Portuguese Republic（Portuguese：República Portuguesa；English: The Portugal Republic), referred to as Portugal for short, the capitalLisbon, located in EuropeIberian PeninsulaSouthwest of.It connects Spain in the east and north, and borders the Atlantic Ocean in the west and south.The total area is 92226 square kilometers, and the coastline is 832 kilometers long.The terrain is high in the north and low in the south, mostly mountains and hills.The north belongs to marine temperate broad-leaved forest climate, and the south belongs to subtropical Mediterranean climate.There are 18 regions and 2 autonomous regions in China.As of June 2023, the total population of Portugal is 10.467 million,portuguese, the official language isPortuguese。About 80.2% of the residents are Catholics.[1]
Portugal is one of the ancient European countries.In 1143, Portugal became an independent kingdom.15. In the 16th century, a large number of colonies were established in Africa, Asia and America, becoming a maritime power.In 1580, Portugal was annexed by Spain, and in 1640, it was freed from Spanish rule.At the end of the 18th century, the French Napoleon army invaded Portugal. In 1811, Portugal drove out the French army with the help of Britain.From 1820 to 1910, the constitutional monarchy was implemented.In October 1910, Portugal established the Republic.In May 1926, the military government was established and the "New Deal" began.In 1932, Salazar took office as Prime Minister and practiced fascist dictatorship.On April 25, 1974, the "armed forces movement" composed of a group of middle and lower level officers overthrew the far right regime and began the process of democratization. At the same time, Portugal gave up its Portuguese colony in Africa, and Portugal officially became a western democratic country.[1]
Portugal iseuropean unionmoderately developed countryThe industrial foundation is weak.Textile, shoemaking, wine making and tourism are the pillar industries of the national economy.[1]Portugal has a stable political situation, good social security, complete infrastructure, a sound judicial system and a high degree of marketization.[5]2022, Portugalgross domestic productEUR 239253 million.[1]
Chinese name
Portuguese Republic [1]
Foreign name
The Portuguese Republic[1](English) República Portuguesa(Portuguese)
RomanIt first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC.Around 140 BC, the Romans conquered Portugal and classified it asImperium RomanumA province ofLusitaniaProvince, and ruled until the 5th century AD.
In the 5th century AD, the Germanic tribes (including the Sweibes, Vandals and Arans) invaded the Iberian Peninsula.Later, these tribes were allVisigothsExpulsion from the Iberian Peninsula.
In 711, Muslims in North Africamoors The Visigothic dynasty ended when the Iberian Peninsula was invaded. Only the Asturias highland in northern Portugal was still in the hands of the Catholic Gothic nobles.In Asturias, the Goths began to launch the "Recovery Movement", aiming to fight against the southern Muslim regime and re rule the Iberian Peninsula.
In 1179, the region became the Kingdom of PortugalMuslimAnd expand the occupied part.The Portuguese border of modern Europe was established by the king in 1270Alfonso III Done in hand.
15. The 16th century was the heyday of Portugal, a maritime power with a large number of colonies in Africa, Asia and the United States.During this period, Portugal has far surpassed other European countries in terms of economy, politics and culture.
The Portuguese colonial empire was founded on August 21, 1415, when Henry, the navigator, led the Portuguese fleet to conquer the Islamic trade center of Ceuta in North Africa.Then Portuguese navigators and explorers successively discoveredAzores、Cape Verde, Bioko Island, Sao Tome Island, Principe Island and Annoben Island and other uninhabited islands.
In 1471, the northern Moroccan city Tangia, which had long been contested with Spain, was finally occupied by the Portuguese.
Bartolomeu Diaz
Portuguese navigator in the spring of 1488Bartolomeu DiazFirst explored to the southernmost tip of AfricaCape of Good HopeMossel Bay, another Portuguese marine explorerVasco da Gama It has laid a solid foundation for opening up new routes to India.On May 20, 1498, Da Gama finally arrived in a town away from IndiaKozekodNot far from the beach.
In 1500, Portuguese navigator Pedro Cabral first sawBrazilThe coast of.
In 1501, Cabral discoveredMadagascarThe year 1507 has also arrivedmauritius。
In 1510, Albuquerque conquered Goa in India and Malacca in Malaysia (1511).
After 1514, Portuguese navigators went to China and Japan in the Far East.In 1517, Portuguese businessman and official Fernand Perez de Andrade arrived in Guangzhou, and his negotiation with the Ming Dynasty was called the beginning of modern China's contact with Europe.The Portuguese accidentally discovered it in 1542JapanLater, many European businessmen and missionaries were attracted to Japan (seeNanban trade ）。In 1557, the Portuguese rentedMacaoAnd began to trade with China.
Portuguese explorer in 1522Ferdinand Magellan The Spanish fleet led by him circumnavigated the earth for the first time.
In 1553, Portuguese began to live in Macao.On December 1, 1887, Portugal signed the Draft Treaty of the Sino Portuguese Conference and the Sino Portuguese Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the Qing government, officially leasing Macao through diplomatic instruments, which also became the first territory of European countries in East Asia (calculated from 1553).On April 25, 1974, the Portuguese revolution succeeded, implemented the policy of decolonization, recognized that Macao was illegally occupied by Portugal, and proposed for the first time to return Macao to China.Due to the lack of proper handover conditions at that time, Zhou Enlai, the then Prime Minister, proposed to temporarily maintain the situation in Macao at that time.
However, with other European countries gaining maritime hegemony, Portugal's strength has declined.In 1580, it was invaded and occupied by Spain because of the inheritance relationship of royal relatives, and it was not until 1640 that it got rid of Spanish rule.The Portuguese colony was attacked by both Dutch and British.
During the 17th century, a large number of Portuguese migrated toBrazilUntil 1709, in order to prevent population loss, John V ordered to prohibit Portuguese immigrants.
On the morning of November 1, 1755, a magnitude 9 earthquake occurred in Lisbon. The losses caused by the earthquake, together with the tsunami and fire that followed, flattened the whole Lisbon.This disaster was an unbearable shock to the Portuguese economy at that time.But at this time, the Portuguese Empire was still strong. With the rise of the British Empire and the French Empire, the Portuguese Empire gradually declined. By 1999, Portugal wouldMacaoAfter being returned to China, the 500 year history of the Portuguese Empire ended.
In 1807,NapoleonIt attacked Portugal and occupied Lisbon on December 1 of the same year.It was not until 1812 that he got help from Britain that he got rid of French rule.In 1808, the Portuguese royal family and most Lisbon nobles fled to BrazilRio de JaneiroFrom 1808 to 1821, the city was regarded as the capital of Portugal, the only capital in Europe that was not in Europe at that time.
Portugal Brazil Algarve United Kingdom
In August 1820, a Liberal revolution took place in Portugal. The first measure of the new government was to invite the king in exile to BrazilRuo Ang VIReturn to China.Joao VI finally decided to return home with almost all the royal family members and ministers, and landed in Lisbon in July 1821.
After Joao VI returned home, the first Portuguese Constituent Assembly tried to cancel all the privileges granted to Brazil by Joao VI, making Brazil fall back into the colonial situation.The Brazilian people have long been accustomed to having their own king and government, which has further stimulated the Brazilian people to have their own king and government.Brazil cannot accept the abolition of its privileges and its re colonization.Joao VI's son Pedro decided to stay to oppose the Portuguese government's resolution, and Joao VI also acquiesced in his son's practice.
In December 1821, the Portuguese Parliament urged Pedro to return home on the grounds of completing political education, and stipulated that all Brazilian provinces were directly under the jurisdiction of Lisbon.Driven by the Brazilian independents, Pedro rejected the order of the Portuguese Parliament, established a new government headed by Jos é Bonifacio de Andrada, and became a "permanent protector of Brazil" in May 1822.The Portuguese Parliament therefore deposed him as the Regent of Brazil.September 7, 1822, just arrivedSao PauloPedro learned of this resolution, so he drew his sword on the banks of the Ipelanga River and swore "Independence is ncia ou Morte!" (Portuguese: Independence is ncia ou Morte!), officially declaring Brazil's independence.
On October 12, 1822, Pedro called himself the Emperor of BrazilPedro I And the coronation ceremony was held on December 1, 1822.
In October 1910, the revolution overthrew the monarchy and established the First Republic.
In May 1926, a military coup took place. Marshal Karmona came to power and established a military dictatorship.
Antonio Salazar, the Minister of Finance, organized the "National Alliance" in 1931, and was promoted to the post of Prime Minister in 1932 to cope with the financial crisis. The following year, he formulated a new constitution, established his new fascist state system (Estado Novo, the "Second Republic" in Portuguese history), and became a dictator.Salazar carried out a fascist dictatorship at home, followed German and Italian fascists abroad in 1936, and helped Franco rebels attack the government of the Spanish Republic.
During the Second World War, China was nominally neutral, but actually close to the Axis Group.After the war, he joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in April 1949 and accepted the Marshall Plan in June of the same year.In 1951, it signed a "military assistance agreement" with the United States, and subsequently signed various agreements allowing the United States to establish military bases in Portugal and its dependencies.
