At first, Mongolia was just a name used by one of the Mongolian tribes with Donghu as its ethnic origin. Later, it gradually absorbed and merged the forest hunting and grassland nomadic tribes living in Mobei, and developed into the common name of these tribes [2] 。
The Mongolian people call themselves "Mongolia", which means "eternal fire" and is also called "horseback nationality" ”。 [18] In ancient Mongolian, the word "Mongolia" means "plain". Others believe that the original meaning of "Mongolia" is "Tianzu". The name "Mongolia" is a sound change of "busy Hule", which was recorded earlier in the Tang Dynasty《 Old Tang Script 》And the Song Dynasty《 Khitan Annals 》 [18-19] "Meng Wu Shi Wei" in the new and old Tang Shu. "Mengwu" is the earliest Chinese translation of the word "Mongolia" Tang Dynasty. [3] Later, there were "Menggu", "Menggu", "Mengguzi", "Blind Guzi", "Menggu" and "Menggu" Ancient " [18] And many homonyms. The Chinese translation of "Mongolia" was first seen in the documents of the Yuan Dynasty [2] 。 Written in Persian in the 14th century《 Historical Collection 》A book records an ancient Mongolian legend: Mongols were defeated by other tribes and brutally slaughtered, only two men and two women survived. They fled to a place surrounded by mountains and forests, with good grasslands in the middle. This place is called "Ergunekun" - "Steep hillside". They live and multiply here and pass on from generation to generation. The "Erguna" in this legend is the Erguna River flowing through the Hulunbeier Grassland, which is the birthplace of the Mongolian nation. [4] According to records, Mongolian tribes initially only included two clans, namely, Negus and Qiyan. After they were defeated by other Turkic tribes, they only left two men and two women and fled to live in Ergunekun (the mountains along the Erguna River). In the 8th century, due to the continuous growth of population, they had to migrate outward, and at this time, there were 70 branches, These 70 branches are called "Dieerleqin Mongolia". The Secret History of Mongolia and the Old Book of the Tang Dynasty recorded that the wolf and the white deer were the ancestors of Genghis Khan, who were born into the world at the command of heaven. Then they crossed Tengjisi together and began to multiply in front of the source of the Ounan River and the Buerhan Mountain, giving birth to Batachhan. Batachhan mentioned here is the ancestor of Genghis Khan. In fact, the Wolf and the White Deer in Mongolian are read respectively as: Boertechina and Hoemalanle, but they are translated into Chinese as Wolf and White Deer.
On the issue of the true ethnic origin of the Mongols, most modern and contemporary scholars believe that the Mongols came from Eastern Hu 。 Donghu is the general name of all tribes with the same ethnic origin, different dialects and different names. According to records, "In the east of the Huns, it is called Donghu." From the 5th to the 3rd century BC, the tribes of Donghu were still in the stage of primitive clan social development, and lived a life of "following the customs of water and grass, living in impermanence". In the middle of the 4th century, a branch of the Xianbei people living in the Huangshui and Laoha River basins, called themselves "Khitan". A branch of the Xianbei people living west of the Xing'an Mountains (today's Hulunbeier area) is called "Shiwei". Shi Wei, first seen in《 Wei Shu 》, to lose prestige. Shiwei and Qidan come from the same source, with Xing'an Mountains as the boundary, "the south is Qidan, and the north is Shiwei" (Northern History, Vol. 94, Biography of Shiwei). After the 6th century, the people of Shuwei were divided into five parts, namely, Nanshiwei, Beishiwei, Boshiwei, Shenmohengshiwei, and Dashuewei. Each part was divided into several branches. Later, Daheng became the general name of all Mongolian tribes. Because "they were the conquerors and rulers of most tribes and regions for most of the time in ancient times, and were great, powerful and fully respected", "because of their extremely great and respected status, other Turkic tribes, despite their different types and names, gradually became famous with their names, and all were called Tatars" (Rashid, Volume 1, Volume 1, Historical Collection) 。 Due to the strength of the Mongolian Ministry, the name "Daheng" was gradually replaced by "Mongolia", becoming the general name of the various departments of Shi Wei. It is recorded that the title of Mongolia was first found in the Old Book of the Tang Dynasty, called "Mengwushiwei". It is a member of Dashuewei and lives in the south of the Erguna River.
In the 12th century, the descendants of these people multiplied, and the clan expenditure gradually distributed in the upper reaches of today's three rivers, the Enn River, the Klulun River, and the Tula River, and the east of Mount Kent, forming a tribal group. Among them, the more famous ethnic groups and tribes are Qiyan, Zataran, Taichiwu, Hongjila, and Wulianghe. At that time, on the Mongolian plateau with them, there were Tatar tribe nomadic around today's Baikal Lake, Mierqi tribe living in the Selenge River basin on the east bank of Baikal Lake, and Ouyala tribe active in the western region of Baikal Lake and the upper source of Yenisei River. These three books all use Mongolian language. In addition, there are three Mongolian Turkic tribes under the rule of the Nestorian Turkic nobles, namely, the Kalei tribe around the Uighur Khanate's former place, the Naiman tribe in the west, and the Wanggu tribe near the Yinshan area.
These tribes are roughly divided into "grassland nomads" and "forest hunters" according to their lifestyle and development level. The first category includes the Turkic tribes who lived in the same place for a long time and lived a nomadic life, and the Mongolian tribes who later moved in to accept the influence of Turks and complete the transition to nomadic life; The second category is those who live in forest areas and are mainly engaged in hunting, such as Ewenki 。 National Unity and External Expedition
Kublai Khan, Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty Led by Genghis Khan, the Mongols made three westward expeditions from 1219 to 1260, and successively established the trans Eurasian House of Ogedei 、 Chagatai Khanate 、 kipchak khanate 、 Ilkhanate Four major khanates. At the same time of the westward expedition, he also marched southward. From Genghis Khan to Kublai Khan, after more than 70 years of war, China was unified and the Yuan Dynasty was established. Its territory is from the north to Russia Siberia , south to China South China Sea , Northeast to present, downstream and across Heilongjiang Stanovoy Range 、 Wusuli River To the east, connect Sea of Okhotsk and Sea of Japan The southwest includes Yunnan, the northern, central and eastern parts of present-day Myanmar; Northern Thailand Laos , the northwest of Vietnam, all included in the provinces Build. Due to the southward or westward expedition, Mongolian people were recruited all over the country. Therefore, Mongolian people are scattered all over the country.
In 1368, the Yuan Dynasty fell, and the remaining forces retreated to the Mongolian grassland.
Mongolian tribes after the fall of the Yuan Dynasty
After the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty successively set up more than 20 Mongolian health stations in the western part of eastern Liaoning, southern desert, northern Gansu and Hami, and the Mongolian feudal lords served as the heads of each health station. At the beginning of the 15th century, the Wala tribe of Moxi Mongolia and the Tartar tribe of eastern Mongolia successively paid tribute to the Ming Dynasty, and established a subordinate relationship.
Mongolia is divided into eastern and western parts: eastern Mongolia nomads in Mobei and Monan, and its leaders are descendants of the Yuan Dynasty, which is regarded as orthodox Mongolia; The Wala tribe (namely the original Ouyila tribe), which nomads in Moxi, is called Western Mongolia and has affinity with Eastern Mongolia.
