and III of Qianlong's "General Annals of Gansu" in the Qing Dynasty: "The street pavilion is seventy miles southeast of the (Qin) state, which is the place where Ma Su was surrounded by Zhang He. It is now called Jiezikou."
Volume II of New Records of Qinzhou in Zhili: "The street pavilion is the town of Jiezi, where Ma Su of Shu Han was defeated."[3]
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Street Pavilion in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms
For thousands of years, mountains and rivers have become easier, and history has changed. Historical stories such as the loss of street pavilion, empty city plan, and the killing of Ma Su have been widely read.But in the past, the street spring pavilion was destroyedJieting SiteIt is difficult to determine.According to the Annals of the Later Han Dynasty:“Lueyang CountyThere are street spring pavilions, which is the old county.The Taiping World Records records that "Jiequan Pavilion, commonly known as Han Jiecheng, is the place where Ma Su failed".《etymology》The Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Place Names believes that the street pavilion is located in Qin'an County, Tianshui, Gansu Province.According to the Records of Qin'an County, "A hundred miles to the northeast is called Gaomiao Mountain, Danma Valley, and hence Danma Posthouse. It is called Duanshan, and its mountain is the balance between the north and the south of Lueyang. It rises abruptly and does not belong to many mountains. Below it is Lian Kechuan, the place where Ma Su recaptured the army".Liankechuan is located between Longcheng Town and Longshan Town.Longshan, formerly known as Duanshan, was under the jurisdiction of Qin'an County. In the 14th year of Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty, Jiang Yun, the county magistrate, disliked its ominous name and renamed it Longshan. After liberationLongshan TownDraw inZhangjiachuan Hui Autonomous County。In short,Jieting Ancient BattlefieldAccording to historical records and topographic observation, the site should beLongchengThe location between Longshan Mountain and Longshan Mountain is still to be verified due to its long history.
The street pavilion isTianshuicityMaiji DistrictJieting, Qianlong Zhili Qinzhou New Annals and more than 10 other ancient books have records, with inscriptions and physical objects as evidence.
The establishment of "Pavilion" began in the Qin Dynasty. Liu Bang served as the "Sishang Pavilion" in the Qin Dynasty.In the early days, the government set up the rest place for tourists, which was a reception station. It was "built as a hotel for lodging and food", so there were many, "one pavilion for ten miles".And becauseAdministrative systemPart of incomplete photographyAdministrative functionsTherefore, the "pavilion" became a lower level administrative organization, "the people have litigation, and the officials stay to argue".The pavilion was not abolished in the Han Dynasty due to the Qin system, but later, when there were pavilions transferred to counties, "township pavilions were subordinate to counties".
Before the Later Han Dynasty, including the Qin Dynasty“Longcheng”It has not been named yet. At that time, "Jiequan Pavilion" was set up todayLongcheng TownAddress.Location of Longcheng Town in the Western Han DynastyTo raise the sunIn the Eastern Han Dynasty, Lueyang County was also set up, and both Dao and Xian were under the same administration, so the name of "Jiequan Pavilion" was no longer famous and gradually abandoned.JinTaishiZhongba Lueyang Taoist TempleLueyang County，Later Wei DynastyLueyang County was changed into Longcheng County, and the county and county were under the jurisdiction of Lueyang County.Kaihuang of Sui DynastyFor six years, Longcheng County was retained while Lueyang County was abolished. Longcheng was under the jurisdiction of Qinzhou. Later, Qinzhou was restored to Tianshui, while Longcheng remained.
Therefore, Jiequan Pavilion, or "Jieting" in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, is actually a low-level administrative system that was set up in the Qin and Han Dynasties in Longcheng.
In the absence of new evidence, according to the existing data, Jieting Village, Maiji Town, southeast of Tianshui City, is taken as the former site of Jieting, that is, the Dictionary of Chinese Historical Place Names, the General History of China (Volume V), edited by Bai Shouyi and He Ziquan, and the annotated and marked positions of the Atlas of Chinese Historical Manuscripts, edited by Guo Moruo, are more consistent with the relevant records in the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms than other places,One is that this place is about 80 kilometers away from Qishan Castle. If we take the Xixian area, the frontier of Zhuge Liang's military activities, it is closer, which is easy to be consistent with the records in Wei Lue and Yuan Zi;Second, this place is about 50 miles south of Shangbang. Ma Su is stationed here, echoing the army of Qishan and Xixian, which is more consistent with the rules and situation of the battlefield than the west entrance of Longguan Road in the north of Shangbang and Jixian guarded by the Wei army. It also makes it possible for Guo Huai, the governor of Yongzhou in Shangbang, to quickly attack Gaoxiang in Liucheng in the south;Three points are to make Ma Su stay here, which is really in line with the statement in Yuan Zi that "Xu Xing will not advance". If Zhang He is defeated here, the Shuhan army can not only follow the Wei River, along the narrow path of Chencang, go out of Chencang, but also take advantage of the victory to go back to the Qingshui River Valley, follow the south path of Longguan Road, cross Longshan Mountain, and go out of Guanzhong (Yang Shoujing of Qing Dynasty, in the Map of the Three Kingdoms, marked the street pavilion between Qingshui and Quexian, which may also mean this),However, Zhang He defeated the army here, which really caused that the army had no ground to advance and had to retreat;If Zhang He had marched into the Wei River from Chencang Narrow Path as previously mentioned, he would have fought with Ma Su at close quarters here.[3]
The textual research on the "Jieting" site is not just to win a famous historic site, or even commercialize it.Its fundamental significance lies in providing valuable archaeological data for the study of Longcheng Town and the history of Lueyangchuan.As far as the current work is concerned, the textual research conclusion of the "Jieting" site has traced the administrative history of Longcheng back to the Qin Dynasty before the Western Han Dynasty.But this is not the starting point. It is likely that Longcheng has become a first level administrative office since the Eastern Zhou Dynasty - the leader of the "Qin" tribe“Non child”AcceptedKing Xiao of ZhouHe was called to take charge of herding horses between the Wei River and the Wei River, and was later granted the Qin Dynasty (today'sZhangjiachuanEast), Zhou Fuyong.Are the mountains and rivers of the ancient Lueyang River and Longcheng Town included in the area not under the sub fief?There is no textual research data, but it is very likely.[2]
