Behavioral science theory is a research that began to form in the 1930sHuman behaviorAs a new discipline and a comprehensive science, it has developed into one of the main schools of management research abroad. It is an important branch of management sciencePsychological activitiesTo master the laws of people's behavior and find new ways to treat employeesLabor efficiencyThe way.Behavioral Science Management TheoryBefore it came into being, what prevailed in the West wasClassical Management Theory[1]
behavioral scienceComprehensive applied psychology, sociologysocial psychologyAnthropology, economics, political science, history, law, educationpsychiatryandmanagement theory And methods to study human behaviorMarginal discipline。It studies the laws of the generation, development and mutual transformation of human behavior in order to predict and control human behavior.
Before the emergence of behavioral science management theory, what was prevalent in the West wasClassical Management TheoryThe classical management theory came into being at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, mainly to systematically study enterprisesProduction processAnd administrationOrganizational management。The former, represented by Taylor, focuses on workshop production and how to improvelabour productivityproblem[2]；The latter is called FayolweberAs a representative, it focuses on the overallOperation management, and it is highlighted thatAdministrative levelorganizationSystem theory。
Behavioral Science Management TheoryTo a considerable extent, it overcomes the classicalmanagement theory The disadvantages of.As a management theory, behavioral science began in the late 1920s and early 1930sHawthorne experimentHowever, the real development was in the 1950s.The research of behavioral science can basically be divided into two periods.EarlierInterpersonal theory(orCrowd relationsTheory) as the main content, from Mayo'sHawthorne testAt first, in 1949Chicago, USAsymposiumThe concept of behavioral science was first put forward last year.In 1953, the United StatesFord FoundationAt the conference attended by scientists from various universities, it was officially named as behavioral science, which is ascientific researchPeriod.The theory of behavioral science management began with Mayo's Hawthorne experiment in the mid 1920s and early 1930s. The results of this study show that workers'Work motivationAnd behavior is not just about money, income, etcMaterial interestsDriven by, they are not "economic people" but "social people"SocialNeeds.Mayo foundedInterpersonal relationship theoryThe premise of behavioral science is also called interpersonal relationship science.In the United States in 1949ChicagoAt an interdisciplinary meeting, the name of behavioral science was first proposed.In 1953, this comprehensive discipline was officially named "behavioral science".
The age of behavioral science is roughly the same as that of Taylor et alscientific managementidentical[2], but it was formally formed and even named in the United States in 1949University of ChicagoOnce convened byphilosopher、psychiatrist、psychologistandsociologistAttend the meeting.In its early development, this theory was called "interpersonal relationship" theory, and later it was called "behavioral science".
There are different views on behavioral science at home and abroad.Some people abroad think that it is just a kind of scientific fiction, not the truth of science.It is confused in theory, inconsistent in concept, and questionable in method.There are three opinions in China: the first is that behavioral science is amodern scienceAny country and class can study it and apply it;The second is that behavioral science is reconciliationclass contradictionsThe product ofcapitalismOrder service must be completely denied;The third is that human behavior isobjective existenceIt is absolutely necessary to study human behavior as a science. It is also allowed to put forward assumptions in the study. There are reasonable and unreasonable aspects in behavioral science. We should absorb its reasonable elements according to our national conditions.
3、Group behaviorTheory is an important pillar of behavioral science management theory. Mastering group psychology is an important part of studying group behavior.
1. PutHuman factorAs the primary factor of management, it emphasizes human centered management and attaches importance to the satisfaction of various needs of employees.
2. Comprehensive use of the results of multiple disciplines, using qualitative and quantitative methods to explore the relationship between human behaviorcausal relationshipAnd ways to improve behavior.
4. Pay attention to information circulation and feedback within the organization, replace command and supervision with communication, and pay attention to participatory management and staff'sSelf management。
5. Pay attention to internal management and neglectmarket demand、Social situation, scientific and technological development, economic changes, trade union organizations and other external factors.
6. Emphasize people's feelings andsocial factors , ignoring the functions and rationality of formal organizationseconomic factors Role in management.
Comparing the two theories, the behavioral science management theory focuses on people. It focuses on the impact of people's interest, attitude, emotional enthusiasm, etc. on work and efficiency, and analyzes and improves participants'Subjective conditionSo as to drive the change of objective factors and improve them on the wholemanagement systemincreasework efficiency, in which the research on leader's behavior is particularly emphasized.Management behavior is human behavior, so it can be said that behavior science management theory is carried out from the perspective of the main body of management.apply toeducation management On the other hand, managers pay more attention to the dominant position of teachers and staff in their work, and emphasize theSubjective initiativeAnd attach importance to stimulating teachers' work enthusiasmenterprise, sense of achievement, improve teachers'interpersonal relationship, EnhancedOrganizational cohesionandGroup consciousness。
andSystem management theoryThe school system is regarded as an organic part of the whole society. The school is closely linked with the society. Political, economic, cultural, customs and other factors can affect the basic order and normal operation of the school.At the same time, the school itself is also a whole, "study the impact from the wholeQuality of educationAnd order, and study the different effects produced by different combinations. "Therefore, from this perspective, the system management theory regards school asManagement objectTo study.Similarly, system management theory also attaches importance to theSpecial status, whetherBarnardCaster's theoryContingency theory, orSimonOfBounded rationality model, fully emphasized the importance of "managers" and their decisions to the management process.