On April 25, 1974, the so-calledCarnation Revolution The "armed forces movement" composed of a group of middle and lower level officers overthrew the extreme right regime that had lasted for 42 years and began the process of democratization.
In 1986, Suarez became the first civilian president in 60 years.
On February 8, 1979, it established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China.
In 1986, joined the European Community;In 1999, it became one of the first countries to join the euro area.[1]
Portugal is located in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula in Europe, bordering Spain in the east and north, and the Atlantic Ocean in the west and south, with a total land area of 92225.61 square kilometers.The mainland is 218km from east to west, 561km from south to north, and 832km long coastline.[5]
Portugal
topographic features
Topographic map of Portugal
Portugal is high in the north and low in the south, mostly mountainous and hilly.The northern part is the Meseta Plateau;The average altitude of the central mountainous area is 800~1000 meters, and the altitude of Mount Ashtrella is 1991 meters;The south and west are hills and coastal plains respectively.The main rivers are the Teju River, the Duluo River (322 kilometers across the territory) and the Mondegu River.
climate
Portugal is long and narrow from north to south, crossing two temperature zones of subtropical zone and temperate zone. The north belongs to temperate marine broad-leaved forest climate, and the south belongs to subtropical Mediterranean climate.The average temperature is 4~14 ℃ in January, the coldest month, and 15~28 ℃ in August, the hottest month (average daily minimum temperature and maximum temperature).The annual precipitation is 500~1000mm, the precipitation in the driest month (July) is 4mm (average monthly precipitation), and the precipitation in the wettest month (January) is 104mm.[5]
natural resources
Portugal's main natural resources include agriculture, fisheries, forests, minerals, renewable energy, and other key strategic resources, such as oil and natural gas, mostly rely on imports.
Forest resources
Portugal's forest coverage is among the best in European countries.According to the Global Forest Resources Assessment Report, the total forest area of Portugal in 2020 will be 3.312 million hectares, with a coverage rate of 36.15%.The most important forest resources are pine, cork oak, holy oak and eucalyptus.Portugal is the world's largest producer and exporter of cork, known as the "Kingdom of cork".[5]
mineral resources
Portugal is rich in geological resources, with a mining industry estimated at 340 billion euros. It is one of the major exporters of iron, copper, gold and tungsten, one of the major producers of copper, tin, lithium and tungsten in the European Union, and an important producer of ornamental stones in the world.In 2020, Portugal's copper output value will be 145 million euros, zinc output value will be 170 million euros, lead output value will be 28.3 million euros, tungsten output value will be 12.45 million euros, and tin output value will be 1.59 million euros;The output value of special sand is 31.31 million euros, that of kaolin is 6.71 million euros, that of quartz is 830000 euros, and that of talc is 650000 euros.
Portugal is the eighth largest lithium ore reserve country in the world and the largest in Europe, accounting for 0.3% of the global lithium reserves.In 2021, Portugal will produce 900 tons of lithium, making it the seventh largest lithium producer in the world and the largest lithium producer in Europe after Australia, Chile, China, Argentina, Brazil and Zimbabwe.
administrative division
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Portuguese administrative divisions
According to the Portuguese Constitution, the administrative regions of Portugal are divided into three levels, namely, Distrito, Concelho and Freguesia.There are 18 administrative regions, two overseas autonomous regions of Madeira Islands and Azores Islands, 308 municipal districts and 3092 civil affairs districts in China.[5]
List of Portuguese administrative regions (in alphabetical order)
S/N
Area name
one
Aveiro
two
Beja
three
Braga
four
Bragan ç a
five
Castelo Branco
six
Coimbra
seven
Evora
eight
Faro
nine
Guarda
ten
Leiria
eleven
Lisboa
twelve
Portalegre
thirteen
Porto
fourteen
Santar é m
fifteen
Setubal
sixteen
Viana do Castelo
seventeen
Vila Real
eighteen
Viseu
major city
Lisbon
Lisbon Scenery
Lisbon, the capital, is located at 38 ° 42 'north latitude and 9 ° 5' west longitude. It is adjacent to the mouth of the Tejo River on the Iberian Peninsula in the south and the Atlantic Ocean in the west. In 1255, King Don Alfonso III of Portugal established his capital here.From the 16th century to the 18th century, with the great discovery of navigation, the size of the city continued to expand, and it once became one of the most populous cities in Europe.In 1755, a major earthquake almost destroyed the whole city. Later, under the auspices of the Prime Minister Marquis Pombal, the city was rebuilt, and its appearance was improved.[6]
Lisbon is the political, economic, financial, cultural and technological center of Portugal, the westernmost big city in the European continent, one of the famous world cities in southern Europe, one of the major port cities in Portugal, and also the most concentrated place of Portuguese higher education institutions.Lisbon is a famous tourist city in Europe. There are beautiful beaches along the western Atlantic coast.From 2017 to 2020, it was selected as the "World's Best Resort City" by the World Tourism Awards (WTA) for four consecutive years. In 2020, it won the "European Green City" award, and was selected as the "World's Best Tourism City" and "Europe's Leading Cruise Destination". In 2020, it received 1.35 million international tourists.
Lisbon is different from other major cities in the world. The administrative "Lisbon City" is limited to the historical city, covering an area of 100 square kilometers. Its surrounding satellite cities are part of Lisbon.The population is 2.88 million (March 2023) (Lisbon region).Lisbon is the richest region in Portugal, with per capita GDP far higher than the national per capita GDP level.Lisbon is a city with developed industries, including shipbuilding, cement, steel, plastics, cork, textile, paper making and food processing.The south bank of the Tejo River has become an important industrial center in Portugal.[5]
Porto
Porto scenery
Porto, located in the north of Portugal, is a port city facing the Atlantic Ocean. It is the second largest city in Portugal and the most important industrial city in Portugal. It is an important port and railway hub. Its main industries include wine making, cork processing, textile, clothing, shoemaking, furniture manufacturing, etc.Portugal's country name and port wine both originate from this city.Its old city and surrounding wine producing areas are world cultural heritage, known as Portugal's "wine capital".In 2021, the population of Porto City will be 231900, and the population of Porto Region will be about 1737400.[5]
Flag of Portugal It is rectangular, and the ratio of length to width is 3:2.The flag is composed of two parts, green on the left and red on the right. The green part is a vertical rectangle, and the red part is close to a square, with an area of one and a half times that of the green part.A small Portuguese national emblem is painted in the middle of the red and green lines.Green represents the hope of the nation, while red represents the blood of those who have died for the hope of the nation.[2]
national anthem
《portuguese》, written by Enrique Lopez de Mendoza and composed by Alfredo Kiel.
Hino Nacional Portugal ê s
Original Portuguese
Xiangruo Translation
Paragraph 1
Heróis do mar, nobre povo,Nação valente, imortal,Levantai hoje de novoO esplendor de Portugal!Entre as brumas da memória,ó Pátria sente-se a vozDos teus egrégios avós,Que há-de guiar-te à vitória!
Heroes on the sea, noble people, brave and eternal country, let's show the glory of Portugal again today!In the dream of memory, the motherland roared: your great martyrs will lead you to victory!
Tautology
às armas, às armas!Sobre a terra, sobre o mar,às armas, às armas!Pela Pátria lutarContra os canhões marchar, marchar!(*)
Armed!Armed!Defend the territory!Protect the territorial sea!Armed!Armed!Fight for the motherland!Go ahead under fire, go ahead!(*)
The second paragraph
Desfralda a invicta Bandeira,à luz viva do teu céu!Brade a Europa à terra inteira:Portugal não pereceuBeija o solo teu jucundoO Oceano, a rugir d'amor,E teu braço vencedorDeu mundos novos ao Mundo!
Raise the inviolable flag and fly in the active and bright sky!Let Europe shout on the earth that Portugal has not disappeared!Kiss your land!The sea, the roar of love, and your victorious army have established a new world in this world!
Tautology
Paragraph 3
Saudai o Sol que despontaSobre um ridente porvir;Seja o eco de uma afrontaO sinal do ressurgir.Raios dessa aurora forteSão como beijos de mãe,Que nos guardam, nos sustêm,Contra as injúrias da sorte.
To salute the rising sun in a happy future;Let the echo of attack be a sign of rebirth!The light reflection of the bright dawn is the mother's kiss used to maintain us and support us against the trample of fate.
Tautology
national emblem
Portugal National Emblem
Portugal National EmblemIt exudes a strong sense of history. The central pattern is the golden ancient navigation instrument, the armillary sphere, which is a historical witness for Portuguese navigators to explore the world and explore the new continent.The armillary sphere is embedded with a coat of arms with a white border and a red background. The seven gold castles in the coat of arms were added in 1252 to celebrate the marriage between Portugal and the Castile royal family.The white coat of arms behind the red coat of arms is the core of the national coat of arms. Five small blue shields are embedded in the "Atonement Cross", which respectively represent the five kings who defeated the Moors in the Oligai Battle under the leadership of Alfonso Henrix in 1139.There are five white round spots on each small blue shield, representing the five wounds of Christ when he was nailed to the cross. These are martyrs of Christ, and also indicate that Alfonso defeated the Moors in the name of Jesus with the help of the Holy Spirit.The total number of round spots is 25. Add 5 blue coats of arms to get 30. This is the total number of silver coins Judas sold Jesus for.The national emblem is decorated with olive branch, the symbol of peace, which is the heart of the Portuguese people.
national flower
The national flowers of Portugal are lavender and carnation.
population
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As of June 2023, the total population of Portugal is 10.467 million, mainly Portuguese.There are about 782000 foreign legal residents, mainly from Brazil, Britain, Cape Verde, India, Italy, Angola and other Portuguese speaking and European countries.