In the 15th century, the north and south of Mongolia were reunified by the Dayan Khan, and divided into six eastern Mongols, namely, Karka, Wuliangha, Ordos, Tumet, Chahar, and Kalaqin (Yongxiebu). Late Ming and early Qing Dynasty. Mongolia is in a state of separatism, divided into three parts: Monan Mongolia, Mobei (Karka) Mongolia, and Moxi (Erute) Mongolia. Anda Khan in the west of Mongolia in Monan paid attention to mending relations with the Ming Dynasty and developing trade relations. Anda Khan was stationed in Kuku and Tun (today's Hohhot) to build the city walls and gather business and tourism, becoming the political, economic and cultural center of Monan Mongolia.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Nuzhen established the Houjin regime. In 1636, the Jin Dynasty was changed to the Qing Dynasty. The feudal lords of Monan Mongolia were also conquered by the Qing Dynasty. After the demise of the Ming Dynasty in 1644, the Qing army entered the Shanhaiguan Pass to unify China, until the Junggar tribe was pacified in 1757. So far, the Mongols were completely under the rule of the Qing Dynasty. In order to strengthen the rule of the Mongols, the Qing Dynasty, on the basis of readjusting the original feudal lords of Mongolia and referring to the Eight Banners System of the Manchu, established the League Banner System in Mongolian areas. A series of imperial edicts with the League Banner system as the core were issued, strengthening and developing the feudal system of Mongolia. However, the Qing Dynasty popularized Lamaism in Mongolia and implemented "Mongolian prohibition".
The Independence of Mongolia and the Establishment of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Tsarist Russia In the 18th century, he had territorial ambitions for Mongolia. Its official publication has publicly claimed that Russia has a special mission in Outer Mongolia, and the Gobi Desert is the natural boundary between the Far East and the Southeast of the Empire. However, at that time, the focus of Russia's aggression was to swallow the whole Manchuria (Northeast China) Outer Mongolia The invasion of. 1840 Opium War Later, especially in 1860, the Qing government was Anglo French Allied Forces After defeat, the Tsarist Russia forced the Qing Dynasty to conclude many unequal treaties, cut off large areas of territory from China, and seized many privileges in Mongolia. [5] In 1904-1905, it broke out in Liaodong Peninsula Russo Japanese War 。 As a result, the Tsarist Russia failed in the war with Japan to fight for Northeast China, and signed a secret agreement with Japan to divide the sphere of influence of Manchuria and South Manchuria, ceding South Manchuria to Japan in exchange for Japan's recognition of its "special interests" in Outer Mongolia. [5] 
The first leader of the Mongolian People's Republic, Khorlo Choba Mountain In the summer of 1920, the direct warlords controlled by Britain and the United States defeated the ruling pro Japanese Anfu It was a warlord, which made Japan lose the conditions for conspiracy expansion in Mongolia. Therefore, Japan decided to seize territory for itself in Mongolia by using the remaining troops that fled to northeast China after being defeated by the Russian Red Army. In October of the same year, Baron Wenganlun entered Mongolia with a cavalry division composed of 800 soldiers, making use of the Mongolian people's Xu Shuzheng The discontent of the military dictatorship was supported by the Mongolian feudal princes and some people who did not know the truth. On February 3, 1921, Wen Ganlun's bandits defeated the Chinese garrison and occupied Kulun. On February 15, Wen Ganlun fostered the eighth generation Zhebuzundamba He became the Mongolian emperor again and established an autonomous government. The members of the government were appointed by Wen Ganlun. [5] On March 1, 1921, with the help of the Russian Communist Party, the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party Chaktu The first congress was held, and the first struggle program of "carrying out the people's revolution against imperialism and feudalism, liberating the nation, transferring political power to the people, and transforming social life" was discussed and adopted. [5] The government of the Republic of China at that time did not recognize Mongolia's independence. In 1924, the Government of the Republic of China and the Government of the Soviet Union signed the Outline Agreement on the Settlement of Outstanding Cases, which still stipulated that Outer Mongolia was part of China's territory and that China enjoyed territorial sovereignty. But because of the outbreak in China Northern Expedition War ， Beiyang Warlord Busy with fighting, the negotiations to resolve outstanding cases failed. [5] 
Wu Lanfu, the first chairman of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region [6] Mongolia's international status was established after the end of the Second World War. In February 1945, the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union reached an agreement on the Soviet Union's participation in the war against Japan《 Yalta Agreement 》In order to urge the Soviet Union to send troops to force Japan to surrender at an early date, the United States and Britain unanimously agreed that the Soviet Union should write "the status quo of Outer Mongolia must be maintained" in Article 1 of the Agreement. The United States promised to persuade the Chinese government to recognize the independence of Outer Mongolia in order to realize this clause. In October 1945, the Kuomintang government sent Lei Fazhang, the undersecretary of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, to Outer Mongolia to "observe" the referendum on independence of all Mongolian people. [5]
The voting began on October 10, 1945 and ended on October 20, 1945. 494074 citizens voted, 489291 voted for independence, and the rest abstained. This means that 99% of voters approve of independence. The Chinese Kuomintang government issued an official announcement on January 5, 1946, announcing the independence of Outer Mongolia. [5]
On May 1, 1947, Mongolian in China stay ulanhu The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was established under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, becoming the earliest autonomous region in China. Later, 9 autonomous prefectures and counties were established. ulanhu Elected Chairman. [6] In 1949, The People's Republic of China Establish. Subsequent Soviet Union admit The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China , take the lead with New China After the establishment of diplomatic relations, the people's republic ofmongolia Established with the People's Republic of China on October 16, 1949 diplomatic relations 。 [5] Around the 1990s The disintegration of the Soviet Union and Eastern European upheaval The Mongolian People's Republic abolished Marxism Leninism , renamed Mongolia 。 Political implementation multi-party system The market economy was implemented economically, and the Soviet Union began to shake off its 70 year control. People started to recover ideologically national culture The tide of. During the Genghis Khan period, the total population of Mongolian grasslands was about 1.7 million. When the Mongol khanate was officially established in 1206, the total population of the Mongol khanate should not be less than 1.5 million, minus the death toll of more than 20 years of war. The total strength of the Mongolian army in the last years of Genghis Khan was 129000 according to the textual research of the Russian V.V. Bartol'd [7-8] 。
According to the data of the sixth national census in 2010, the Mongolian population in China is about 6.5 million. The Mongolian population in China is mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia, Northeast China, Xinjiang, Hebei, Qinghai, and the rest in Henan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Beijing, Yunnan and other places. [1]
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: Before 1949, the population of Inner Mongolia was at a stage of high birth, high death and low natural growth. After the establishment of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government, the population of pastoral areas in Inner Mongolia began to recover. In 1961, the Statistics Bureau of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region announced that the Mongolian population had grown to 1.213 million, an increase of 45.79% over the growth of the autonomous region in 1947. Since then, due to food production, a large number of people have entered pastoral areas. From 1987 to 2000, the population of pastoral areas in Inner Mongolia maintained a relatively flat growth rate without major fluctuations. According to the 2010 census data, the Mongolian population in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is 4226093.
According to《 China Statistical Yearbook-2021 》The Mongolian population in China is 6290204. [16] According to the data released by the Mongolian National Statistical Commission on July 15, 2013, the Mongolian population is about 2.28 million.
