Bees are classified asArthropoda(Arthropoda), Insecta, Hymenoptera, Apocrista, Aculeata, Apoidea, Apidae, Apinae, Apis.Tarsal joint of forefootAngle cleaner, most female hind foot tibia andBasal tarsal segmentIt is flat and has a powder collector formed by long hair. Some kinds of rotary joints and legs have brushes.
Bees have a strict social lifeinsect。In the same nest, the forms and functions are different, and each performs its own duties.
There are about 3500 kinds of undergraduate courses in the world, and 303 kinds have been recorded in China.Bees fly among flowers to pollinate many crops and increase their output, making immortal contributions to human survival.Royal jelly, beeswax and bee venom produced by bees in the process of nesting, honey making and child rearing are extremely valuable Chinese medicinal materials.
In the Compendium of Materia Medica, Li Shizhen said: "The tail of a bee hangs down, so it is called a bee, and the bee has a polite model, so it is called a firefly." The Book of Rites said: "The model is crowned while the cicada is short." The Huashu said: "The bee has the courtesy of a monarch and a minister, so it is.".
From the above records, we can see that more than 2000 years ago, China had known bees and had eaten honey.In the Shennong Herbal Classic written in the first and second centuries BC, "honey" and "bee" were listed as the top grade, and said: "Those who produce rocks are stone honey". It can be seen that people used honey as medicine 2200 years ago[1]。
morphological character
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Apidae
Small to large, 2~39mm long.Most of the body is covered with villi or hair bands composed of villi, and a few are smooth, or withMetallic luster；The hairs on the midthoracic dorsal plate are branched or pinnate.There are 12 female antennae and 13 male antennae.Anterior chest and back plateIt is short, with leaf processes on the back side, and does not extend to the back of the wing base.Wing developed;There are many closed chambers in the front and back wings, but the wing chambers of the front wing change greatly, with 2~3 sub marginal chambers;There is a radial fold on the front wing passing through the bubbles on the 1m Cu transverse vein (in otherLepidopteraThrough M vein);The hind wings have hip leaves, often yoke leaves.There are 6 segments in female abdomen and 7 segments in male abdomen[2]。
The Italian bee is about 1.2 cm long, and its beak is about 6.5 mm long. It has short and hard hair on its head and chest, with different colors.There are two big headsCompound eyeAnd 3Monocular, good eyesight.There is also a pair of antennae that can feel the smell.
group member
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Bees are social insects and live in hives.Members of the group are divided into three levels:worker beeIt is an undeveloped female bee withSting；A queen bee is bigger than a worker bee and has a sting;DroneThey are also bigger than worker bees and have no stingers.queen beeFinal oviposition, queen's egg and drone'sspermFemale wasps develop by combining, and worker bees will also lay eggs when they lose the king for a long time in the group, but unfertilized eggs will develop into male wasps.The queen bee is not hatched, but produced by the salivary glands of worker beesRoyal jellyAfter feeding, they become queen bees.The eggs hatch into larvae after 3 days.At first, royal jelly was fed, but later only the future queen bee continued to feed royal jelly.The larva turns into pupa when it grows up.The eclosion time is no, the queen bee eclosion is 16 days, the worker bee is 3 weeks, and the drone is several days later than the worker bee.After eclosion, the queen bee fights with each other untilhiveOnly one is left.The new queen bee attacks the old queen bee, and the old queen bee leads a group of bees to leave and establish a new colony.
The honeycomb is composed of a series of hives. The honeycomb has two layers of hexagonal hives, which are produced by the worker beesbeeswaxComposition.Honeycomb stores food honey, nectar and "bee bread" made of pollen honeybees lay eggs in the nest room, larvae live in the nest room, and the larvae engaged in social life areworker beeFeeding: The larvae living alone feed on the bee food stored in the nest by the female bee. When the bee food is consumed, the larvae mature and pupate, and emerge from the cocoon when emerging.Domestic bees have several generations a year, and wild bees have 1-3 generations a year.Overwintering with mature larvae, pupae or adults.Generally, males appear earlier than females and have a short life span, so they do not undertake the task of nesting, storing bee food and raising offspring.Female bees nest, collect pollen and nectar, and store them in the nest chamber. Their life span is longer than that of male bees.Bees feed on plant pollen and nectar.The female is larger and specializes in oviposition and reproduction;The male is smaller than the female, specialized in mating, and died after mating;Worker bees are small and genitalHypoplasiaThe female wasp of is specialized in building nests, collecting food, feeding larvae, cleaning nest rooms and regulating nest humidity.The nesting instinct of honeybees is complex, and the nesting place, time and structure are diverse.Nesting time is generally in the flowering period of plants.Honeybeegeographical distributionDepending onNectar plantDistribution of.
Bee distribution
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It is distributed all over the world, with more tropical and subtropical species.
function
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Bees are one of the insect groups beneficial to human beings.It includes crops, fruit trees, vegetablesforage grass、oil-tea camelliaPollination of crops and traditional Chinese medicine plants can increase the yield several times to 20 times.It is reported in the United States that honeybees pollinate onions to increase production.Beekeeping and honey making have a long history in China.The Chinese began to raise Chinese bees more than 4000 years ago.There are more than 50 million colonies of bees in the world, with annual productionHoneyAbout 600000 tonsbeeswaxandPropolisThey are all raw materials for light industry.Usually, oneworker beeGo out to collect honey more than 40 times a day, and collect 100 flowers each time. The collected nectar can only make 0.5g honey.When collecting honey, they stop in the middle of the flower and stretch out a tubular "tongue" to absorb sweet juice.Return to the hive, spit the flower juice into an empty hive, suck the sweet juice back into the body at night to brew, spit it out, suck it in again, so it will take 100 to 240 times to make sweet honey finally.Honey also brings pollen back to the nest as its own ration.