According to the latest data of the Portuguese Statistical Bureau in July 2021, the five cities with the largest population in Portugal are Lisbon (544900 people), Sintra (385900 people), Gaia New Village (304100 people), Porto (231900 people) and Cascais (214100 people).
According to the Portuguese Immigration Bureau, as of the end of 2019, there were 27839 Chinese immigrants in Portugal, accounting for 4.7% of Portugal's 590000 immigrants.Chinese and overseas Chinese are mainly distributed in Lisbon and Porto.In recent years, the number of overseas Chinese in Portugal has not only continued to grow, but also increasingly integrated into the mainstream society of Portugal.[5]
Politics
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regime
The Portuguese government is a unicameral parliamentary republic, which adopts a semi presidential system. The power organs include the President, the Parliament, the Cabinet Government, and the courts. The President appoints or removes the head of government according to the decisions of the Parliament.The President is the Head of State for a five-year term. He is the supreme commander of the Portuguese armed forces, and appoints and removes the Chief of the General Staff and the generals of the three armed forces according to the nomination of the government.The President can dissolve Parliament only after listening to the opinions of all parties and the State Council, and can dissolve the government and recall the Prime Minister "when necessary".However, the President does not directly participate in the specific affairs of the daily management of the country.[5]
constitution
The current Constitution of Portugal was formulated in 1976 and has undergone seven revisions since then.The last revision was completed in 2005.The Constitution stipulates that the President, Parliament, government and courts are the organs of state power;The President is the supreme commander of the armed forces, and appoints and dismisses the Chief of the General Staff and the generals of the armed forces according to the nomination of the government.The President can dissolve Parliament only after listening to the opinions of all parties and the State Council, and can dissolve the government and recall the Prime Minister "when necessary".[1]
parliament
Portugal has a unicameral system, with members elected by universal suffrage for a four-year term.The current parliament will be formed in March 2024, with Jos é Pedro Aguiar Blanco, a Social Democrat, as the Speaker.The four Vice Presidents are Teresa Morais (female, Social Democratic Party), Marcos Perestrello (Socialist Party), Diogo Pacheco de Amorim (enough party), Rodrigo Saraiva (Liberal Cause Party).The seats of all parties are allocated as follows: 78 seats for the Social Democratic Party, 78 seats for the Socialist Party, 50 seats for the "enough" party, 8 seats for the liberal cause party, 5 seats for the left-wing group, 4 seats for the Communist Party, 4 seats for the Liberal Party, 2 seats for the People's Party, and 1 seat for the Human Animal Natural Party.[1][13]
government
The Portuguese government is the national authority, led by the Prime Minister.On March 10, 2024, Portugal held parliamentary elections, and the "Democratic Alliance" led by the Social Democratic Party won the election with 28.85% of the votes.The President of the Social Democratic Party, Lu í s Montenegro, was sworn in as the 24th Prime Minister of the Portuguese Republic on April 2, 2024.The main members of the government are: the Minister of State and Minister for Foreign Affairs Paul Rangel, the Minister of State and Minister of Finance Joaquim Miranda Sarmento, and the Minister of the Council of Ministers Ant ó nioLeit ã o Amaro,Manuel Castro Almeida, Assistant Minister of the Prime Minister and Minister of Land Integration, Pedro Duarte, Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, Nuno Melo, Minister of Defence, Rita J ú dice, Minister of the Interior, Margarida Blasco, EducationFernando Alexandre, Minister of Science and Innovation, Ana Paula Martins, Minister of Health, Miguel Pinto Luz, Minister of Infrastructure and Housing, Pedro Reis, Minister of Economy, LaborMariado Ros á rio Palma Ramalho, Minister of Solidarity and Social Security, Mariada Gra ç a Carvalho, Minister of Environment and Energy, Margarida Balseiro Lopes, Minister of Youth and Modernization,Jos é Manuel Fernandes, Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries, and Dalila Rodrigues, Minister of Culture.[13]
The main government departments in Portugal are: the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Finance, the Assistant Prime Minister and the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs, the Ministry of Economy and the Sea, the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Labour, Solidarity and Social Security, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Environment and Climate Action, the Ministry of Infrastructure and Housing, the Ministry of Land IntegrationMinistry of Agriculture and Food, etc.[1]
judicial
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body, and the President is elected by judges.The President of the Supreme Court ranks fourth among the leaders of the country, behind the President, the Speaker and the Prime Minister. If the first three leaders are not in the country or unable to perform their duties, the President of the Supreme Court can act as the head of state.Henrique Ara ú jo, the current President of the Supreme Court, took office on June 7, 2021.The Procuratorate General of the Republic is the highest procuratorial organ and the Procurator GeneralLucia Gago(Female) (Luc í lia Gago), took office on October 12, 2018.[1]
party
The multi-party system is implemented. The main political parties are:
Major political parties
Name of political party
details
Partido Social Democracy
The ruling party.It was founded in May 1974, formerly known as the People's Democratic Party, and changed its current name in 1976.There are about 86000 Party members.In the parliamentary election in March 2024, the "Democratic Alliance" led by the Social Democratic Party won the general election, but did not gain the majority advantage of the parliament.The current party chairman, Lu í s Montenegro.
Partido Socialista
Opposition parties.In April 1973, it was rebuilt on the basis of the "Portuguese Socialist Movement".There are about 80000 Party members.In 2015, 2019 and 2022, he won three consecutive elections to govern.In March 2024, it lost the parliamentary election and became the largest opposition party.General Secretary Pedro Nuno Santos.
Chega
Opposition parties.Established in April 2019, it has about 52000 party members.In October 2019, he won the parliamentary election for the first time.Won 12 seats in the parliamentary elections in January 2022.Won 50 seats in parliamentary elections in March 2024.Chairman Andr é Ventura.
Iniciativa Liberal
Opposition parties.Formerly known as the "Free Cause Alliance" founded in September 2016, it was officially established in November 2017, with 4000 registered party members.Won 8 seats in parliamentary elections in March 2024.Chairman Rui Rocha.
Bloco de Esquerda
Opposition parties.It was established in March 1999.There are about 10000 Party members.Mariana Mort á gua, the party leader.
Partido Comunista Portugal ê s
Opposition parties.Founded in 1921.58900 Party members.Paulo Raimundo, General Secretary
reference material:[13]
Other political parties include: Partido Pessoa Animais Natureza, Livre, CDS Partido Popular, Alian ç a, Green Party (Partido Ecologista "Os Verdes"), etc.[1]
Dignitaries
President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa was born in Lisbon in 1948.In 1971, he received a Bachelor of Law from the University of Lisbon, and later a Master of Law and a Doctor of Political Law.He has been teaching at the University of Lisbon for a long time, and is also a visiting professor at the Portuguese Catholic University and the New University of Lisbon.He joined the Portuguese Social Democratic Party in 1974.He was elected to Parliament in 1975.From 1981 to 1983, he successively served as Assistant Secretary of the Council of Ministers and Minister of Parliamentary Affairs.From 1996 to 1999, he served as the chairman of the Social Democratic Party.He founded Express and Weekly and acted as editor in chief.From 2000 to 2015, he served as a TV political commentator.From 2006 to 2015, he served as a member of the State Council, the highest state advisory body of the President of Portugal.He won the presidential election in 2016 and will be re elected in 2021 for a term of five years.Separated, with one son and one daughter.
The Prime Minister, Lu í s Montenegro, was born in Porto in 1973.He received a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in law from the Catholic University of Portugal.From 1997 to 2001, he served as a member of Espino.From 2002 to 2018, he served as a member of the National Assembly, and from 2011 to 2017, he served as the chairman of the party group of the Social Democratic Party Parliament.In May 2022, he was elected chairman of the Social Democratic Party with 72.8% support.In November 2023, the then Portuguese Prime Minister Costa resigned, and President de Sousa announced an early general election. The Social Democratic Party, the People's Party and the People's Monarchy Party formed a "Democratic Alliance" and won the election.Montenegro officially took office as Prime Minister of the Portuguese government on April 2, 2024.Married with 2 children.[11][13]
Economics
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overview
EU moderately developed countries have weak industrial foundation.Textile, shoemaking, wine making and tourism are the pillar industries of the national economy.The output of cork accounts for more than half of the world's total output, and its export ranks first in the world.The mineral resources are rich, mainly including tungsten, copper, pyrite, uranium, hematite, magnetite and marble. The tungsten reserves rank first in Western Europe.The forest area is 3.47 million hectares, with a coverage rate of 39%.
