According to different research contents and categories, it can be divided into:
① Morphology of blood cells: The research object is the morphology of visible components in blood.
② Blood cell physiology: the research objects are cell source, proliferation, differentiation and function.
③ Blood biochemistry: blood cell metabolism and plasma composition were studied.
④ Blood immunology: The research objects are blood cell immunity and humoral immunity.
⑤ Hereditary hematology: The research object is the genetic mode and information transmission of blood diseases.
⑥ Hemorheology The research objects are blood fluidity and blood cell deformability. ⑦ Experimental Hematology: The research objects are experimental techniques and methods.
Clinical Hematology (clinical medicine) is a comprehensive clinical discipline, whose main research object is primary blood diseases originating from blood and hematopoietic tissue and secondary blood diseases caused by non blood diseases, and whose basic theory is closely combined with clinical practice. Clinical hematology focuses on various blood diseases (such as leukemia Aplastic anemia 、 hemophilia 、 Deep vein thrombosis Etc.), pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment measures, etc. In addition, other clinical diseases (such as liver disease, kidney disease coronary heart disease 、 diabetes 、 Cerebral vascular disease , respiratory disease Infectious Diseases , obstetrics Malignant tumor , genetic diseases, surgery, severe trauma, drug treatment, etc.). summary
Traditional Chinese medicine dates back to《 Inner Canon of Huangdi 》There are records about blood in the book, and the name of blood was mentioned abroad in the 3rd to 4th century BC. However, the understanding of blood composition and function has been idealistic and incomplete for a long time, and some concepts are inferred from the phenomenon of drip and incomplete observation. The systematic and scientific study of blood began after the advent of the microscope. Microscopic observation of red blood cells (1673), white blood cells (1749) and platelets (1842) in blood, known as the visible part of blood, is the key object of hematologists' research. The body fluid part of blood, also known as blood invisible component (or plasma), has been studied by biochemists and immunologists for many years. Understanding of blood cells
The discovery of blood cells has a history of 150 to 300 years, but the morphology of these cells is still an important part of hematologists' research. With the continuous improvement of blood cell observation technology, optical microscope The precision of is constantly improved, and the staining technology makes the cell morphology clearer and easier to identify, so as to distinguish various white blood cells and observe the abnormal morphology of various blood cells; The invention of special microscope has enriched the concept of blood cell morphology. （1） Detection of blood cell number
This depends on blood cell pipette (1852-1867), blood cell counter (1855) Hemoglobin meter (1878-1895) and Cell separation technology (1877-1912). In 1953, Coulter of the United States invented the world's first automatic blood cell counter. With the development of basic medicine, the application of high-tech technology, especially the application of computer technology, the level of blood analyzer has been constantly improved, the detection principle has been constantly improved, and the measurement parameters have gradually increased. Fast detection, high accuracy and simple operation Blood analyzer The availability of various models of blood analyzers has continuously provided more useful experimental indicators for clinical use, which is of great significance for disease diagnosis and treatment. （2） Understanding of red blood cells
The understanding of the function of red blood cells began from 1871 to 1876. It is known that red blood cells have oxygen carrying function and can participate in respiration in tissues. From 1900 to 1930, there was a more comprehensive understanding of this. Only in 1935 did we know that there were carbonic anhydrase , can transfer a large amount of carbon dioxide It can be converted into carbonate ions, which can be dissolved in the blood. At the same time, it can also convert carbonate ions into carbon dioxide, which can be released in the alveoli. This discovery not only clarified the respiration of red blood cells, but also understood that red blood cells and blood acid-base balance are closely related. After 1967, it was determined that 2, 3-II in red blood cells Glyceraldehyde phosphate Deoxidizable Hemoglobin molecule It is beneficial for the tissue to obtain more oxygen. In 1946, it was confirmed that the life span of red blood cells was about 120 days. Human blood transfusion can be carried out safely. Red blood cells were released in 1901 ABO blood group After. It was known in the 1920s that glucose was needed for the preservation of red blood cells in vitro. In the 1930s, blood stored in vitro was used for blood transfusion. In the 1940s, blood banks began to be gradually established. The comprehensive understanding of red blood cell metabolism came after 1959. In the past 50 years, the relationship between red blood cell structure and fat, protein has been more clear. （3） Leukocyte recognition
1. Understanding of granulocytes
Known from 1892 to 1930 Neutrophils It has the function of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and killing bacteria. It was not known until 1986 that the killing effect of bacteria depends on the presence of Peroxidase , causing H2O2 in the body to oxidize. Although the function of eosinophils is still unclear, it was known as early as 1949 that eosinophils would become Charcot Lyden crystal （Charcot-Leyden crystal）。 It has been known in recent years that Eosinophils It contains cationic protein, which can kill micro organisms. yes Basophil I also have a certain understanding of the functions. There are many chemical components in basophilic granules, such as histamine 5-hydroxytryptamine They are all substances involved in allergic reactions. 2. Understanding of monocytes
