Behavioral genetics is also called "psychogenetics" and "behavioral genetics".The interdisciplinary of behavioral science and biological genetics.Using the theory of psychology and genetics, this paper studies the influence of biological genotype on the behavior of organisms, and the interaction between heredity and environment in the process of behavior formation.The purpose is to analyze and explore the relationship between important behaviors or psychological substances (such as learning, intelligence, mental illness, etc.) of organisms and heredity.Darwin and Galton were first engaged in the study of behavioral genetics.Darwin proposed that both genius and mental retardation have obvious familial characteristics.Galton studied the life experiences of outstanding people at that time, and in 1869 he published the book "Genius of Heredity";It is proposed that most of the family members of talented people are geniuses, and their abilities also tend to be inherited by families.He used twinning method and statistical analysis method for the first time to explain that acquired sexual behavior traits cannot be inherited.[1]
Deeply understanding the genetic mechanism of the formation and development of animal behavior will improve human useAnimal resourcesAbility to promotebionicsDevelopment of.In addition, after clarifying the relationship between gene, nerve (brain) and behavior, it will also provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of genetic diseases with abnormal behavior.[2]
Development history
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Relationship between behavior and heredity
In the early 20th century,geneticsSome early geneticists had noticed the relationship between behavior and heredity.But latergeneticsIn the rapid development ofDrosophila melanogasterBody color, eye color, bristle traits, etc.) became the main research object.
J. Hirsch and the United States in the mid-1950sgeneticsHome T·DobrunskiOnce engaged inDrosophila melanogasterThe genetic study of phototaxis.They obtained a population with obvious positive and negative phototaxis controlled by multiple genes through multiple generations of selection, butManual selectionOnce stopped, the difference quickly disappears.
In the study of human behavior genetics,twin method Occupy an important position.Car sickness, seasickness, sleepwalking, constipation, nocturnal urination, and sleep bruxism are highly consistent in monozygotic twins, indicating that they have a genetic basisgenetic analysisNot easy.As for the heredity of intelligence, the study of monozygotic twins, IQ measurement and pedigree investigation also show the importance of genetic factors.However, because the development of intelligence has a great relationship with the social environment and individual efforts, and the measurement of intelligence is not as objective as the measurement of other traits, it is a more complex problem.
There are also some humangeneAbnormal behavior caused by mutation or change of chromosome number.For example, seriousPhenylketonuriaPatients (see congenital metabolic defects)Low intelligenceAbnormal brain wave and difficulty in walking are the result of single gene mutation.The patients with self destructing facial syndrome also show delayed intellectual development and dyskinesia, which is caused by sex linked recessive mutation.Klinefelter syndrome、Turner's syndrome(See chromosomal disease) The intelligence of patients also decreased significantly.Some people think thatkaryotypeMen who are XYY tend to become violent and have a high crime rate after puberty.However, in recent years, some scholars have disagreed with this statement.
Life activity is the summation of a series of behaviors.Certain behaviors are not only for the purpose of maintaining individual life, but also for the need of breeding races.Animals have the behavior of courtship, mating and caring for their offspring, which indicates that natural selection not only retains the behavior patterns and genes that are conducive to individual survival, but also retains the behavior patterns and genes that ensure the reproduction of ethnic groups.British behaviorgeneticsJia N. Tingbergen studies the fine of the stickleback (Gasterosteus sp.)Courtship behaviorAnd the behavior of male fish sacrificing themselves to raise young fish is a famous example.[2]
Other subjects
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Escherichia coli
Escherichia coliFor a variety of compounds, there is a tendency or avoidance behavior, which involves compound recognition, signal input andFlagellationThree links.Through the loss of tendency or avoidance behaviorEscherichia coliMutantAccording to our research, each link of physiological activity is related to a series of genes, and the location of these genes has been determined.In addition,Escherichia coliThere is also a tendency or avoidance behavior for cold and hot.MakeEscherichia coliE. coli can analyze these signals and make a tendency or evasion response under the condition of the compounds with tendency and the temperature difference that makes it tend to avoid.
paramecium
parameciumIt is a single cellEukaryoteWhen it encounters an obstacle, it can reverse the direction of cilia swing and retreat, and then swim to a new direction. This behavior is called avoidance behavior.SeparatedMutantIt includes straight forward mutant, super backward mutant, rotating mutant, slow mutant, etc., which cannot be withdrawn, and several genes are involved.parameciumOfFlagellumThe change of swing direction is related to the change of calcium concentration in vivo and in vitro and the change of membrane potential, which is very similar to the change of nerve and muscle action potential in higher animals.
caenorhabditis elegans
caenorhabditis elegans It has a fixed number of cells, is hermaphroditic, only 3.5 days in a generation, and the brain is composed of only hundreds of neuronsinvertebrate。These characteristics of it cause behaviorgeneticsHome attention.Nematodes have been foundChemotaxisThere are more than ten genes involved, many of whichMutantThere are structural changes in the nervous system.useelectron microscopeAnd electronic computerMutantThe research on the structure of neural loop network based on genetic algorithm is helpful to understand how genes control the complex connection pattern of neurons.
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogasteryesgeneticsAnimals that accumulate the most information.Its behavior is also relatively complex, and it has acquired influence phototaxisChemotaxis、Geotaxis, feeding, flying, courtship, mating, memory and other behaviorsMutant。stayDrosophila melanogasteractgeneticsUnder study,Hermaphroditic chimeraMethods have played an important role.This method can be used not only to determine the primary action site of genes controlling sexual behavior, but also to determine the primary action site of other behavior genes on the X chromosome.For example, Japan's behaviorgeneticsHome digging Kaishu was discovered in 1972 to control malesCourtship behaviorThe primary site of action of TNF does not exist in the genital organs or the thoracic ganglia.At least one pair of symmetrical action sites exist in the brain, thus denying the so-called single action site model.
honeybee
honeybeeIt is a social insect with more complex behaviors.There is a strain resistant to American stink nest disease. Its worker bees have the special behavior of opening the nest chamber and throwing the larvae and pupae that died in the nest chamber to a distance, so as to avoid the occurrence of stink nest disease.This behavior is governed by two recessive genes.
mice
In mammals, mice are behavioralgeneticsGood materials for research have accumulated many behavioral mutants.For example, there is a waltz danceMutantIt is caused by single gene recessive mutation.As a result of long-term domestication, dogs have developed many strains with obviously different genetic types, which can be used for learning ability, emotion and other behaviorsgeneticsResearch materials.[3]