In June 2021, the European Union approved a 16.6 billion euro recovery fund for Portugal.In 2023, Portugal's economy will grow by 2.3% year on year, ranking first among EU countries.The annual inflation rate was 4.3% and the unemployment rate was 6.5%.In the first three quarters, the total export volume was 58.41 billion euros, down 0.6% year on year, and the total import volume was 78.372 billion euros, down 3.9% year on year.[13]
According to the European countries' foreign investment attraction report prepared by Ernst&Young Consulting, Portugal's foreign investment attraction ranking will rise from the tenth in 2020 to the eighth in 2021.Among them, Portugal is becoming more and more attractive for technical investment. At present, it has many R&D centers in high-tech fields, and is also one of the countries with the largest number of unicorn companies per capita.Portugal has a high quality of research in many scientific fields, a good quality of higher education in technology and digital fields, and a large number of high-quality talents. Moreover, the government's tax incentives for R&D activities have increased by 91% since 2015.According to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report 2020 (Special Edition), Portugal is higher than average in infrastructure investment, tax reform, scientific research investment, and enterprise innovation incentives, such as digital transformation, in the assessment of 11 new priorities for economic transformation in 37 major economies around the world.The Global Business Environment Report 2020 (affected by the epidemic and not assessed in 2021) shows that Portugal ranks 39th among 190 countries and regions in terms of global business convenience.The 2022 Global Innovation Index released by the World Intellectual Property Organization shows that Portugal's composite index ranks 32nd among 132 countries and regions.
In the field of digitalization, the 2021 Economic and Social Digitalization Index (IDES) shows that Portugal ranks 16th among the 27 EU member states, up three places from 2020.
Agriculture
The main crops include olive, grape, corn, oats, etc.The annual output of wine is 7.3585 million liters, and that of olive oil is 2.2895 million liters.[1]
Portugal's agricultural industries include wine industry and olive oil industry.
Wine industry
According to the data of the Portuguese Institute of Grapes and Wine (IVV), which is affiliated to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development of Portugal, Portugal has about 195000 hectares of grape planting area and about 340 varieties.The wine output in the 2020/2021 season is 642 million liters.According to the data of the International Organization for Grapes and Wine (OIV), Portugal is currently the 11th largest wine producer in the world and the fifth largest wine producer in Europe.The output value of wine accounts for about 25% of Portugal's total agricultural output value, and the employed population is nearly 200000.Main varieties: red and white wines for table use have the largest output, and the red and white wines of the Douro River Valley and Alentejo have high quality.Its main export destinations are France, the United States, the United Kingdom, Brazil and Canada.Portugal's wine exports rank ninth in the world and fifth in Europe (after France, Italy, Spain and Germany).Portuguese wine has not yet entered the mainstream market in China.[5]
Olive oil industry
The planting area of olive trees in Portugal is about 352400 hectares, mainly in the south central, central and northern regions.According to European Commission data, Portugal is the eighth largest olive oil producer in the world and the fourth largest olive oil producer in Europe after Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Morocco, Syria and Tunisia.It is estimated that Portugal's total output of olive oil in the 2020/2021 season will be 100000 tons, down from 141000 tons in the 2019/2020 season.Olive oil is Portugal's traditional export product.According to the data of the Global Trade Watch System, Portugal is the world's third largest exporter of olive oil, after Spain and Italy.Brazil, Spain and Italy are the main export destinations of Portugal's olive oil, accounting for 43.59%, 31.14% and 14.77% of its total exports respectively, followed by France, Poland, Angola and the United States.Portugal mostly exports high-quality olive oil.[5]
Fisheries
Portugal's long coastline and abundant fish in the surrounding waters provide favorable conditions for the development of fisheries. The main fish include mackerel, mackerel, sardines, anchovy, tuna, cod, and their products are sold all over the world.In 2021, the fishing volume will be 140600 tons and the output value will be 335 million euros.More than 88% of the aquatic products are marine fishing, mainly sardines, mackerel and mackerel, while freshwater fish are mainly trout.There are 14900 registered fishermen.[1]
Industry
Portuguese industry includes mining industry, processing industry, water, electricity, gas and cold gas production.The main industrial sectors include power, textile, clothing, shoemaking, food, chemical industry, paper making, electronic equipment, ceramics, wine making, cork, etc.
Cork processing industry
Portugal is the world's largest producer and exporter of cork, known as the "Kingdom of cork".Portugal's cork planting area is about 736000 hectares, accounting for 23% of Portugal's forest area, 34% of the world's cork planting area, ranking first in the world.Portugal produces about 100000 tons of cork annually, accounting for about half of the world's total output;Portugal's annual exports of cork and its products account for about 60% of global trade.
Cork processing is one of Portugal's traditional characteristics and pillar industries of the national economy.At present, there are about 600 cork production and processing plants in Portugal, most of which are small and medium-sized enterprises, with nearly 8000 employees.Traditionally, cork products are mainly used to produce wine bottle stoppers, with an annual output of about 400 million, accounting for 2/3 of the total value of Portuguese cork processing products.In recent years, the environmental protection, beauty and other values of cork products have been constantly explored, and the products are constantly enriched. Building materials made of cork (such as cork flooring, thermal insulation materials, etc.) have accounted for 21% of the total products, followed by various daily crafts, coasters, insoles, etc.It is mainly exported to the United States, France, Spain, Italy, Germany and other places.In 2020, China will be the 10th largest export destination of Portuguese cork products.[5]
Shoemaking industry
Portugal is a traditional shoemaking country in Europe. In the 1960s and 1970s, the Portuguese shoemaking industry developed rapidly, reaching a peak in the mid-1990s. At that time, the number of employees was 60000, and the output was nearly 110 million pairs.Since then, due to the rise of emerging shoemaking countries, the size of Portugal's shoemaking industry has gradually declined.In recent years, with Portugal's emphasis on developing overseas markets and enhancing its product innovation capability, the industrial scale has stabilized.The Portuguese shoemaking industry is mainly distributed in northern Porto and surrounding areas.CHARLES and FOREVA are well-known local brands in Portugal. Portugal also OEM Aerosoles, Hush Puppies, Ecco and other world famous products.The main export destinations are France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom, etc.Among the export products, more than eight have become leather shoes, showing a trend of high-end development.[5]
Pharmaceutical industry
Portugal's biopharmaceuticals have a certain position in Europe. The more famous biopharmaceuticals companies include Bial, Biotecnol, Alfama, etc.Biopharmaceutical is an intelligence intensive industry.There are 16 biological research institutions in Portugal, with 1500 researchers, and about 5000 biological students are trained every year.The top five drug export markets of Portugal are Ireland, Germany, the United States, the United Kingdom and Spain.Portugal's drug exports to China are very small.[5]
Mould manufacturing
Portugal is one of the world's leading mold producers, but due to the 2008 financial crisis, the mold industry in Portugal has developed slowly in the past 10 years.Portugal mainly produces various types of injection molds for automobiles, and major global automobile enterprises such as Mercedes Benz, BMW, Volkswagen, Ford, etc. are all customers of Portuguese mold enterprises.Next is the packaging mold. The world-famous travel case enterprise, Nu Xin and beautiful plastic bags, are all made of Portuguese molds.In addition, home appliance molds, electronic and communication molds also account for a certain proportion.
Portuguese mold manufacturing has obvious industrial agglomeration characteristics. 60% of enterprises are located in Marine Grant in the middle, and 20% are located in Oliveira Dezemez near Porto in the north.Due to the high production cost, Portugal mainly produces complex and high-end injection molds with high technical content, and its customers are mainly international well-known enterprises.In recent years, Portugal has paid more attention to providing customers with complete solutions, gradually diversified its products, and began to expand to the downstream injection molding field.[5]
Steel industry
Portugal has low steel production.According to the data of the World Iron and Steel Industry Association, the total output of Portugal's steel industry in 2019 was 2033000 tons, ranking 45th in the world.The top five enterprises in the Portuguese steel industry are: SN SEIPAL National Steel Company, SNMAIA National Steel Company, LUSOSIDER ACOS PLANOS, Portugal COLEP, FAPRICELA Wire Drawing Industry Company.The main steel products include: steel pipes, steel bars, steel plates, steel containers, construction steel, automobile steel, etc.[5]
automobile industry
Automobile and parts manufacturing is the pillar industry of Portugal's national economy.From the middle and late 1990s to 2002, Portugal witnessed a golden development period of complete vehicle production, with the output rising all the way. In 2002, the output of complete vehicles hit a historical record, reaching 251000 vehicles.The output has declined year by year since 2002.Affected by the financial crisis, it dropped to 126000 vehicles in 2009.Since then, the output has gradually increased.At present, Portugal has four complete vehicle manufacturers: Volkswagen Europe, Peugeot Citroen, Mitsubishi Trucks and Toyota.[5]
Textile industry
Textile and garment industry is one of the most important industries in Portugal. The number of employees in this industry accounts for 20% of the total industrial employment in Portugal, and the income accounts for 9% of the manufacturing income.5.69% of Portugal's total industrial output value.Portugal has about 6000 textile and garment companies, most of which are small and medium-sized enterprises, and only a small number of which have developed into large companies with upstream and downstream industrial chains.Major enterprises include Lasa Group, More Textile Group, Sampaio Filho Textile Company, Texteis Penedo Company, Sampedro Company, etc.[5]
Aerospace
Portugal's aerospace industry is small. According to the data released by the Portuguese National Bureau of Statistics, the gross output value of Portuguese aerospace products in 2018 was 172 million euros.However, Portugal has certain competitiveness in the production of some aerospace equipment parts, such as cork products, monitoring system parts, unmanned aerial vehicles, etc.At present, Airbus has purchased a batch of Portuguese cork products to replace the plastic and rubber structures in the cockpit of the A380 aircraft.Embraer has set up two factories in Portugal to produce KC-390 aircraft parts.Major Portuguese aerospace companies include OGMA, TAP Maintenance&Engineering, Tekever and FIBERSENSING.[5]
a ship
Portugal's geographical position gives it special advantages in developing the shipbuilding industry.The Portuguese shipbuilding industry focuses on the use of innovative thinking and high-tech, production of small and medium-sized ships, and ship repair.According to the data released by the Portuguese National Bureau of Statistics, the total output value of Portuguese shipbuilding and maintenance in 2018 was about 136 million euros.Portugal has hundreds of shipbuilding related enterprises, most of which are small and medium-sized enterprises.Major enterprises include: West Sea, Atlantic Eagle Shipbuilding, Peniche Dock, etc.[5]
Finance
In 2023, Portugal will achieve a fiscal surplus of 3.2 billion euros, accounting for 1.2% of the total economy.