There are about 900000 Mongols in Russia (2009 data). There are Buryat Mongols (about 400000 people) and Weilat people (including Kalmec people and Durbert people) in Siberia. [1]
South Korea: 34000
US: 15000 – 18000
Czech Republic: 7515
Japan: 5401
Germany: 3852
UK: 3701
France: 2859
Turkey: 2645
Kazakhstan: 2523
total: The total Mongolian population in the world is about 10 million People. [18]
Emperor Taizu of the Yuan Dynasty Boerzhijin Tie Muzhen
Areas ruled by Mongols in the late 13th century During the Qing Dynasty, the government exercised special management over Inner Mongolia. On the one hand, they used marriage to win over the leaders of Mongolian ministries, and married the leaders of Mongolian ministries and their sons and nephews with royal daughters. On the other hand, the "Zaza restraint" of divide and rule in politics, that is League flag system 。 On July 11, 1921, Outer Mongolia established a pro Soviet constitutional monarchy Government. On November 25, 1921, Outer Mongolia established the "People's Revolutionary Regime" and concluded the Treaty of Soviet and Mongolian Restoration with the Soviet Union in 1922. The Beijing government issued a statement condemning Outer Mongolia's attempts to split the Republic of China and not recognizing Outer Mongolia's independence.
On April 17, 1924, the Mongolian monarch Zhebuzhun Danba Living Buddha died.
On November 26, 1924, with the support and action of the Soviet Union and the Third International, the Mongolian People's Party announced the abolition of the constitutional monarchy and the establishment of the people's republic ofmongolia , the capital of Kulun, was renamed Ulaanbaatar, and the Soviet Union was allowed to garrison in 1911 as the era of independence. However, the governments of China, Britain, the United States and other major countries at that time did not recognize it. On October 25, 1961, the United Nations Security Council adopted the Mongolian People's Republic to join the United Nations by voting 9 in favour, 0 against and 1 abstention (the United States).
Around the 1990s, the People's Republic of Mongolia was renamed Mongolia and Marxism Leninism was abolished.
The early social economy of the Mongols was mainly hunting and nomadism. Until the 13th century, the Mongols still had the custom of "hunting around". For a long time, the animal husbandry economy was the main socio-economic category of the Mongols. It was not until the 16th century that the Mongolian people developed a mixed farming economy of animal husbandry and agriculture on the plains on both sides of the river where conditions were available for farming. By the beginning of the 20th century, the regional economy of Mongolians in various regions could be divided into livestock areas, agricultural areas, and semi livestock and semi agricultural areas.
The totems worshipped by the Mongols include wolves, deer, bears, yaks, eagles, swans, trees, etc. The first sentence at the beginning of the Secret History of Mongolia says that the ancestors of Chengjisihehan are Pol Tichna and his wife Hoemalanle, the totem wolves and deer worshipped by the Mongols.
In addition, influenced by the Han culture in the Central Plains, Mongolian people also worship dragons, and there are also tribes that worship tree totem, yak totem, and so on. All kinds of totem myths reflect the characteristics of the Mongolian nationality and many similarities with the myths of the northern nationalities, especially those of the Altaic language family, reflecting their close interaction with each other. [10]
Wolf totem
Mongolian Wolf Felt Painting At the beginning of the Secret History of Mongolia, it was clearly stated that "the ancestor of Genghis Hehan was Pol Tichna (the pale wolf) who was born under the destiny of heaven and his wife Huo Emalanle (the white deer) who went to Tengji Sihai to live in front of Buerhan Mountain at the source of the Ounan River, and gave birth to a son named Bata Chihan". It reflects the important historical fact that two Mongolian tribes with wolves and deer as their totems moved westward from the Erguna River in the late Tang Dynasty. As recorded in Guoyu Zhouyu, "Emperor Mu Xishou won five kings and four white wolves and four white deer to return". Historian Jian Bozan textual research: "White wolf and white deer were the clan at that time". [10]
The Origin of Mongolia records that Genghis Khan made a special decree to release two kinds of wild animals, "Kuowamalal" (grass yellow doe) and "Burtkqin Chuono" (pale wolf), during the hunting. It can be seen that he loved them as divine animals. According to the History of Duosang Mongolia, ogodei He set a wolf free in the hope of increasing his life. Unexpectedly, the wolf was "attacked and killed by hounds". Wokuotai thought it was a bad omen at that time. Sure enough, he died soon after. [10] Deer totem
Mongolian shamans believe that deer can show their spirits and dispel evil spirits. The hats worn by shamans in Balhu, Chahar, Horqin and other regions of Inner Mongolia are decorated with antlers made of iron, and the bronze mirrors and drums used to depict deer images show that Mongolian ancestors, especially forest hunters, used deer as totem gods. [10]
Eagle totem
Durbert Urtunasubei, the right wing of Horqin, is the twenty seventh grandson of Genghis Khan's younger brother Hasar. Their clan calls itself the Eagle Clan. The eldest sons and grandsons of all generations are named after various eagles. [10]
According to the "Secret History of Mongolia", the youngest son of Genghis Khan's 10th ancestor, Bodunqar Menghehei, was abandoned by four brothers. When he was desperate, he used to rely on an eagle to hunt for a living. His descendants, Pol Jijin, regarded the eagle as a savior and worshipped it as a protection god. Before Tiemuzhen claimed to be Khan, he was framed by his "Anda" (brotherly best friend) Zamuhe, and a falcon saved him. [10]
Mongolian Shaman tradition believes that Haidongqing is the divine bird messenger of the sky. It was ordered to descend to the world and marry the tribal leader, give birth to a beautiful girl, and cultivate her into the world's earliest "Wodugen" (witch). In Buryat's shaman myth, the earliest incarnation of male shaman is also related to the eagle. [10]
Bear totem
The Buryat and Dalhart people often call bears ancestors and sacred, and call bears "Outuge", which means elders and old people. They think that people come from bears, and call bears grandfather, father and ancestor. This is just because people regard bears as a manifestation of their kinship, so they use corresponding kinship terms to call them and treat them like relatives. Dalhart people follow a set of very special customs and etiquette when hunting bears. For example, male bears can be hunted all the year round, while female bears can not. They will not start hunting until they have a bear cub and come out of the cave in spring. [10]
After catching bears, they shared bear head meat, which seems to be a legacy of the ancient primitive custom of "totem feast". In the view of primitive people, using the blood and meat of totems as holy meals can consolidate their close relationship with totems and regain the power of totems. [10]
Shamanism It is an ancient primitive religion of Mongols. Shamanism worships various natural gods and ancestors. Genghis Khan believes in Shamanism and worships it Tengri Khan "Immortal Heavenly Emperor". Until the Yuan Dynasty, Shamanism dominated Mongolian society and still had an important influence on Mongolian royalty, princes, nobles and folk. When the royal family offered sacrifices to ancestors, the imperial temple, and the emperor visited the capital, the shaman presided over the sacrifices. Genghis Khan and his successors adopted an inclusive policy towards various religions. Popular religions include Buddhism, Taoism Islam Christianity, Christianity, Shamanism, etc. Mengge Khan During the period, Mongke Khan and the royal family not only believed in Shamanism, but also supported Islamists, Christians, Taoist disciples and Buddhist monks, and personally participated in various religious ceremonies. The Yuan Dynasty adopted the same policy. During the Yuan Dynasty, the building of temples by Islamists spread all over the country, and Christianity was also valued and protected. title conferred on a master teacher or advisor by an emperor Baspa Kublai Khan and his queen, prince and many other people have been indoctrinated. Buddhism replaced Shamanism in the court. However, the influence of Buddhism is limited to the upper ruling class of Mongolia, and most Mongolians still believe in Shamanism. [11] Mongolia in the second half of the 16th century Tumet Department Anda Khan Alatan Khan Welcome tsongkhapa Tibetan Buddhism Gelug School 。 In 1578, Anda Khan and Dalai III Sonan Gyatso met at Yanghua Temple in Qinghai and held a Dharma meeting. At the Dharma meeting, Sonan Gyatso was awarded the title of "Dalai Lama of Wazirda Lama" by Anda Khan. Since then, with the support and advocacy of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Tibetan Buddhism has flourished in Mongolia. However, Shamanism has been preserved to varying degrees in the eastern region in the form of sacrifice, divination and treatment. Under the initiative of the Qing government, the whole Mongolian region built temples, carved Buddhas, painted murals, cast gods and developed various metal crafts, Lamaism In Mongolia, it has become a tool to paralyze the Mongolian people. Mongols have their own language. mongolian genus Altaic Mongolian Branch , including Inner Mongolia Oyirad 、 Balhu Buliat Horqin Four dialects [11] 。 The traditional Mongolian language can be traced back to 1204 A.D., when the Uighur official Tata Tonga was captured by the Mongols, Genghis Khan highly praised his loyalty to the country and claimed the same official title. Therefore, Mongolian language was born in the Uighur language. It was written horizontally at first, and then it became vertical. The Mongols explained that when it is necessary to write on the horse's neck, the vertical line is more convenient.
