Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), also known as vascular permeability factor (VPF), is a highly specific vascular endothelial growth factor, which can promote vascular permeability, extracellular matrix variability, vascular endothelial cell migration, proliferation and angiogenesis.
Vascular endothelial growth factor is a family, including VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGF-E and placental growth factor (PGF).Generally, VEGF is called VEGF-A.VEGF-A can promote the formation of new blood vessels and increase vascular permeability. VEGF-B plays a role in tumors without new blood vessels, VEGF-C and VEGF-D play a role in the formation of new blood vessels and new lymph vessels in cancer tissue, and VEGF-E is also a potential new blood vessel formation factor,PGF promotes neovascularization and increases vascular permeability. The expression of PGF in experimental choroidal neovascularization is significantly increased.
2. Receptor
The high affinity receptors that specifically bind to vascular endothelial growth factor are called vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), which are mainly divided into three categories: VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3. VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 are mainly distributed on the surface of tumor vascular endothelium, regulating the formation of tumor blood vessels;VEGFR-3 is mainly distributed on the surface of lymphatic endothelium and regulates the formation of tumor lymphatic vessels.
biological function
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1. Promoting endothelial cell proliferation VEGF is a specific mitogen of vascular endothelial cells, which can promote the growth of vascular endothelial cells in vitro and induce vascular proliferation in vivo.Especially in the hypoxic environment, VEGF binds to the VEGF receptor on the endothelial cell membrane, causing the self phosphorylation of the receptor, thus activating mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), realizing the mitogen characteristics of VEGF, and inducing endothelial cell proliferation.
2. Promote vascular proliferation In the hypoxic environment, VEGF improves the activity of plasma proenzyme activating factor (PA), promotes extracellular protein hydrolysis, and promotes the formation of new hair capillaries by increasing the mRNA expression of plasma proenzyme activating factor (PA) and plasma proenzyme activating factor inhibitor - l (PAI-1).
3. Increasing vascular permeability VEGF is one of the strongest substances that can increase vascular permeability, and it is achieved through cell vesicle apparatus.It is characterized by rapid action and short duration.
4. Change the extracellular matrix Under the hypoxic environment, VEGF can induce the expression of plasma plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, as well as the expression of matrix collagenase and induced tissue factor in endothelial cells, stimulate the release of V3 factor from endothelial cells, thereby changing the extracellular matrix and making it easier for vascular growth.
Clinical significance
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VEGF is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of many angiogenesis dependent diseases, including cancer, some inflammatory diseases and diabetic retinopathy.