As of March 2024, Portugal has 34.4 billion euros in foreign exchange reserves.Remittances are one of the important sources of Portuguese economy, mainly from Portuguese nationals living in France, Switzerland, the United States, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, Luxembourg, Angola, Canada and Venezuela.
At the end of 2023, the total amount of Portuguese public debt will be 263 billion euros, equivalent to 98.7% of GDP, which is the first time since 2009 that the proportion is less than 100%.[13]
bank
The Central Bank of Portugal is the competent department of Portugal's banking industry and an integral part of the European Central Bank system. Together with the Ministry of Finance of Portugal, the Central Bank of Portugal acts as Portugal's monetary regulator, responsible for formulating relevant laws and regulations and improving Portugal's financial system.
The main local commercial banks in Portugal include: CGD, the largest bank in Portugal, maintains the highest domestic market share in the banking business in Portugal and is a wholly state-owned bank.In addition, there are BCP, Novo Banco and BPI.Local foreign banks in Portugal include Banco Santander Totta, Banco Popular, BBVA Banco, Barclays, Bilbao Vizcaya Argentina, Deutsche Bank, Banco Ita ú EuropaBanco Bic Portugu ê s, Banco Financia, Banco Rural Europa, etc.
On July 1, 2013, the Lisbon Branch of Bank of China officially opened and began to provide Portuguese residents and enterprises with savings, loans and other financial services.[5]
Insurance
In 2020, the total sales of Portugal's insurance industry will be about 9.9 billion euros, down 18.7% year on year, driving 11500 direct employment.There are 64 insurance companies operating in Portugal in 2020.In addition, there are more than 500 insurance related service companies with special nature, less main business and market share, and most of them carry out related business on the network.
Data of major insurance companies in Portugal
Portuguese Insurance Company
Statistical details in 2022
Fidelidade - Companhia de Seguros, S.A
In 2020, the total sales volume is 2628 million euros, with a market share of 26.5%, ranking first. Its business scope includes life insurance and non life insurance.
Generali Seguros, SA
In 2020, the total sales volume was 1.081 billion euros, with a market share of 10.9%, ranking second. Its business scope includes life insurance and non life insurance.
Occidental - Companhia Portuguesa de Seguros de Vida, S.A
In 2020, the sales volume will be 705 million euros, with a market share of 7.1%. The main business is life insurance.
Companhia de Seguros Allianz Portugal, S.A
In 2020, with sales of 650 million euros and a market share of 6.6%, it is the fourth largest insurance company, and its business scope includes life insurance and non life insurance.
BPI Life and Pension Insurance (BPI Vida e Pens ∨ es - Companhia de Seguros, S.A.)
In 2020, the sales volume was 538 million euros, with a market share of 5.4%. The business scope includes life insurance.[5]
stock market
The Portuguese Stock Exchange is Euronext Lisbon, a pan European stock exchange, which deals in stocks, futures, bonds, investment vouchers and derivatives.There are two indexes in the Portuguese stock market: PSI 20 and PSI Geral. PSI 20 is a constituent stock, including the top 20 listed large enterprises in Portugal.The PSI 20 index, Belgium's BEL 20, France's CAC 40, and the Netherlands' AEX index together constitute the main constituent stock index of the Pan European Securities Group.The PSI 20 index was born in 1993. At present, its constituent stocks account for more than 80% of the total market value of listed companies, covering public utilities, oil, natural gas, retail, banking, media and communications industries.[5]
exchange control
Portugal was one of the first countries to join the euro zone in 1999 and has implemented a free currency exchange system. There is no form of foreign exchange control in the country. Enterprises and individuals can freely hold and buy and sell foreign exchange.The government also has no restrictions on the outward remittance of foreign exchange by enterprises or individuals.Portugal also has no restrictions on the repatriation of profit dividends or dividends of foreign-funded enterprises.[5]
Credit card use
Credit cards are widely used in Portugal. Most of the world's major credit cards, such as Visa and Master cards, can be circulated in Portugal.ATM is widely used, with 11.8 for every 10000 residents and 5.4 bank outlets for every 10000 residents.According to the data released by the Central Bank of Portugal, as of June 2020, Portugal has 15128 ATMs, all of which support credit card transactions, including 11415 ATMs that support cash deposit and withdrawal.Portugal has 315700 "POS machines" in total.
Since April 2008, China UnionPay card has officially opened to accept Portuguese business.China UnionPay Card can withdraw cash from nearly 200 banks (about 12700 ATMs) in Portugal, with a coverage rate of almost 100%.Merchants who place and post desks, business card stands and signs with "UnionPay" logo can accept UnionPay cards.In Portugal, each ATM withdrawal cannot exceed 200 euros, and cannot exceed 400 euros within 24 hours.All ATM machines with "Mutibanco" logo can accept UnionPay cards.
In April 2019, Portuguese Commercial Bank (BCP) officially issued UnionPay cards in Portugal, becoming the first European local financial institution to issue UnionPay cards.[5]
currency
Portugal, as one of the founding members of the euro, abolished the local currency and replaced it with the euro when the euro was born in 1999.According to the data of the Portuguese Central Bank, on April 30, 2021, the exchange rate of the euro against the dollar was 1:1.2082.According to OECD data, the reference exchange rate of Euro against US dollar in 2018, 2019 and 2020 is 1:1.1806, 1:1.1198 and 1:1.1416 respectively.
At any financial institution and exchange point in Portugal, the euro and the US dollar and other major currencies in the world can be freely convertible at any time.At present, cross-border trade can be settled in RMB, while cross-border investment cannot be settled in RMB.[5]
Service industry
The service industry has developed rapidly since the 1990s.At the end of the last century, its share in the national economy and the employed population in the country basically reached the level of developed European countries.At present, more than 3 million people are employed in the service industry, accounting for more than 70% of the total employed population.[1]
tourism
Tourism is an important source of Portuguese foreign exchange income.Tourists mainly come from Britain, Germany, Spain, France and other countries.The main tourist destinations are Lisbon, Porto, Algarve Region, Madeira Islands, etc.In 2023, Portugal will receive 30 million tourists, a year-on-year increase of 13.3%.The total tourism revenue was 6 billion euros, up 20.1% year on year, a record high.[1][13]
In 2020, Portugal was awarded the "Best Tourist Destination in Europe" for the fourth consecutive year in the World Travel Awards, Lisbon was awarded the "Best Tourist Destination in Europe", Porto was awarded the "Best Holiday City in Europe", and Algarve was awarded the "Best Beach Tourist Destination" for the seventh time.[5]
foreign trade
In 2020, the total import and export volume of Portuguese goods trade was 121.694 billion euros, down 13.00% year on year.Among them, the export was 53.786 billion euros, down 10.21% year on year;Import of 67.909 billion euros, down 15.09% year on year;The deficit was 14.122 billion euros, down 29.65% from 2019.In 2020, Portugal's top five trading partners are Spain, Germany, France, Italy and the Netherlands, with trade volume of 35.819 billion, 15.421 billion, 12.282 billion, 5.906 billion and 5.741 billion euros respectively.
From the perspective of export products, vehicles and their parts are Portugal's most important export products, accounting for 13.89% of its goods exports, down 17.02% year on year in 2020;The second is motor, electrical, audio equipment and its accessories, down 7.00% year on year;And then there are boilers, machines, mechanical appliances and their parts, with the export volume down 2.10% year on year.