monocyte Its phagocytic function was reported only after 1910. Such cells can not only phagocytose ordinary bacteria, but also special bacteria that are difficult to kill (such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Leprosy bacillus), as well as larger fungi and single-cell parasites. Therefore, some people at that time called it "the scavenger who cleans the battlefield". After the 1960s, it was found that monocytes killed and digested phagocytic substances mainly by lysosomes in large numbers in monocytes. In recent years, we have learned that monocytes also play a great role in the immune function, and can digest foreign substances and present antigens to lymphocyte It can secrete many kinds of cell factor Regulate the growth, proliferation or inhibition of lymphocytes and other blood cells. In 1924, Aschoff proposed“ Reticuloendothelial system ”The name "reticulo endothelial system" (RES) has been denied since 1976 and replaced by the "mononuclear phagocyte system" (MPS) related to monocytes. It is now known that monocytes are only a cell in the system that stays in the blood for a relatively short time, and then enter various tissues and become tissue cells. Histiocyte If there are phagocytic substances in it, it is called Phagocyte 。 3. Understanding of lymphocytes and plasma cells
The understanding of lymphocyte function is mainly in the last 30 years. In the past, it was believed that lymphocytes were the last generation in the lymphatic system, and they were mature enough to no longer differentiate, and their role was not well understood. It has been found since 1959 that lymphocytes are stimulated by mitogen and antigen and then transformed into Immunoblast And can undergo mitosis and proliferation again. In recent years, it has become more clear that although lymphocytes are similar in shape, they are significantly different in function: B cells produce antibodies; Some of T cells play a killing role, some play an auxiliary role, some play an inhibitory role, and some play an inductive role. In fact, all kinds of lymphocytes have a more detailed division of labor: one lymphocyte only reacts to one or two antigens, and there are tens of thousands of antigens. You can imagine the complexity of lymphocyte division of labor. As for plasma cells, it is a kind of secreted by lymphocytes after being stimulated by antigens immunoglobulin Of the cells, this has been affirmed in the 1960s. T cells can also produce a variety of cytokines. Understanding of Thrombosis and Hemostasis
Discovered in 1842 platelet It was not known until 1882 that it had hemostatic function and vascular wall repair function, and in 1923 that platelets had aggregation and adhesion function. its Action mechanism and ultrastructural It has been gradually understood in the past 40 years that the aggregation and adhesion functions are affected by many substances in the body, such as adrenaline , thrombin, collagen prostaglandin Etc; However, some of these substances can be generated in platelets and secreted out of platelets through microtubules, and then act on platelets. The research progress of platelet ultrastructure has clarified various substructures in platelets, and also confirmed that these substructures are related to the production and secretion of some of the above substances. With the use of laser confocal microscope for single platelet tomography, the concentration of Ca2+in the activation process of single platelet was analyzed, and the application Flow cytometry Observe the changes of platelet Ca2+flow in the population, confirm that the extraplatelet calcium flow plays a major role in the process of platelet activation, and establish an important methodological basis for the diagnosis of thrombotic diseases in clinical work and the research of antiplatelet drugs. In recent years, it has also been found that activated platelets can form vesicles by budding or platelet particles (PMP) by pseudopodium breaking. Detection of PMP in blood circulation can reflect the involvement of platelets more completely Thrombosis And blood coagulation. The activated platelets release P-selectin, which can combine with the receptors on the membrane of leukocytes and/or monocytes to form platelet leukocyte aggregates and/or platelet monocyte aggregates, and can be used as one of the specific markers reflecting arterial thrombosis. The understanding of hemostasis and thrombosis starts from the problem of bleeding. For example, hemophilia was recorded in the Jewish code as early as 2000 years ago. After the 1950s, people had a deep understanding of the coagulation mechanism. By the 1960s, the "waterfall theory" had become a recognized coagulation mechanism. In the late 1960s, with the discovery of various congenital coagulation factor deficiencies or functional abnormalities, various components involved in hemostatic reactions were identified. In the 1970s, with the progress of biochemical technology, the understanding of the structure and function of various factors was accelerated, and some new coagulation and fibrinolysis related factors were found, such as α 2 plasmin inhibitor and protein C, etc. In the 1980s Fibronectin The study of adhesion molecules, and vascular endothelial cell , blood coagulation, fibrinolysis system, platelets, white blood cells and other blood coagulation inhibitors were cloned to gradually clarify the molecular mechanism of hemostasis and thrombosis. Since the 1990s Tissue factor pathway inhibitor The in-depth research on the function and mechanism of antithrombin, thrombus and hemostasis molecular markers has improved and revised the traditional "waterfall theory" and broadened the research field of thrombus and hemostasis. The role of coagulation, fibrinolysis, endothelial cells and platelets in thrombosis has also been deeply understood at the molecular level. With the development of molecular biology Molecular immunology With the development of other disciplines, a series of methods have been developed and established in the aspects of thrombosis and hemostasis for experimental diagnosis of hemorrhagic diseases and Thrombotic diseases Detection of risk factors and monitoring of anticoagulant and thrombolytic therapy. also Molecular marker Detection has become an important method and basis for research and diagnosis of prethrombotic state and thrombophilia. Understanding of Bone Marrow Stem Cells and Hematopoietic Regulation
（1） Understanding of Hematopoietic Stem Cells
（2） Recognition of mesenchymal hepatocytes in bone marrow
（3） Understanding of Hematopoietic Regulation
Understanding of Hematopoietic and Lymphocyte Tissue Tumors
(I) Leukemia stem cells Understanding of （2） Hematopoiesis and Lymphoid tissue tumor Classification of [1] 
