Planetary and interplanetary probes are rightsolar systemUnmanned spacecraft carrying out exploration of planets inside.In the early 1960s, the United States and the Soviet Union launched a variety of planetary and interplanetary probes, respectively detecting Venus, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, SaturnInterplanetary space。
Since the Soviet Union launched the world's first satellite on October 4, 1957Artificial earth satelliteSince then, human beings have begun to explore planets and interplanetary space. In addition to satellites and manned spacecraft, more than 120 planetary and interplanetary probes have been launched so far, obtaining a lot of exploration information, increasing human understanding of the planets and interplanetary space in the solar system. Mars and Venus, especially Mars, have been the most explored.
Space probeAccording to the detection objects, it can be divided into lunar probe, planetary and interplanetary probe, small object probe, etc.
According to its orbit, it can be divided into three categories: (1) detectors flying over a planet, such as "pioneers" and "travelers";(2) A probe orbiting the detected planet;(3) Detectors landing on the planet, such as "Mariner"“Viking Venus. The planets that have been detected areMercury、Venus、Mars、Jupiter、Saturn、Uranus、NeptuneAnd its satellites.Some probes have successfully landed on the surface of Venus and Mars.
Flight of space probe
When the space probe leaves the earth, it must obtain enough speed to overcome or get rid of the gravity of the earth and realize deep space flight.If the detector runs along a heliocentric elliptical orbit (double tangent orbit) that is tangent to both the Earth orbit and the target planet orbit, it may encounter the target planet;Increasing the speed to change the flight orbit can shorten the time to reach the target planet.
In order to ensure that when the detector flies along the double tangent orbit to the tangent of the target planet orbit, the target planet will also run there, the detector must be launched when the Earth and the target planet are in a specific relative position.When orbiting a star, the detector can use the gravitational field of the planet to accelerate and fly around multiple planets continuously.
Space probeThe distinctive feature of the "" is that for long-term flight in space, real-time remote control cannot be carried out on the ground, so it must have autonomous navigation capability;towardsExtrasolar planetsFlight, away from the sun, can not use solar array, but must use nuclear energy system;Special protective structure shall be adopted to withstand very severe space environmental conditions;Landing or walking on the surface of the moon or planet requires some special structures.[1]
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Planetary and interplanetary probes are unmanned spacecraft that detect planets in the solar system.In the early 1960s, the United States and the Soviet Union launched a variety of planetary and interplanetary probes, respectively detecting Venus, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, SaturnInterplanetary space。Comet detectorWhen leaving the earth, you must obtain enough speed to overcome or get rid of the gravity of the earth, so that the deep space flight detector can run along the heliocentric elliptical orbit that is tangent to the earth orbit and the target planet orbit, and it is possible to meet the target planet, or increase the speed to change the flight orbit can shorten the time to reach the target planet.In order to ensure that the planetary and interplanetary detectors enter the predetermined orbit and work normally, the detectors need to independently control the flight orbit and solve the problem of low data rate and long-distance transmission. At the same time, space nuclear energy needs to be used for energy supply.[2]
Planetary and interplanetary exploration in the United States
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The United States successfully launched its first satellite on February 1, 1958Artificial earth satelliteExplorer 1.In the same year, the AmericanJet Propulsion Laboratory(JPL) inNASAUnder the direct guidance of, we started to explore and research the planets and interplanetary space in the solar system, and successively developed and launched Pioneer, Mariner, HeliosVoyager, Helmets and other planetary and interplanetary probes and comet probes.In recent years, Mars Surveyor andMars Pathfinder Detector.[3]
Pioneer probe
Pioneer probeIt is a series of American planetary and interplanetary probes.From October 1958 to August 1978, 13 satellites were launched, with the main task of exploring the space between the earth and the moon;Gold, wood, Saturn and other planets and interplanetary space;The environment around the moon;Radiation, magnetic field and solar activity in interplanetary space.
The mass of Pioneers 1 to 9 is 27-67kg, and the working life is about 6 months.The first four detectors were only partially successful.Pioneer probeThe image of the solar wind in the shape of a watering can was taken, and it was found that the sunny side of the earth's magnetic field was compressed by the solar wind, and the other side was extended by millions of kilometers.Among them, Pioneer 7 first observed the magnetotail far from the moon, measuring the teardrop shaped magnetotail 5.6 million kilometers away from the earth.
On March 3, 1972 and April 6, 1973, respectivelyPioneer 10 And 11 probes, mainly detecting Jupiter, Saturn and their satellites (Ganymede and Titan).In December 1973, No. 10 flew close to Jupiter, with a journey of 1 billion kilometers, and sent back more than 300 pictures of Jupiter and Ganymede to the Earth. The No. 10 probe accelerated by Jupiter's gravitational field, making it fly to Saturn. It also accelerated by Saturn's gravitational field, and in October 1986, it crossed the average orbit of Pluto, becoming the first spacecraft to fly out of the solar system.11 flew near Jupiter in December 1974 and Saturn on September 1, 1979, and detected FG liang
The distance between the G ring and the center of Saturn is 60-900000 kilometers. It is found that the intensity of Saturn's radiation belt is far lower than that of the Earth's radiation belt.On No. 10 and No. 11, each carries a gilded super quality signboard with patterns as a symbol of the exploration of civilization beyond the earth.
The pioneers were launched in May and August 1978 respectively -Venus 1After entering the orbit around Venus, the No. 2 probe used microwave remote sensing to take an image of the back of Venus.No. 2 released four conical Venus atmospheric detectors in the orbit around Venus, and landed on the surface of Venus from A direction respectively. During the exploration, it found that there were a large number ofcarbon dioxideandsulphuric acid。[3]
Mariner detector
Mariner detectorIt is a series of American planetary and interplanetary space probes, whose main task is to explore Venus, Mars and their surrounding space environment.From July 1962 to November 1973, 10 Mariner probes were launched, of which 3 flew to Venus and 2 succeeded;6 flew to Mars and 4 succeeded;The other is to make binary observations of Venus and Mercury, becoming the first binary detector.