From the perspective of import types of goods trade, the import amount of vehicles and their parts accounted for 10.85% of the import of goods, and in 2020, the year-on-year decrease was 24.43%, ranking first;Secondly, motors, electrical equipment and their parts;The import share of sound recording and playback equipment and its accessories is 9.80%;The third is boilers, machines, mechanical appliances and their parts, with the import share of 9.30%.[5]
outbound investment
In the 1990s and early this century, Portugal invested heavily in Spain and Brazil.Since 2001, investment in EU member states has increased significantly.In 2023, Portugal will invest 6.8 billion euros in foreign direct investment.By the end of 2023, Portugal's outward direct investment stock has reached 64.4 billion euros, with the main investment destinations being the Netherlands, Spain, Brazil, Angola, Luxembourg, the United States, the United Kingdom, Poland, Mozambique, Denmark, Ireland, etc.[1][12]
foreign aid
Portugal's ODA (Official Development Assistance) can be divided into two categories: unilateral aid and multilateral aid.Unilateral assistance is mainly targeted at Portuguese speaking countries in Africa, Timor Leste and a small number of underdeveloped countries. Most of them are interest free loans, and a small part are special loans.Multilateral assistance is generally carried out through international institutions such as the United Nations (5%), the European Union (65%), the World Bank (17%) and regional development banks (10%).Portuguese foreign aid mainly covers education, health, industrial and agricultural production, infrastructure construction, debt relief and humanitarian aid.[1]
Foreign investment
In recent years, the Portuguese government has pursued economic diplomacy to attract foreign investment, mainly in wholesale and retail trade, finance and insurance, processing, electricity, natural gas and tap water, information and communication, scientific and technological consulting, construction, real estate, etc.The main source countries of investment are Spain, France, the United Kingdom, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Austria, Ireland, etc.In 2023, Portugal will attract 6.8 billion euros of foreign direct investment.By the end of 2023, the stock of foreign direct investment in Portugal has reached 180.4 billion euros.(Source: Portuguese Central Bank, Portuguese National Bureau of Statistics, Portuguese Investment Promotion Agency)[13]
Samsung, Siemens, Cisco, Adidas, Vodafone, Bosch, Volkswagen and other well-known multinational companies have established subsidiaries in Portugal responsible for R&D or production and sales.In 2014, IBM established a programming computing and consulting company in Portugal;In 2017, Mercedes Benz set up a digital center in Portugal, and the Swiss Pan Asia Banna Group set up a software development center in Lisbon;In 2018, Google set up a partner center in Portugal, Volkswagen Group set up a software development center in Portugal, and COFCO International set up a Portugal global sharing service center in Portugal;In 2021, Davidson Kempner of the United States and Pioneer Point Partners of the United Kingdom will create a large data center in Sinish.[5]
External assistance
From 2007 to 2013, Portugal received 22.5 billion euros in aid from the European Union, including 16.42 billion euros in structural funds, 2.722 billion euros in solidarity funds, 3.17 billion euros in rural development funds and 220 million euros in fisheries funds.In April 2011, under the impact of the sovereign debt crisis, the Portuguese caretaker government requested financial assistance from the EU.In May of the same year, the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund reached an agreement with Portugal, agreeing to provide a total of 78 billion euros of aid loans to Portugal in the next three years.In May 2014, Portugal completed the Memorandum of Assistance on schedule.In June 2021, the European Union approved a 16.6 billion euro recovery fund for Portugal.[1]
Culture
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language
The official language of Portugal isPortuguese。In Portugal, English is very popular, and there are many people who can speak French, Spanish and German.Portuguese is the sixth most widely used language in the world and the third most widely used language in Europe, with about 270 million users.In November 2019, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) officially approved May 5 as World Portuguese Day, which is the first time that non official working languages of the United Nations have their own language day.[5]
Religion
About 88.7% of Portuguese residents believe in Catholicism.In addition, there are Protestant Christianity, Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, etc.Most Portuguese people list Christmas as the most important and favorite holiday.[5]
custom
The Portuguese are cheerful, easy-going, optimistic, friendly, hospitable and have more etiquette.When Portuguese men and women meet or women meet, they will give hugs and kisses to show intimacy and friendship;Men usually shake hands when they meet.[5]
Portuguese pay attention to women first.This etiquette is reflected everywhere when taking the elevator, getting on and off the bus, and inviting guests to serve dishes.In formal social occasions, Portuguese usually shake hands with guests.Sticking and hugging are mainly used between relatives and friends, lovers and old acquaintances.The veneering gift is double-sided, right first and then left.
On official occasions in Portugal, men wear suits and ties.Women wear long skirts, short skirts or suits.
Portuguese people use napkins when eating.Napkins can be placed on the lap, table or chest.Portuguese eat with knives and forks.How many knives and forks are placed for each main course? Sometimes, they are placed after each course is eaten.The fork is on the left of the plate, and the knife is on the right of the plate. When using, pick it up from the outside.After eating, put the knife and fork on the right side of the plate, indicating no intention of eating again.
Cremation and burial are practiced in Portugal.The death certificate issued by the doctor after verification shall be the evidence of death.The funeral ceremony was held in the church.[6]
diet
Portugal has a well-developed food culture, with a rich variety of seafood based delicacies. The more famous dishes are green vegetable soup, seafood rice, cod, etc.Most of Portugal has excellent water quality.[6]The Portuguese diet consists of rice, potatoes, bread, meat, seafood and fish.The Portuguese are famous for their love of cod. It is said that there are 365 ways to cook cod (that is, every day of the year can be different).Portuguese wine has been exported since Roman times.The Romans linked their god Bacchus with Portugal.This country is still famous among many wine lovers, and wine has won many international awards.
festival
Portugal Legal Holiday
Holiday Name
date
Dia de Ano Novo
January 1st
Sexta Feira Santa
April 10th
Easter (P á scoa)
April 12th
Dia da Liberdade
April 25th
Dia do Trabalhador
May 1st
National Day (Dia de Portugal, de Cam ∨ es e das Comunidades Portuguesas)
June 10th
Corpo de Deus
June 11th
Assun çã o de Nossa Senhora
August 15th
Implanta çã o da Rep ú blica
October 5th
Todosos Santos
November 1st
Restaura çã o da Independ ê ncia
December 1st
Dia da ImaculadaConcei çã o
December 8th
Christmas (Natal)
December 25th
Saturday and Sunday are public holidays in Portugal.[5]
military
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PortugalThe President is the supreme commander of the three armed forces, and the Secretary of Defense leads the armed forces through the General Staff and the staff of all services.Jos é Nunes da Fonseca, Chief of the General Staff.The armed forces are composed of regular troops and national security forces.We will implement a military service system that combines conscripts, volunteers and contract soldiers.Service period: 4 months for conscripts, 8-10 months for volunteers, and irregular contract soldiers, but at least one year.The regular army has a total force of 40000, including 22000 in the army, 11000 in the navy and 7000 in the air force.In addition, there are more than 200000 paramilitary forces and reserve forces, including the Republican Guard and the public security police.[5]
traffic
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The total mileage of land transportation exceeds 80000 kilometers, which is the main mode of transportation in Portugal.
highway
Portugal's road network consists of expressways (AE), main roads (IP), auxiliary roads (IC), national roads (EN) and regional roads (ER).By 2022, the total length of Portuguese roads will be 15056 kilometers.The road freight volume in the first three quarters of 2023 is 99 million tons.[1]
Railway
In 1949, the total length of Portuguese railways reached the record high (3592 km), but the length gradually shortened after that.The Portuguese railway network extends in all directions, running through towns in Portugal from north to south, and also running trains to Madrid, Spain and other places.[5]By 2022, the total length of domestic railways in operation is 3621 km.In the first three quarters of 2023, the railway passenger volume will be 147 million person times and the freight volume will be 7.1 million tons.
air transport
There are 15 large airports, 38 small airports and 11 heliports in China.The major international airports in the mainland are in Lisbon, Porto and Faroe, all of which are located in coastal areas.Azores Autonomous Region has 9 airports and Madeira Autonomous Region has 2 airports.In the first three quarters of 2023, the national airport passenger traffic volume will reach 52.2 million person times.
The major airlines in Portugal include two international airlines, TAP AirPortugal and SATA."Air Portugal" is responsible for domestic routes and multiple international routes to more than 30 countries in the world;"Azores Airlines" is small in scale and is responsible for the routes between Porto, Faroe, Lisbon, major cities in Spain and major cities in Western Europe.[5]
water transport
The total inland river transportation mileage is 210km, and the water transportation is mainly by sea.
Portugal has a long coastline and very developed marine transportation.Ports in the Portuguese mainland include: Leixoes and Viana do Castelo in the north;Aveiro and Figueira da Foz in the middle;Lisboa and Setubal in Lisbon;Sines in Alentejo;Faro port and Portimao port in Algarve region, a total of 9 ports.There are 8 ports in Azores Autonomous Region and 3 ports in Madeira Autonomous Region.[5]
In the first three quarters of 2023, the domestic river transport passenger volume will be 17 million person times, and the freight volume will be 63.6 million tons.[1]
Sociology
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science and technology
Research and development activities in Portugal are mainly carried out in university laboratories, and there are few professional research institutions nationwide.Portugal has certain R&D capacity in high-tech fields such as biotechnology, new materials, new energy and electronic information, which is close to the middle level of the EU.Many laboratories are well-equipped and can be rated as first-class in Europe.Some traditional industrial sectors are famous internationally for their distinctive technologies, such as mold, wine making, clothing, shoemaking, cork and marble processing.However, Portugal's overall research strength cannot be compared with that of other developed countries. Most of its scientific and technological achievements are small technologies and technological processes.