The two theories have put forward their own views and suggestions on education management from different aspects, but they are both unilateral discussions. I believe that management behavior is a two-way interactive concept, rather than a one-way linear behavior.As in the West“Receptive aesthetics”Similarly ("Reception Aesthetics" believes that a work is really valuable only after it is read by readers), management behavior is a complete process only when it causes a certain reflection of the object.There is also a saying in China that "one slap can't make a sound". In the school system, administrators or teachers only account for a small proportion, but more students. Therefore, only the enthusiasm of managers is emphasized, ignoring the students'InitiativeThe view of the former is one-sided, and both should be taken into consideration.At the same time,System management theoryIn the decision-making of some superRational factorProblems that play an important role also have limitations, so we attach importance toGroup psychologyGroup psychology is the most direct and true reflection of any management behavior.
Group psychology is the existence of group members to a groupMaterial living conditions, social relations, common interests and group activities.There are two important factors influencing group psychology: unstable elements, such as emotion, anger, public opinion, etc;The other is relatively stable ingredients such as habits, customs, traditions, etc.The general characteristics of group psychology include:group goal、population structure 、Group norms, group awarenessGroup behavior、Group cohesionIn six aspects, the dominant role of group psychology on their behavior is mainly reflected inGroup dynamicsOn.Group dynamics are maintained and developed by a grouppsychological phenomenonFunction of.When it comes to university management, only by correctly guiding group psychology and giving full play to group dynamics can a university be fully stimulatedgroup morale , enhance group cohesion, reduce internal conflicts, strengthen cooperation with managers andTacit understanding, effectively improveManagement efficiency。
Behavioral science reflectshuman societyThe progressive requirements of development.Behavioral science implements the people-oriented idea, takes human resources as the primary resource, attaches great importance to the development and utilization of human resources, and advocateshumanitarianismBy improving working conditions, improving the quality of workers' work and life, training workers' production skills, mobilizing people's enthusiasm, and then improvingLabor efficiency。These thoughts are conducive to promoting production development and social progress.
2. It has absorbed and learned from the achievements of relevant disciplines to form a perfectDiscipline system。
Behavioral science has actively absorbed the knowledge of psychology, sociology, anthropology and other disciplinesscientific knowledge, applying social surveys, observation tests, typical experiments, case studies, etcscientific methodThis paper studies the behavior of people, especially the behavior of workers in production, and puts forward some theories and methods to mobilize people's enthusiasm, which have been applied in enterprises and achieved considerable results.manyManagement scientist、sociologistAnd psychologists have conducted research on human behavior from various perspectives, such as behavior characteristics, behavior environment, behavior process, and behavior causes, and formed a series of theories, making behavioral science a modern western sciencemanagement theory An important school of.
This kind of informal organization plays two roles for workers: protecting workers from losses caused by the negligence of internal members, such as excessive production resulting in improvementProduction quota, or caused by too little productionAdministrationAnd aggravate the burden of companions;Protect workers from nonFormal organizationLosses caused by the intervention of other management personnel, such as reducingWage rateOr increase production quota.Mayo and others believe that informal organizations exist regardless of recognition.It is interdependent with formal organizations, and will affect the enterprise'sproduction efficiencyTherefore, managers should face up to the existence of such informal organizations and use them to serve the activities and objectives of formal organizations.
4. A series of specific requirements are proposed to improve the management level.
Behavioral science theory is an important milestone in the development of management thought.The key problem solved by behavioral science theory is to call on people to master a comprehensivemanagerial skills。These skills are critical to dealing with crowd issues.These skills include:
(2) Consultation, encouragement, guidance and information exchange for workersInterpersonal skills。Founded by Mayo et alInterpersonal theoryIt lays a foundation for the development of behavioral science.The social people they proposedInformal organizationsThe concept ofBehavioral scientistAccepted.Their achievements have made great changes in managers' treatment of subordinatesManagement thoughtHas made great contributions to the development of.
Of course, interpersonal skills are not enough to deal with the problems found by Hawthorne Factory.Some terms and concepts of behavioral science are not precise and consistent enough, and a rigorous scientific system recognized by all has not been formed.They overemphasized the role of people and probably ignored economic and technological considerations.Due to the development of social economy and science and technology, relying solely on some theories and methods proposed by Mayo and others in the early stage can no longer meet the needs of management practice and discipline development.It can be seen that behavioral science theory is important to the development of management thoughtFacilitationAt the same time, there are also some shortcomings.It is these deficiencies that guideManagement thoughtThe development of the new subject.
Impact on enterprise management
1. Emphasize the importance of human factor in enterprise management.
2. It advocates studying management from the perspective of sociology and psychology.
3. Attach importance tosocial environmentThe influence of people's relationship on labor efficiency.
4. It believes that behavior is the expression of people's thoughts, feelings and desires in action, and the role of management is to make people produce aBehavioral motivation。Motivation should be stimulated from the nature of human behavior.
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The success of behavioral science theory has changed managers' ideas andBehavior。Behavioral science has changed the management centered on "things" into the management centered on "people"“Rules and regulations”The research on human behavior has evolved from the original autocratic management to democratic management.
