Blood routine examination refers to the examination to judge the blood condition and disease by observing the number change and morphological distribution of blood cells. With the development of modernization and automation of examination, the current blood routine examination is completed by machine examination.Blood routine examination includes red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell (WBC), differential white blood cell count and platelet (PLT), which can generally be divided into three systems, namely red blood cell system, white blood cell system and platelet system.
Chinese name
routine blood test
Foreign name
blood routine examination
category
Basic inspection
Scope of application
Medical terminology
atlas
Science popularization in China
Committed to authoritative science communication
The certification expert of this term is
Yang Tiesheng|Chief physician
Laboratory Department of Peking University People's Hospitalto examine
It refers to the number of red blood cells per unit volume of blood.
[Normal reference range]
Newborn: (6.0~7.0) × 10twelve/L
Infants: (5.2~7.0) × 10twelve/L
Children: (4.2 ～ 5.2) × 10twelve/L
Adult male: (4.0 ～ 5.5) × 10twelve/L
Adult female: (3.5 ～ 5.0) × 10twelve/L
[Clinical significance]
(1) Physiological changes ① increaseIt can be seen in mental factors (impulsion, excitement, fear, cold water bath stimulation, all of which can lead to the increase of adrenaline secretion), compensatory proliferation of red blood cells (low pressure, hypoxia stimulation; long-term multiple blood donation).② DecreaseIt can be seen in pregnancy, rapid growth and development of infants from 6 months to 2 years old, relative shortage of hematopoietic raw materials, and decline of hematopoietic function in some elderly people.
(2) Pathological increaseIt can be seen in frequent vomiting, excessive sweating, extensive burns, blood concentration, chronic cor pulmonale, emphysema, altitude disease, tumor and polycythemia vera.
(3) Pathological decrease① Decreased erythropoiesis, seen in leukemia and other diseases; ②Increased destruction, which can be seen in acute massive hemorrhage, severe tissue damage and destruction of blood cells; ③Synthetic disorder, seen in iron deficiency and vitamin BtwelveThe lack of.
2. Hemoglobin (Hb)
It is the main component of red blood cells, and bears the function of transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide from the body to organs and tissues.The clinical significance of its increase or decrease is basically the same as that of red blood cell increase or decrease, but hemoglobin can better reflect the degree of anemia.
[Normal reference range]
Male 120-160g/L
Female 110-150g/L
Newborn 170~200g/L
[Clinical significance]
The clinical significance of its increase or decrease is basically the same as that of red blood cell count, but hemoglobin can better reflect the degree of anemia.According to the severity, anemia can be divided into: extremely severe anemia, HbL; severe anemia, Hb is 31~60g/L;Moderate anemia, Hb>61-90g/L;Mild anemia, Hb is between>90g/L and lower than the lower limit of normal reference.
3. Hematocrit (HCT)
It refers to the percentage of the volume of red blood cells in the whole blood measured by centrifugation of anticoagulant blood under certain conditions.
[Normal reference range]
40%~50% male;
Female 35%~45%.
[Clinical significance]
(1) IncreaseIt is commonly seen in extensive burns, continuous vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, etc.
(2) LowerIt can be seen in patients with massive fluid replacement and anemia after blood loss.
4. White blood cell count
White blood cell count refers to counting the number of white blood cells contained in unit volume of blood.The common white blood cells in normal peripheral blood are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes.
[Normal reference range]
Adult (4.0~10.0) × 10nine/L
Newborn (15.0~20.0) × 10nine/L
[Clinical significance]
(1) Physiological increase of white blood cell countIt is found in strenuous exercise, after eating, pregnancy and newborn.
(2) Pathological leukopeniaIt can be seen in acute suppurative infection, uremia, leukemia, tissue damage, acute bleeding, etc.
(3) Pathological leukopeniaIt is found in aplastic anemia, some infectious diseases, cirrhosis, hypersplenism, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, etc.
5. Differential white blood cell count (DC)
It refers to counting different types of white blood cells and calculating their percentages.
[Normal reference range]
Neutrophil N 0.5~0.7 (50%~70%)
Eosinophils E0.01~0.05 (1%~5%)
Basophil B0~0.0l (0~1%)
Lymphocyte L0.20~0.40 (20%~40%)
Monocyte M0.03~0.08 (3%~8%)
[Clinical significance]
(1) NeutrophilNeutrophils are the main phagocytes in the blood and play an important role in acute infection.The clinical significance of its increase and decrease is the same as that of white blood cell count.
(2) Eosinophil ① decreaseIt is found in typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, major surgery, severe burns, long-term use of adrenocortical hormone, etc.② IncreaseIt is found in allergic diseases, skin diseases, parasitic diseases, some blood diseases and tumors, such as chronic myeloid leukemia, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, lung cancer and cervical cancer.
(3) Basophil ① decreaseIt can be seen in anaphylactic reactions such as anaphylactic shock, and medication can be seen in excessive use of adrenocortical hormone.② IncreaseIt is found in blood diseases such as chronic myeloid leukemia, trauma and poisoning, malignant tumors, allergic diseases, etc.
(4) Lymphocyte ① decreaseIt is commonly seen in the acute stage of infectious diseases, radiation diseases, cell immunodeficiency diseases, long-term use of adrenal cortical hormone or exposure to radiation.② IncreaseIt is found in infectious lymphocytosis, tuberculosis, malaria, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, pertussis, and some viral infections.
(5) MonocyteIt is more common in infectious or parasitic diseases, active tuberculosis, monocytic leukemia, malaria, etc.
6. Platelet count
[Normal reference range]
（100～300）×10nine/L
[Clinical significance]
(1) Increased platelet countIt can be seen in acute massive hemorrhage and acute infection after hemolysis;The early stage of polycythemia vera, hemorrhagic thrombocytosis, multiple myeloma, chronic myeloid leukemia and some malignant tumors.
(2) Decreased platelet count① Impaired hematopoietic function of bone marrow, such as aplastic anemia and acute leukemia; ②Excessive platelet destruction, such as hypersplenism; ③Excessive platelet consumption, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation.
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Many specific indicators in blood routine examination are commonly used sensitive indicators, which are sensitive to many pathological changes in the body. Among them, white blood cell count, red blood cell count, hemoglobin and platelets are the most valuable diagnostic references. Many patients can do blood routine examination to assist in diagnosis when the cause is unknown.In addition, blood routine examination is also a common indicator to observe the treatment effect, medication or withdrawal, continued treatment or withdrawal, disease recurrence or recovery.