According to the EU Innovation Assessment Report released by the European Commission in 2020, Portugal's innovation power ranks 12th among EU member states, which is the best in history.Portugal has moved from a "medium innovation" country group to a "strong innovation" country group, and has been a leader in the field of "SME innovation" (SME) for two consecutive years.Portugal is also above average in terms of the basic conditions for innovation, especially in terms of the attractiveness and internationalization of research systems, and broadband penetration.
In 2021, Portugal's science and technology budget expenditure will be 631 million euros, accounting for 0.62% of the total government budget.[5]
education
12 years of compulsory education is implemented, including basic education (4 years for primary school, 2 years for secondary preparatory class, and 3 years for junior high school) and secondary education (3 years, equivalent to senior high school in China).Higher education lasts for 4-5 years.The science and education budget accounts for about 4% of the total government budget.Major institutions of higher learning include the University of Lisbon, the University of Coimbra, the University of Porto, the Lisbon Polytechnic University, the University of Mineo, the University of Aviro, the University of Evora and the National School of Administration.In 2021, Portugal will have 150000 in-service teachers in basic education and secondary education, 39000 teachers in higher education, and 2025000 registered students in 2022.
Higher education is mainly divided into university education and technical education, and the educational system follows the Bologna process (European higher education degree system): the first cycle degree (bachelor's degree) course is 6-8 semesters (3-4 years);The second cycle degree (master's degree) lasts for 3 to 4 semesters (1.5 to 2 years);The course of the third cycle degree (doctoral degree) is 6-10 semesters (3-5 years).Medicine, engineering and other disciplines combine the first cycle degree with the second cycle degree, which is called the comprehensive master's course. The course is 10-12 semesters (5-6 years).In 2020, the literacy rate of Portuguese (the proportion of the population over 15 years old with literacy ability in the total population) will be 94.6%, 49.6% of whom have only basic education, 23.9% of whom have completed all secondary education, and 21.2% of whom have received higher education.In the academic year 2020~2021, the average tuition fee paid by a university undergraduate or graduate student is 697 euros/year.
In 2020, Portugal will have 287 higher education institutions, including 161 public institutions and 123 private institutions.Well known universities include Lisbon University, University of Coimbra, University of Porto, Lisbon New University, Evora University, Lisbon Polytechnic University, University of Mineo, Portuguese Catholic University, University of Aviro and National School of Administration, with 385200 college students and 35300 teachers.In the 2021 budget, the education budget expenditure is 10.234 billion euros, accounting for 9.99% of the total government budget.[5]
hygiene
According to the Portuguese Statistical Office, there will be 5.4 doctors and 7.4 nurses per thousand people in Portugal in 2019.Portugal has about 36000 hospital beds, with a mortality rate of 10.9 ‰.The main reason for the increase in mortality is the aging of the population. The diseases leading to death are mainly circulatory diseases, cancer, respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, urogenital diseases and AIDS infection.There are 2924 pharmacies in China.
According to the data of Portuguese Statistics Bureau, in 2019, Portugal's total medical and health expenditure accounted for 9.5% of GDP. According to PPP, the per capita medical and health expenditure was 1973 euros.The average life expectancy of Portuguese men is 78.07 years, and that of Portuguese women is 83.67 years.
The Ministry of Health of Portugal is the national medical and health management agency. Residents can enjoy free medical treatment as long as they join the social insurance system.Portugal has signed medical agreements with other EU countries. EU residents only charge a small amount of medical fees for medical treatment in Portuguese medical centers. Residents outside the EU who seek medical treatment in Portugal need to purchase social insurance in advance to enjoy this preferential service.Due to the low wage level, a large number of doctors and nurses in Portugal have fled in recent years, making it difficult for public hospitals to see doctors.In the 2021 budget, the medical budget expenditure is 12.849 billion euros, accounting for 12.55% of the total government budget.[5]
Portuguese hospitals are divided into public and private hospitals.Public hospitals are large in scale, well-equipped, strong in technical force, with a large number of patients and time-consuming.Private hospitals take less time for treatment.Community hospitals are set up in all communities in Portugal, but they only provide simple medical services for the registered population in the community.Drugstores can be seen everywhere. Generally, green cross signs are hung outside the drugstore.Drugs must be purchased in the drugstore, and prescription drugs must have a doctor's prescription.In some big cities, some pharmacies are open 24 hours a day.The price of medical treatment and medicine is moderate.[6]
power
Portugal has abundant power resources and complete power infrastructure, which can basically meet the economic and social needs of the country. There are almost no power cuts and blackouts.According to the data of the Portuguese General Directorate of Energy and Geology (DGEG), the total power generation in Portugal in 2019 was 53154 GWh;The export power is 4700 GWh, the import power is 8099 GWh, and the net import power is 3399 GWh.The power sector consumed 2797 GWh of electricity for power generation, 4947 GWh of electricity lost during power transmission and transformation, and 48810 GWh of electricity was finally consumed nationwide.
In 2020, the total length of Portugal's power grid will be 9036 km, including 2711 km of 400 kV power grid, 3780 km of 220 kV power grid, and 2545 km of 150 kV power grid.The Portuguese power grid is connected to the Spanish power grid, forming a unified power market on the Iberian Peninsula.[5]
media
There are 1910 journals in Portugal, 489 of which are online.Since the 1990s, all Portuguese newspapers have been private.[5]
News agency: Lusa News Agency is a national news agency, which was merged by Portuguese News Agency and Portuguese News Agency in 1987.
TV media: Portugal has three most influential channels: RTP, SIC (private) and ITV.
Radio media: mainly Portuguese Radio, Renaissance Radio (religious background), Commercial Radio and International Radio.
Newspaper media: Portugal has 23 national newspapers, 216 local newspapers and 1334 journals.The main Portuguese newspapers and periodicals are the semi official "News" and "News Daily";Private Morning Post, Express, Public Newspaper (weekly), Business Daily, Economic Daily and Sun.The most influential Chinese newspapers are Portuguese Chinese Newspaper and Quan Daily.The Portuguese are very keen on football and sports. The main sports newspapers are the Ball Journal, the Record Journal and the Match Journal. The main sports weekly magazines are Vision and Saturday.[5]
signal communication
Portugal's telecom market is relatively mature.Since 2007, the Portuguese government has actively encouraged its main operators to increase the construction of information infrastructure.The three major operators in Portugal are leading the world in the construction of optical access network (FTTX), and have basically completed the coverage of major cities and towns in the country.In the field of mobile communication, the Portuguese government vigorously promotes the construction of LTE network (i.e. 4G) and actively explores the construction of 5G.
According to the data of the Portuguese Statistics Bureau, the broadband Internet access in Portugal exceeded 6.286 billion GB in 2019, a significant increase of 28.7% over 2018.By the end of 2019, the number of mobile Internet users in Portugal had accounted for 82.5% of the total population, and more than 80% of Portuguese residents had access to the Internet at home.[5]
The Internet in Portugal is very convenient. Generally, hotels, restaurants and shopping malls will provide wireless networks, which can be used for free or charged for 5 to 30 euros per day.[6]
Sports
Due to its smaller population than that of other European countries, Portugal's sports performance has always been mediocre.It is commendable that there are three major football clubs: Portugal Sports, Porto and Benfica.These three clubs are famous for cultivating athletes in various sports, including football, basketball, track and field, swimming, hockey and even chess.In football alone, players like Eusebio, Luis Figo, Rui Costa, Cristiano Ronaldo, and coaches like Mourinho and Boas were nurtured from these three clubs.
Football is the most popular sport in Portugal, and Portuguese football is also full of Latin flavor.Portugal first participated in the World Cup in 1966 and won the third place.Among them, the Mozambican player Eusebio, known as the "Panther", scored 9 goals and became the best shooter in the World Cup.However, the strength of the Portuguese national team has improved since the late 1990s. The Portuguese national team at that time was called the "golden generation".In 2000, the Portuguese national team reached the semi-finals in the European Cup, won the runner up of the European Cup as the host in 2004, won the fourth place in the German World Cup in 2006, and won the first European Cup championship in the team's history in 2016.Their leading playerCristiano RonaldoFive timesGolden Globe Award。[3]
public security
There are no armed rebel groups in Portugal.Since 2016, Portugal has not experienced any terrorist attack, nor any terrorist attack or kidnapping directly against Chinese enterprises or citizens.The social security situation in Portugal is generally good.Portugal allows citizens to hold guns legally.According to Portuguese statistics, there were 93 murder cases in Portugal in 2020, up 4.5% year on year;576 attacks, down 12.9% year on year;254 kidnapping cases, down 24.9% year on year;8976 robbery cases, down 17.8% year on year;298000 criminal cases.In 2020, the crime rate in Portugal will be 29 ‰, down 11% year on year.