At the end of the century, Kublai Khan, the Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty, made another "Ba Si Ba Zi" and ordered it to pass. This is an intricate way of writing, which was created by Kublai Khan's national teacher, the Tibetan monk Luozhe Jianzan Basba. He hoped to bring a unified written communication mode for Chinese, Tibetan and Mongolian in the Yuan Dynasty. But this kind of writing is only used between the upper layers.
At the beginning of the 14th century, Mongolian scholars Chuji Wusil Reformed the original characters to become universal and standardized Mongolian 。 Mongolian Association in Yunnan Yi language And Chinese, its Mongolian language is roughly similar to the Mongolian language in the north. In 1368, after the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty, the Ba Si Ba characters also withdrew from the general system. In the 1940s, under the influence of the Soviet Union, Mongolia established Damuddin Sulun The "Committee for the Reform of the Writing System", which was attended by other writers, soon officially abandoned the Uighur Mongolian language and began to use Slavic alphabet Cyrillic Mongolian created on the basis of. After the 1980s, some junior and senior high schools in Mongolia offered Uighur Mongolian courses, but the promotion effect was not ideal. Only some schools in Mongolia still offer Uighur Mongolian language courses, but neither parents nor students attach importance to this course. In 1979, China officially established the Mongolian basic dialect and standard pronunciation. In 1980, the People's Government of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region approved and forwarded the "Report on the Establishment of Mongolian Basic Dialects, Standard Phones and the Trial Implementation of Mongolian Phonetic Alphabet" of the "Mongolian Language Work Cooperation Group of Eight Provinces and Regions", and decided to take Chahar local language as the standard sound. In 1977, the Second Mongolian Language Professional Conference of the Eight Provinces and Regions adopted the "Provisions on Mongolian Punctuation Marks". In 1991, the Autonomous Region People's Language Commission issued the "Notice on the Trial Implementation of Mongolian Language Abbreviations and Abbreviations". In 1996, the "Mongolian Alphabet Order" was standardized. In 1997, the "Mongolian orthography committee of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region" was established, and the first meeting was held. More than 3000 non-standard basic words were standardized to more than 1500, and the writing form of their derivatives was unified.
In 2010, the President of Mongolia Elbegdorj An order was issued to restore and expand the use of Uighur Mongolian. The order stipulates that, President of Mongolia When communicating with foreign officials at the same level, the President of the Great Hural (Parliament), the Prime Minister and government officials must use Uighur Mongolian for official documents and correspondence; Mongolian citizens' birth and marriage certificates, relevant certificates issued by educational institutions at all levels, graduation certificates, etc. must use both Uighur Mongolian and Cyrillic Mongolian. Mongolian astronomer and mathematician Ming Antu worked for decades in the imperial court of the Qing Dynasty, and participated in the compilation of three astronomical calendar books, namely, The Origin of the Law and Calendar, The Later Compilation of the Calendar and the Compilation of the Yi Xiang [12] 。
Mongolian medicine is a traditional medicine that has been gradually formed and developed in the long-term medical practice of the Mongolian people. It has a long history and rich contents. It is the experience summary and wisdom crystallization of Mongolian people in fighting against diseases, and it is also a medical science with distinctive national and regional characteristics. In the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, it has the characteristics of less dosage, good curative effect, economy and simplicity.
Mongolian medicine explains the physiological and pathological phenomena of the human body with the relationship of "Heyi", "Sheila" and "Badagan". The so-called "Heyi" refers to the power of various physiological functions. All thinking, language, action and the functional activities of various organs are governed by it. If the function of "Heyi" is abnormal, the function of the viscera will be weakened, which may be manifested as abnormal mind, insomnia, amnesia, etc. "Sheila" means fiery. The body temperature, the heat energy of various tissues and organs, and the spiritual stimulation are all played by "Sheila". If "Sheila" is too high, various warm and hot diseases will occur, such as bitter mouth, acid vomit, manic expression, etc. "Badagan" refers to a kind of mucous substance in the body, which is characterized by cold. The dysfunction of "Badagan", in addition to the general signs of cold, can also easily lead to stagnation of water and increased secretion.
Medical works such as "Four Treaties of Ganlu", "Coral Prescription", "Mongolian Medicine Golden Chamber", "Mongolian Medicine Preparations and Pulse Diagnosis", and "Mongolian Medicine Canon" have a great impact on medical theory, prescriptions, diagnosis and drugs. In addition, he also translated and annotated many medical works, such as Mongolian Tibetan Medicine, Pulse Resolution, Four Basic Theories of Medicine, Five Classics of Medicine, etc. In veterinary medicine, the Mongols also have important contributions [12] 。
Mongolian people have done a lot of research on mathematics. Montgomery was the first to study Euclid's Elements of Geometry. According to records“ Genghis Khan To all kings Mongo The emperor is more knowledgeable, and he knows how to explain some of Euclid's schemata. " Mongolian scientists working in the Qing Dynasty's Imperial College in the early 18th century Mingantu He has made great contributions to mathematics. At that time, three related trigonometric function But there is no proof. Mingantu "preferred only the method, but didn't know its meaning", so he spent 30 years in research. He not only created the "cut circle and connect proportion method" to prove three formulas, but also independently obtained six analytic formulas. The mathematical research manuscript left by Mingantu was later developed by his son Mingxin , Students Chen Jixin Zhang Liangting sorted it into a book and wrote four volumes of mathematical monograph "The Shortcut Method of Cutting Circular Density". "Circle cutting" refers to dividing the circumference into several equal parts, or dividing the length of an arc within the circumference into several equal parts, and then using the circle cutting method to calculate the circumference or the length of an arc within the circumference. This value is very close to the actual value, which can also be said to be the approximate value of pi. "Quick method" refers to a method that can be easily and quickly calculated. In this book, he not only strictly proved the correctness of the three infinite series introduced from the West, derived three formulas of "circle diameter for circumference", "arc back for sine", and "arc back for vector", but also found and demonstrated six infinite series, and created six formulas that exceeded the world scientific level at that time, namely, arc back for chord, arc back for vector, arc back for chord Sine for arc back, positive vector for arc back, and vector for arc back. In proving these nine formulas, he also created four formulas, namely, the cosine of cosine, the cosine of cosine, the arc back, and the arc back. The "cut circle and connect proportion method" created by him contains the advanced idea of combination of shape and number and transformation between straight line and arc. This idea of finding a circle line from a straight line and finding a straight line from a circle line has the same meaning as western calculus. It was a relatively advanced idea in the world of mathematics at that time. Therefore, Minantu is regarded as the pioneer of calculus and the pioneer of higher mathematics in China, and has made great contributions to the development of mathematics in China. Minantu is not the only Mongolian who studies mathematics and has written works that will be handed down to later generations. In addition, Dulun in the late Qing Dynasty can also be mentioned. Dulun is the author of a volume of "Laughing and Calculating Grass", also known as "Shao Guang Zhang Chu Bian", which belongs to elementary mathematics.