Mariner detectorIt is octagonal in shape and has four solar cell wings. The shutter controls the temperature and the high-pressure gas nozzle controls the attitude.Mariner 4 A TV camera is installed to send detailed survey images of Mars back to the earth from near Mars. Each image is composed of 200200 pixels. According to the images, about 300 volcanic craters are identified on Mars.Sailor 6The quality of the Martian topographic map sent back by Mercury 7 is better. Each image is composed of 704945 pixels, which can clearly identify the erosion of the Martian surface. The southern hemisphere of Mars is a terrain of "rubble mounds". The exploration of Mercury 7 found that there are snow mounds formed by water ice and dry ice (solid C02) in the South Pole of Mars, which has been further confirmed by subsequent exploration.Mariner 9 As a man-made Mars satellite orbiting Mars, it has been orbiting Mars for 90 days. It took pictures of 70% of the surface of Mars with a high-resolution camera, and found the largest known crater in the solar system near the Arctic Crown.Mariner 10 It is a binary probe of Venus and Mercury. It flew over 5300km away from Venus on February 5, 1974, flew to Mercury with the help of Venus gravitational field, and approached Mercury twice every six months.[3]
Viking detector
Viking detectorAmericanMars probeSeries is an improved version of the Mariner probe. Its main task is to detect the existence of life on Mars, explore the Martian landscape, and study the Martian atmosphere and seismic activity.And then study the evolution of the Earth and the solar system.
The Viking 1 and Viking 2 probes were launched on August 20 and September 9, 1975, respectively. The 1 spacecraft entered the orbit of Mars on June 19, 1976, and its landing module landed on the Pranitia Plain on Mars on July 20, and began to work on November 2.The Viking 2 lander landed on the Utopia Plain on Mars on September 3, 1976, and began work on November 18.The results of these two Viking probes show that there is no sign of any living things on Mars, and no organic molecules have been detected on Mars.The orbiters of Viking I and Viking 2 also observed the Mars satellites Huowei 1 and Huowei 2, and took 50 photos.[3]
Voyager probe
Voyager probeIt is a series of American planetary and interplanetary probes, whose main task is to detect Jupiter and its satellites, Saturn and its satellites and rings in more detail.
Voyager 2And 1 were launched in August and September 1977 respectively,Voyager 1On March 5, 1979, it crossed Jupiter at 278000 km away from Jupiter, and it took about 37 minutes for the signal to be transmitted to the Earth.No. 1 found that there were at least six active volcanoes on Ganymede 1, which ejected at a speed of 1600km/h;It is found that Ganymede 4 has more craters than Ganymede 3;Ganymede ring and red spot of fire about 30km thick were observed;The far ultraviolet radiation from Ganymede's ring surface was measured by the ultraviolet spectrometer on the detector;Three Jupiter moons, Ganymede 14, 15 and 16, were also discovered.[3]
Comet detector
This is for detecting and studying cometsSpace probeThe main task is to detect and study the nature and composition of comets, and then understand the physical properties and chemical composition of the solar wind.
Comet detectorIt is equipped with TV camera, neutron analyzer, ion quality analyzer, plasma observer, sidelight meter and other detection equipment to detect the plasma density, temperature and heavy ion characteristics in the comet tail.The orbit change engine is installed to change the orbit of the detector so as to intercept the comet tail and directly detect the comet tail.[3]
Planetary and interplanetary exploration in the former Soviet Union
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Venus probe
Venus probeIt is one of the planetary and interplanetary probe series of the former Soviet Union, whose main task is to explore Venus and its surrounding space.On February 12, 1961Venus 1 detectorBy June 7, 1983, a total of 16 Venus probes had been launched, of which 2 flew over Venus, 4 flew to the surface of Venus (hard landing), and the remaining 10 realized soft landing on the surface of Venus.[4]
Mars probe
Mars probeIt is a series of planetary and interplanetary probes in the former Soviet Union, whose main task is to explore Mars and its surrounding space.From November 1962 to August 1973, the former Soviet Union launched seven Mars probes, of which two orbiters flew over Mars, two orbiters crossed Mars and entered heliocentric orbit, and the other three orbiters entered orbit around Mars, becoming artificial Mars satellites.The lander module of the probe looked hard at the surface of Mars, and two landers landed soft on the surface of Mars.
Mars probeIt is composed of an orbital module and a landing module. The orbital module is equipped with the main system and equipment of the detector. In addition to the landing system including the power plant and large parachute, the landing module is also equipped with instruments and equipment for detecting Mars when the landing module approaches Mars.The detector measures the atmosphere outside the earth during the launch process;During the flight to MarsInterplanetary spaceEnvironmental Science;When approaching Mars, observe the surface of Mars from different heights;After the lander soft lands on the surface of Venus, the physical and chemical properties of Mars are detected, and the measured data and TV images are sent back to the Earth through the data transmission system of the orbital module.[4]
Detector No. Detector
The detector is also the former Soviet UnionSpace probeOne of the series is multi-purpose, including lunar exploration, lunar terrestrial space, interplanetary space, space around Mars, etcSpacecraft return technologyAnd so on.Its flight procedure is to first be sent into the parking orbit, and then start the final stage rocket to make the probe fly to the interplanetary space or the planet and moon.From April 1964 to October 1970, a total of eight probes were launched. Four landers returned to the earth, and six sent black and white and color photos of the earth and the moon to the ground.[4]