In the early period of Mongolia, due to low productivity, it was dominated by nature and did not understand natural phenomena. Therefore, we worship natural things and pay homage to such mountains and rivers as Hangai Mountain, Altai Mountain, Ili River and Erqisi River. And endow people with the same life, will, personify them, transcend nature, and become gods. From the beginning of all kinds of worship, no clear concept has been formed. With the development of society, the expansion of the field of activities, the formation of the concept of animism of all things, and the association from specific knowledge, there are not only perceptual knowledge, but also rational knowledge, the development of thinking ability, and the formation of early Mongolian social thought [13] 。
After the establishment of the Mongolian khanate, Genghis Khan granted the power of the khanate to heaven, strengthened the power of the khanate, and used the idea of longevity to achieve its unity and conform to the trend of social development. When Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty, he further consolidated and improved the feudal monarchy. In terms of hierarchy and Buddhist thought, it fully demonstrated people's ability to understand the world at that time. In the book "Secret History of Mongolia", they reflected the consciousness of the times. They integrated Mongolian Khan and the Son of Heaven into one, and believed that heaven was the Buddha. The Buddha ruled heaven. Mongolian Khan was not the son of heaven, but the incarnation of Buddha. It became the integration of Buddha and Khan. The Buddha was eternal and supreme, Buddhist thought gradually integrated the original social thought of Mongolia and disintegrated the traditional Mongolian thought of worshiping heaven. This is also a major change in Mongolian political philosophy, marking the development of philosophy [13] 。
Many scientists in astronomy, medicine, science and technology have appeared in Mongolian history. Their works contain many philosophical thoughts, which can reflect Mongolian philosophical thoughts. For example, Mongolian scientist Mingantu is engaged in scientific research and believes that his research object is objective existence and objective law of nature. In his book "The Shortcut Method of Cutting the Density of Circles", he thought that seeking circles was not the product of thought, but the change of nature, which was deeply hidden in the external world. Although the book was a mathematical principle, the explanation of reflecting the specific quantity of things through specific mathematical practice was extracted through scientific demonstration, which was a materialistic point of view. It also reflects Minantu's simple dialectic thought [13] 。
Mongolian is a nation who loves music and is good at singing and dancing. It is known as "the nation of music" and "the nation of poetry". Mongolians have lived a nomadic life of chasing water and grass since ancient times. In the long history, Mongolians have created rich and valuable music wealth with their wisdom and artistic talents. Mongolian folk songs have the unique style of national vocal music. Mongolian music has both the common style of the whole nation and the unique style of each region [14] 。
The Mongolian dance has a cheerful rhythm and vigorous and powerful movements, with the most distinctive features of shaking shoulders, rubbing arms and horse steps. Classical Mongolian traditional dances include "sabre dance", "chopsticks dance", "Andai dance", "cup bowl dance", etc. Traditional musical instruments mainly include horse head fiddle, "Yatuoga" ("Mongolian zither"), Mongolian pipa, Mongolian four stringed zither and Mongolian war drum.
Mongolian yurts for herdsmen living in Hulunbeier Prairie Mongolian yurts are called "yurts" or "qionglu" in Chinese classics such as Hanshu. In Mongolian classics, it is called "Oulugtaiger", which means a house without windows. In modern Mongolian, it is called "Benbugge Day" or "Mongolian Legge Day", which means a round or Mongolian house. The word "Bao" comes from Manchu. The Manchu language calls this kind of house where the Mongols live "Mongolian Bo", which means "home". "Bo" is similar to "Bao", so the Mongolian ger has been handed down as a transliteration.
Long tune folk song
Mongolian herdsmen have created the form of long tune folk songs in their long-term nomadic labor to express their feelings and express their nomadic life. Long tune folk songs have formed a complete system in the long spread process, including grassland pastoral songs, hymns, homesickness songs, wedding songs, love songs and other different kinds of songs.
Long tune The folk songs have a wide range of tones, beautiful and smooth tunes, and the melodic lines are mostly wavy, ups and downs, showing the vast grassland natural environment. The rhythm is long, with many tunes and few words. The narrative language rhythm, lyrical long rhythm and decorative "Nogula" rhythm are ingeniously combined to form the rhythm of long tune folk songs. Horatio
Hollyboro is also called "Hollyboro". It is a kind of folk art form in which one or more people perform "talking and singing" in Mongolian language with the accompaniment of four stringed instruments and other instruments. It was formed around the 12th century AD.
“ Horatio ”Mongolian language means "sing together" or "sing together". The libretto is four sentences in a stanza, with alliteration. Or four sentences rhyme, or two sentences rhyme, there are dozens of lyrics rhyme to the end of the situation. The length of the performance can be long or short. Artists often improvise and sing on the spot. The content of the program can be both narrative and lyrical, with praise and satire. Rhetoric techniques, including metaphor, exaggeration, parallelism and repetition, are widely used. So that its performance has the characteristics of humor, lively rhythm, and hearty and incisive. Since the beginning of the 20th century, there has been a variety of performance methods of Horatio, and the simple form of lip service performance is called "Yabugan"; The form of performance accompanied by musical instruments can be divided into "Huren Haolaibao" accompanied by Hu Qin and "Naril Haolaibao" accompanied by various musical instruments. The form of "Yabugan" also has two forms, one person's one-on-one performance and two people's counterpart performance, depending on the number of performers. In terms of program content, there are also three types: narration, ridicule and praise. In addition to the programs that show the life of the nation, such as Princess Yandan, Rich Chagan Lake, Better Be an Artist, and so on, the historical stories of the Han people, such as The Story of Wang Zhaojun《 Water Margin 》And《 Romance of the Three Kingdoms 》The content was also edited and performed by Hollywood artists. Uliger
Uliger , which means "storytelling" in Chinese, is also called Mongolian storytelling because it uses Mongolian to rap, and is a form of Mongolian folk art. Mongolian people call Uliger, which only tells stories without musical instrument accompaniment, "Yabagan Uliger", also known as "Hurui Uliger"; Wuliger accompanied by Chaoer is called "Chaoren Wuliger"; Wuliger, who rapped with the accompaniment of the four stringed instruments, was "Hu Ren Wuliger". Chaoren Uliger is widely spread in Mongolian inhabited areas and Mongolia, such as Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, etc; Hu Renwuliger is widely spread among people in rural and pastoral areas in Mengzhen, Liaoning Province, Guoerluosi, Jilin Province, and Horqin, Inner Mongolia. morin khuur
Among many musical instruments, the horse head zither is the most respected by Mongolians. Horse head fiddle is a unique traditional instrument of Mongols, with a very unique style. The traditional horse head fiddle is about four feet long, with a wooden pole, a horse head carved on the top, a shovel shaped leather drum at the bottom, two strings tied with horsetail, and then a bow string made of horsetail. When it is played, it can produce a melodious and deep tone. The performance of the horse head fiddle is different from that of other stringed instruments. Its bowstring is not sandwiched between the strings, but played outside the strings.
a four-stringed instrument played with a bow
Mongolian Artists' Performance of the Four Horns After the Yuan Dynasty, a four-stringed instrument played with a bow The art is widely spread, once popular in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, North China and other Han inhabited areas, and has a profound impact on Han folk rap. Tongliao, located in the hinterland of Horqin Grassland, is currently the most prosperous area for the art of four stringed instruments. The earliest ancient Mongolian painting art is the rock paintings of nomads, mostly by folk painters. It reflects the image of people's production and labor at that time. In the Yuan Dynasty, a group of well-known painters appeared in Mongolia. For example, the court painter Li Huosun once painted the portraits of his ancestors, such as Genghis Khan and Wokuotai. Jade Khan is good at ink bamboo painting, and the Painting of Wind, Smoke and Green is a masterpiece. Prince Xiao Gong, the third son of the Emperor Taiding, is good at painting and calligraphy. He once created the Painting of Deer and the Painting of Nymphaea Butterfly. Also post Muer first There are Landscape Murals; Scholars of Huizong in the Yuan Dynasty Boyan Shouren , good at poetry and painting, with《 Bamboo and Stone 》Etc. Hao Zhongnu has "The Painting of No Escape" and so on. Mongolian Painters in the Late Yuan Dynasty Zhang Yanfu , there are "Autumn Thoughts in Jiangnan", "Cloud Forest"《 Cloud Mountain Map 》, The Painting of Sparse Bamboo and Quiet Birds, etc. Chen Xi was a painter in the Ming Dynasty. Painters in Qing Dynasty Wangqinbaal Famous paintings include Green Mountain and White Cloud. Famous landscape painter A painting , painted with《 Xiaoxiang Map 》"Answers to Painting Learning Mental Skills" made a brilliant exposition of some important issues related to painting. Mongolian painting art is also shown in murals. The tombs of the Yuan Dynasty are full of painted murals. The wall is painted with a picture of the male and female masters sitting opposite each other. Behind the wall is a man and a maid. The figure shape and costume obviously have Mongolian characteristics; The life picture of the tomb owner is painted on both sides of the tomb wall, and the natural scenery in the north of the Great Wall is shown in the background. There are also many murals in Mongolian Buddhist temples. There are large murals in Meidaizhao, Dazhao, Wudangzhao and Wusituzhao.
Modern Mongolian Painters Pine Year (1837-1906), a famous painter in the eighth year of Tongzhi (1869) of the Qing Dynasty Like a mountain As a teacher, he has been instructed by famous teachers and is quite accomplished. In the 23rd year of Guangxu's reign (1897), he wrote the book "On Painting in the Summer Palace". Mongolian literature has a long history, with myths, legends, heroic epics, songs and praises, which truly and vividly reflect the clan society and the tribal people's fishing, hunting and animal husbandry production in the early days of slavery, the fierce and frequent wars between primitive tribes, and the ideals and aspirations of ancient workers to conquer natural forces and social evil forces. Like《 Warrior Gunagan 》、《 jangar 》These ancient heroic epics reflect the appearance of a historical era with great artistic generalization, and have a profound impact on the development of Mongolian literature in future generations. From Genghis Khan's unification of Mongolian tribes to the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, the political and economic development of the Mongolian people has been unprecedented, and economic and cultural ties have been strengthened with the Han people in the Central Plains, domestic minorities, and even countries in Europe and Asia. Therefore, the cultural tradition with national characteristics has been greatly promoted, forming a peak period in the history of national literature and art. Historical and biographical works《 Secret History of Mongolia 》(The Secret History of the Yuan Dynasty), excellent folk narrative poetry《 Genghis Khan's two horses 》, "Orphan Biography", lyric ballads "Mother and Son Song" (i.e. "Golden Palace Birch Book"), "Song of Alec Kimball", etc., marked the rise of writers' literature and the continued prosperity of various folk literature. From the end of the Yuan Dynasty to the whole Ming Dynasty, Mongolian feudal lords retreated from Europe, Asia and the vast areas of the Central Plains to the north and south of the desert. The economic and cultural ties among ethnic groups have been greatly weakened, and Mongolian literature has entered a so-called "snowy period" since then. Although the whole development process of literature has not been interrupted, the development of literature is uneven in various Mongolian ministries and communities, and the protracted feudal separatism has aroused widespread dissatisfaction and resistance in all aspects of society. Biographical Long Heroic Epic《 Geser Biography 》It is a written work formed through long-term oral transmission. This excellent work is derived from Tibetan epic《 Biography of King Gesar 》However, it has been passed down from generation to generation in the Mongolian region and has been fully Mongolized, becoming an independent work with Mongolian national characteristics. The Qing Dynasty unified China, and the situation of the Mongols' mixed struggle and separatist regime gradually ended, and the society tended to be stable. With the restoration of economic and cultural ties among all ethnic groups, Han classical literature (mainly poetry and novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties) and Tibetan folk literature (such as folk stories and proverbs) have increasingly influenced Mongolian literature. Many Chinese and Tibetan literature works such as《 Water Margin 》、《 Romance of Three Kingdoms 》、《 Talking about Tang Dynasty 》And "The Biography of King Gesar" were adapted or recreated and widely spread in the form of Mongolian storytelling and stories, almost reaching the level of household awareness. Mongolian modern literature came into being and grew up in the flames of national struggle and class struggle. It is directly related to the survival of the nation and the destiny of the people, and is full of strong spirit of the times. A folk narrative poem extolling the heroes of the uprising《 Gadamelin 》, as well as the popular anti Japanese and anti Manchu folk song "National Soldier Song" in the occupied areas of eastern Inner Mongolia. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, poets Na Saiyinzhaoketu, Ba Brinbach, novelists Malaqinfu, Ah Odeser, Ankechinfu (Monan), Zalagahu, playwrights Chao Ketunaren, Yun Zhaoguang, etc. have all written many influential works. After them, a group of literary newcomers emerged in the new era, who have made innovations in themes, styles and literary concepts, and have shown remarkable and gratifying achievements in various fields of literature. In addition, the collection, collation and research of Mongolian folk literature and classical literature have also made great achievements. Many new versions or chapters of the epic "Geser" and "Jianger" have been found, and the long poem "Hero Geser Khan" sung by the famous folk artist Pajie has been recorded and collated. Classical classics《 Secret History of Mongolia 》、《 Historical Romance 》、《 F1 》、《 Crying Red Pavilion 》After collation, they were published successively. After these works were translated into Chinese, they had a good impact on all ethnic groups in China. Folk dance in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Jilin, Heilongjiang and other Mongolian inhabited areas in China. The Mongolian dance culture is closely related to their hunting and nomadic life. The primitive dance form of Mongolian ancestors, the Yinshan cliff paintings carved in the Neolithic and Bronze Age Ulanchap In the cliff paintings, there are vivid and real expressions. In ancient times, the Mongols also had many dances that imitated ferocious animals, such as "white sea green" (white eagle) dance, bear dance, lion dance, deer dance, etc. As independent forms, most of these dances are lost, but in Shaman dance It is still reflected in. Mongolian people are engaged in animal husbandry and hunting. Because they have lived in the geographical environment and climate conditions of the grassland for a long time, and have worshipped heaven, earth, mountains and rivers and eagle totems since ancient times, herdsmen have created a lot of music and dances in their lives, such as“ Milking dance ”、“ chopsticks dance ”、“ Cup Bowl Dance ”, the most famous of which is“ Andai dance ”。 Mongolian traditional means of transportation mainly include draught animals and vehicles. The working animals are mainly horses and camels, and the vehicles are Lele cars.
herd horses
The Mongols are known as the horseback nationality. In ancient times, both young and old people used horses instead of walking. Horse is not only a means of transportation for Mongolian people, but also an important part of Mongolian national culture. Mongols are familiar with horse nature, and generally adopt extensive herding. Mongolian horses are divided into several series, including Wuzhumuqin horses, Shangdu hippos, Wushen horses, Sanhe horses, Kerqin horses, etc.
Kublai Khan's Hunting Map Mongols have grown up on horseback since childhood, and horses are the cradle of Mongols. Mongols believe that horses are the most perfect and considerate livestock in the world. Mongolian horses are fierce and fierce, but they are very loyal to their masters. Mongolians regard horses as the friends of shepherds and regard their heads as the dignity of horses. Mongolians are forbidden to beat horses' heads, abuse horses, and ride two people on one horse. During the fat growing period in autumn, they are not allowed to ride horses to make them sweat. Horsemen and riders should carry horse sweat scrubbing boards and horse brushes to scrub and wipe off horse sweat at any time, so as to relax muscles and blood, relax muscles and eliminate fatigue. At the same time, this is also a way for the owner to get close to the horse and enhance feelings.
Ma has been deeply integrated into the Mongolian spiritual world. There are countless Mongolian hymns, fables, aphorisms, folklores, folk songs, music, art, sculptures, etc. with horses as the theme. Mongolians also have many festivals related to horses, such as: Horse Racing Festival, Pony Festival, Horse Milk Festival, Divine Horse Festival, etc. Genghis Khan Mausoleum on the Ordos Plateau supports a god horse of Genghis Khan, Wendugen Chagan, and two white horses of Genghis Khan.
In modern times, Mongolian horses in China have gradually lost their roles in production, life and riding, whether in cities or pastoral areas, and the number of Mongolian horses is also rapidly decreasing. Mongolians realized that Mongolian horses were becoming less and less, and people of insight in the society also began to establish various organizations related to Mongolian horses. The work of studying and rescuing Mongolian horses was being carried out on the grassland of Inner Mongolia.
camel
Camels are docile, easy to tame, thirsty, cold and hot, good at trekking, and can bear heavy loads. It not only produces milk, meat and wool, but also can be used as a draught animal. One person has four uses, which is better than other livestock. There are many camels in the western part of Inner Mongolia, which is called "Temo" in Mongolian, and it is an indispensable means of transportation for herdsmen. It can ride and carry goods. It is 23 meters tall and has long legs. One step can reach more than one meter. It can travel one or two hundred li a day. The long journey is unfailing, and the negative gravity is quite large. It can carry 200 kilograms of goods, equivalent to the weight of one horse and two Qiannius. Since ancient times, it has been known as the "boat of the desert", and is the main freight transport force in desert areas. In the desert area of western Inner Mongolia, teams of camels often travel here with heavy loads. The exploration team surveys the desert, the sand control team afforests the desert, and the tourist team travels in the desert. Only camels are their loyal partners.
Pull back
Pull back
Erdun 13 Oboo name | time |
Mongolian New Year (Spring Festival) | the 1st day of the first lunar month [15] |
| the 17th day of the third lunar month |
| From July to August in the lunar calendar [15] |
| the 13th day of the seventh lunar month |
Sacrifice to Tengger Khan In Mongolian, Tengger Khan means "Heaven Emperor". One of the Mongolian Shamanism concepts. Refers to the upper world, that is, heaven; It also refers to the "prior masters" who dominate all natural phenomena; It also means "fate". Sacrifice to the Heaven Emperor "Tengger Khan" is one of the Mongolian people's ceremonies. There are two sacrificial methods: "white sacrifice" on traditional dairy products and "red sacrifice" on sheep blood sacrifice. In modern times, the folk worship activities of the Eastern League Banner were mostly held on the seventh or eighth day of July. |  Aobao Mountain where Mongolian people worship heaven |
Sacrificing fire Mongolian herdsmen and hunters worshipped fire very much, because their ancestors believed in Shamanism, which had natural attributes and animism, and believed that fire was generated when heaven and earth separated, so they paid more attention to "Wodgalaihan Ehe" (Mother of Fire). The fire offering is divided into annual offering and monthly offering. The annual sacrifice was held on the 23rd day of the lunar month. Under the auspices of the elders, butter, white wine, beef and mutton and other sacrifices were thrown into the fire. We thanked God of Fire for his protection, and prayed that the people and animals would be prosperous, the grain would be abundant, and good luck would come in the coming year. The monthly sacrifice is often held on the first and second days of each month. In addition, there are many taboos about fire that reflect the Mongolian's reverence for fire, such as not throwing water into the fire, not pounding in the fire with knives and sticks, and not spitting in the fire. |  Alxa Right Banner Fire Sacrifice Ceremony |
Sacrifice Oboo Oboo worship is a religious custom handed down by the Mongols from ancient times. It is held every year in the season of abundant water and grass. Oboo means a heap of stones. That is to say, a round solid tower is built with stones on the high mountain with open ground and beautiful scenery, and a long pole with scripture cloth strips or livestock hair horns is attached on the top. At that time, cooked beef and mutton will be offered for sacrifice. The host will deliver a prayer speech, and men, women and children will worship and pray for good weather, human and animal safety. After the sacrificial ceremony, horse racing, archery, wrestling and other competitive activities are often held. Oboo sacrifice is formed by the Mongols to commemorate the birthplace of Erguna Mountain forest, which shows their attachment to their ancestral land and unlimited respect for their ancestors. This most important ritual of offering sacrifices to the people who believed in Shamanism has now evolved into an annual festival. |  Sacrifice to Oboo in Zarut Banner |
1. Taboos in daily life: Mongols should not ride heavily and quickly when riding horses or driving near yurts to avoid disturbing livestock; If there is a fire in front of the door or signs such as red cloth strips are hung, it means that there are patients or lying in women in the house, and outsiders are forbidden to enter; Guests cannot sit on the west kang, because the west is the location for offering Buddha; Avoid eating the meat of self dead animals, donkey meat, dog meat and white horse meat; Avoid red and white in funeral, and black and yellow in wedding; Avoid baking feet, shoes, socks and pants on the fire basin; It is forbidden to smoke, spit, touch magic instruments, classics, Buddha statues and make loud noises when visiting the temple scripture hall and offering the temple. It is also forbidden to hunt near the temple.
2、 Fire taboo Mongolian people worship fire, god of fire and kitchen god, and believe that fire, god of fire or kitchen god is a holy thing to drive away evil spirits. So after entering the yurt, it is forbidden to bake feet on the stove, let alone wet boots and shoes 。 It is not allowed to cross the stove, or pedal the stove. It is not allowed to knock cigarette bags, drop things, or throw dirt on the stove. Do not use a knife to pick a fire, insert a knife into the fire, or use a knife to take meat from the pot. 3、 Water taboo Mongols believe that water is a pure god. It is forbidden to wash hands or bathe in the river, let alone wash woman Or throw dirty things into the river. The grassland is dry and short of water. Grazing by water and grass, it can't survive without water. Therefore, herdsmen are accustomed to saving water, pay attention to keeping water clean, and regard water as the source of life. Marriage system: The Mongolian people have two marriage systems: preemptive marriage and engagement marriage. Grabbing marriage is a form of marriage in slavery society. Before the 13th century AD, the Mongolian society was mostly a system of preemptive marriage. For example, Genghis Khan's father should quickly marry Aabald and Madame He'elun, which is a form of marriage by snatching. Engagement is a form of marriage in feudal society. After the 13th century AD, the Mongols entered the feudal society, that is, the engagement system was generally implemented. However, there are still remnants of the preemptive marriage system. In the war between tribes, marriage by snatch or marriage by plunder is still common.
Courtship: Before a young man or woman makes an engagement, the man should ask the woman for marriage. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was usually the parents of the man or a matchmaker entrusted by him to ask for marriage at the woman's home. If the woman's family agreed, they could make an engagement. According to the Mongolian tradition marriage custom In order to get the promise of the woman's family, the man must ask her for marriage many times. It is recorded in Volume I of the Secret History of Mongolia that it is also time to take Atur and his son Tiemuzhen (Genghis Khan) to Germany? Xue Chan's family proposed marriage. virtue? Xue Chan said, "Ask many times before you give it, and you will be respected; ask few times before you give it, and you will be despised." Later, a Mongolian proverb came into being: "Ask more, and you will be expensive; ask less, and you will be cheap." After the marriage agreement was reached, the man brought Hada, milk wine, and sheep five forks or whole sheep to the woman's house to "make a decision". The woman's family invites relatives and friends to accompany the guests to drink, which means formal engagement. bride-price: The gifts given by the man's family to the woman's family after the engagement of young men and women are also called betrothal gifts. The amount of betrothal gifts depends on the economic situation of the husband's family. In rural areas, gold and silver jewelry, cabinets and clothes are the betrothal gifts; Cattle, horses, sheep and other livestock are often used as betrothal gifts in pastoral areas. Herdsmen regard "nine" as a lucky number, and the betrothal gifts start from "nine". From "19" to "nine nine", the maximum number should not exceed 81, and "nine nine" means longevity. If poor herdsmen do not have the betrothal gifts of nine livestock, they can also choose odd numbers less than nine, and three, five, and seven livestock as betrothal gifts, but they can never choose even numbers.
dowry: A wedding gift for a daughter. Mongolian people are very particular about dowry. How much betrothal gifts the man gives, the woman will send a corresponding amount of dowry. Usually, the woman's dowry has more things than the man gives to the woman's family. Therefore, the Mongolian people have a saying: "You can afford a wife, but you can't afford a girl."
The auspicious day: One of the Mongolian marriage customs. It is also called choosing the happy day. Before liberation, when men and women were engaged to each other, they first asked the Lama to perform divination, choose the auspicious day, and determine the wedding date. After the auspicious day is decided, the man's family will send a matchmaker and relatives and friends to take gifts such as Hada, wine and candy to the woman's home to discuss marriage matters with her parents. After that, the two families began to prepare for marriage. Generally, it is to clean the wedding room, or build a new yurt, kill cattle and sheep, prepare betrothal gifts, dowry and other wedding supplies, notify relatives and friends of both parties, and come to celebrate.
Marriage: One of the Mongolian marriage customs. In the past, the marriage of Mongolians was very grand, and the traditional marriage custom of men staying at women's homes to get married was retained. Getting married is usually the day before the wedding day. In a happy atmosphere, the groom puts on a gorgeous Mongolian gown, ties ribbons around his waist, wears a round top red tassel hat, boots and bows and arrows. The best man also wore festive attire. They rode together, took floats and gifts, and went to the women's home to get married. Married people go to the women's home, go around the yurt first, and offer a "ram" and other gifts to the women's home. Then, the groom and the best man hold Hada and wine in their hands, toast to the bride's parents and long relatives one by one, and kneel down. At the end of the ceremony, those who get married have dinner. In the evening, they also set up a feast of five forked sheep. And held the traditional ceremony of seeking the name and asking the Geng. In the morning of the next day, when the married set out, the bride was carried by her uncle or uncle on the float. The groom will ride around the bride's float three times. Then, the married and the seeing off set off together.
Wedding: The Mongolian people attach great importance to the wedding ceremony. Although there are different regions and forms, they are very grand and lively. In general, the marriage custom in pastoral areas is: when the marriage returns to the man's home, the bride and groom do not get off the horse and go around the yurt three times. Then, the bride and groom passed through the two fires and received the dust from the god of fire. It means the purity of love and the prosperity of new life. After the bride and groom enter the yurt, they first worship the Buddha, then visit their parents and relatives. At the end of the ceremony, the bride will comb her hair. After dressing, wait for the wedding banquet to begin. Wedding banquet is usually arranged with a lamb back or a whole lamb mat, and there are all kinds of milk food and candy. At the wedding banquet, the groom carries a silver pot, and the bride holds a silver bowl, offering Hada and toast to elders, relatives and friends one by one. The boys held up their silver cups and drank happily; The girls sang loudly with the horse head fiddle. The wedding banquet usually lasts for two or three days before relatives and friends leave one after another. And the bride's homemaker has to stay with the bride for one to three days. Sometimes, the bride's mother also sees off her relatives and has to stay for more than ten days. When they parted, mother and daughter hugged and cried bitterly, indicating that they were reluctant to part.
Worship fire: An important ceremony in Mongolian wedding. Although the form of fire worship is different among Mongolian people in different regions. But in the wedding are indispensable content. After the bride gets married to the groom's house, the first thing to do is to hold a fire worship ceremony. The bride and groom pass through two hot fires and receive the baptism of fire, so that their love will be more pure, faithful, happy and grow old together. The fire worship ceremony of the Duerbote Mongols is unique. When the bride enters her husband's house, there is a fire in the yard. The groom and bride should sprinkle milk wine into the fire together, and kneel down and kowtow. Standing on the side, the master of ceremonies recited the "Praise of Fire": the flint found by the Holy Lord Genghis Khan, the kindling preserved by the mother of Kheren, and the white Hada and milk wine were used for sacrifice, making the national fire from ancient times to the present. Please pray for the bride and groom! Shenhuo is the witness of your marriage; Please kowtow to the bride and groom! Buddha's Light will carry on your lineage.
Ask Geng for his name: One of the procedures of Mongolian marriage. Ask the bride's name. It is also called "seeking seal". It's an interesting game. When a married person sleeps in the woman's house at night, a five pronged or whole sheep feast, also called a name seeking banquet, shall be arranged in the bride's boudoir. The bridegroom and the married, the bride and her brothers and sisters, all of whom are contemporaries, attend this banquet. At the banquet, everyone played tricks on the groom, forced him to kneel or half kneel, and asked the bride's nickname or nickname. The bride is shy and silent, or deliberately does not answer. The bride's sister-in-law and sisters did not answer, deliberately delaying time. At this time, the man's eulogist and the woman's sister-in-law defended each other and sang a duet, until the woman said her real nickname, the name seeking banquet ended. Seeking fame and asking Geng is actually an intelligence contest to express the wisdom of Mongolian young men and women.
Diao hat: Also called hat snatching. In the past, on the way to get married, the Mongolian people and the wedding attendants galloped and chased each other, trying to get home first and become winners. Therefore, the two sides will have a hat contest on the way. It is usually the groom who tries to grab the bride's hat, pick it on the whip, or throw it on the ground, forcing the groom to dismount to pick it up, so as to affect his speed. Married people cover each other, but don't let the person taking off the hat.