According to the report of Global Peace Index 2021 released by the Institute of Global Economy and Peace, Portugal is one of the five safest countries in the world, ranking fourth in the security index among 163 countries and regions, second only to Iceland, New Zealand and Denmark, and ranking second in the EU.[5]
price
In the EU, Portugal's living standard is relatively low, and the living standard index is only about 75% of the average level of EU countries.The price of grain (such as rice and noodles) is slightly higher than that of China. The price of fruit and meat and poultry is similar to that of China, but the service industry charges much higher than that of China.Portugal's local retail industry is relatively developed, with Pingo Doce, Jumbo, Makro, Continente, Worten and many other large supermarket chains. Shopping is very convenient.
The price level of basic living goods in Lisbon, Portugal: about 0.91 euros/kg rice, 0.46 euros/kg flour, 6.50 euros/l olive oil, 1.62 euros/12 eggs, 0.75 euros/l milk, 5.50 euros/kg chicken breast meat, 3.81 euros/kg fresh pork.[5]
Domestic water, electricity, oil and gas prices
The calculation of electricity price in Portugal is relatively complicated, and it is priced by season, time period and purpose. The electricity price in different regions is also different.Domestic electricity needs to collect service fees, equipment use fees, special electricity consumption tax, and public broadcasting service fees, plus 23% value-added tax.According to Eurostat data, the price of domestic electricity in Portugal in the first half of 2020 and the second half of 2020 (the lowest level in the ladder price) is 0.2024 euro/kWh and 0.2014 euro/kWh respectively.The weak current supply is mainly in the charge of EDP.
Portugal's water supply management is unique. 18 regions have their own water supply companies, and some large regions also have several water supply companies.The water price is slightly different in each region. The price of household and personal water is divided into several grades, and the calculation is more complicated.EPAL is mainly responsible for water supply in Riis. The latest domestic water price released by EPAL on April 1, 2021 is: 0.4166 euros/ton for less than 5 tons per month;6~15 tons per month, 0.7790 euros per ton;16~25 tons per month, 1.8334 euros per ton;If the monthly volume is more than 25 tons, the charge will be 2.3333 euros/ton.
Natural gas is widely used in Portugal, and the calculation of natural gas price is also complicated.According to Eurostat data, the price of domestic natural gas in Portugal in the first half and second half of 2020 (the lowest price in the ladder gas price) is 19.27 EUR/GJ and 19.12 EUR/GJ respectively.In May 2021, the price of 95 # gasoline in Portugal will be about 1.669 euros per liter, and the average price of diesel will be about 1.504 euros per liter. The prices of different gas stations will be slightly different.[5]
Land and house price
According to the Portuguese Statistical Office, the average land sales price in Portugal in 2018 was 234.37 euros/square meter.
According to the data of Portuguese National Bureau of Statistics, as of 2020, the median rental price of apartments across Portugal is 5.61 euros/square meter, up 5.5% year on year.Among them, the median rent of Lisbon apartment was 11.46 euros/square meter, down 4.2% year on year;Cascais was 10.42 euros/square meter, down 2.7% year on year;Oelash is 10.01 euros/square meter, down 1.7% year on year;Porto was 8.70 euros/square meter, down 1.5% year on year;Lorish was 7.58 euros/square meter, up 4.7% year on year.
In Portugal, the purchase price of real estate varies greatly depending on the location and grade of the property.According to the Portuguese Statistics Bureau, the median housing price in Portugal in the fourth quarter of 2020 is 1942 euros/square meter.Among them, Lisbon is 3377 euros/square meter and Porto is 2142 euros/square meter.The satellite city Gaya New Town of Porto is only 1315 euros/square meter, and the capital city of Braga, the northern city of Braga, is only 1032 euros/square meter.[5]
salary
Portugal's wages are at a low level in the EU.According to the data released by Eurostat in March 2021, the average monthly net income of Portuguese workers in 2018 was 933 euros, making Portugal the seventh lowest income country in the EU.According to the data of the Portuguese National Bureau of Statistics, in the first quarter of 2021, the average monthly net income of Portuguese workers is 984 euros, and the income gap between different industries is large: the average monthly net income of agricultural, forestry and fishery workers is 757 euros, the average monthly net income of manufacturing, construction, energy and water conservancy workers is 908 euros, and the average monthly net income of service workers is 1016 euros.
In January 2021, the Portuguese government will raise the minimum monthly wage from 635 euros to 665 euros.Portuguese social insurance is jointly paid by both employers.According to different jobs, the employee's contribution ratio ranges from 8% to 11%, and the employer's contribution ratio ranges from 11% to 23.75%.Portugal's foreign labor market is small.According to the data of Portuguese Statistics Bureau, there will be about 148000 foreign workers in Portugal in 2020;Foreign workers mainly come from Portuguese speaking countries such as Brazil, as well as Eastern Europe, which has joined the European Union.Foreign labor services are mainly concentrated in manufacturing, construction, retail and hotel catering industries.[5]
the labor
According to the data released by the Portuguese National Bureau of Statistics, the total working population of Portugal in 2020 will be 5.2327 million, accounting for 50.82% of the total population (participation rate).Since the financial crisis, the unemployment rate in Portugal has been high, reaching 17% in 2013, and has declined year by year since then.In 2019, Portugal's unemployment rate dropped to 6.5%, a new low in 10 years.Affected by the COVID-19 epidemic, Portugal's unemployment rate will rise to 6.9% in 2020.In general, Portugal's labor supply exceeds demand.[5]
International Relations
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foreign policy
Portugal advocates developing friendly and cooperative relations with all countries in the world on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.Transatlantic relations, the European Union, the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries, Portuguese speaking overseas Chinese, globalization and multilateralism, and emerging market countries are the six main directions of Portugal's foreign policy.We firmly support the process of European integration and advocate maintaining the stability of the euro area.Respect the EU's position on counter-terrorism, European refugee flows and other issues.We should attach importance to developing trans Atlantic relations.We have active exchanges with Portuguese speaking countries and actively promoted the development of the Community of Portuguese speaking Countries.It is a founding member of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank to vigorously carry out economic diplomacy and expand cooperation with emerging market countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America and so on.It has established diplomatic relations with 194 countries and regions in the world, and has 133 embassies and consulates abroad.There are 76 embassies, 48 consulates and 9 missions to international organizations.[1]
diplomatic relations
Relations with China
China and Portugal established diplomatic relations on February 8, 1979.In September of the same year, the two countries exchanged ambassadors.Since the establishment of diplomatic ties 44 years ago, the friendly cooperative relations between the two countries in politics, economy and trade, culture, science and technology, military and other fields have been developing continuously.In April 1987, the Chinese and Portuguese governments reached an agreement on resolving the Macao issue left over by history through equal consultation and signed a joint statement on the Macao issue. China resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Macao on December 20, 1999.During Premier Wen Jiabao's visit to Portugal in 2005, the leaders of the two countries announced the establishment of a comprehensive strategic partnership.During President Xi Jinping's visit to Portugal in 2018, the two sides issued the Joint Statement on Further Strengthening China Portugal Comprehensive Strategic Partnership.
In recent years, leaders of both sides have exchanged frequent visits, promoting the further development of friendly cooperative relations between the two countries.The main visits of the Chinese side are (in chronological order): President Hu Jintao (2010), President Xi Jinping (2014 transit to Tessella Island, 2018 state visit), Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Secretary of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee Liu Yunshan (2014), Premier Li Keqiang (2016 transit to Tessella Island), Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Zhang Dejiang (2017),Han Zheng, Vice President of China (2023).The main visits of the Portuguese side are (in chronological order): Speaker Gama (2009), President Silva (2014), Prime Minister Costa (2016), Speaker Rodriguez (2018), President De Sousa (2019), who paid a state visit to China and attended the second "Belt and Road"International Cooperation Summit Forum).[7]
In 2023, the bilateral trade volume between China and Portugal will be 8.704 billion US dollars, down 3.2% year on year.Among them, China's export to Portugal was US $5.792 billion, down 2.7% year on year, and its import from Portugal was US $2.912 billion, down 4.1% year on year.China's exports to Portugal mainly include: electrical machinery and equipment, machinery and appliances, toys, furniture, steel products, etc.Import commodities mainly include: machinery and appliances, electrical equipment, cork and its products, pulp and waste paper, mineral products, etc.
In October 2018, the China Portugal Mixed Economic and Trade Commission held its tenth meeting.In 2023, China's direct investment in Portugal will reach 386 million euros, a year-on-year increase of 34.52%, and the stock of direct investment will reach 3.607 billion euros, a year-on-year increase of 12.02%.At the same time, the stock of Portuguese direct investment in China was 55 million euros, up 10% year on year.[14]
Since the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and Portugal, exchanges in culture, science, technology and education between the two countries have gradually increased.There is a cultural agreement between the two countries. In 2016, the two countries signed an agreement on mutual establishment of cultural centers.In 2005, the two countries signed the Agreement on Mutual Recognition of Academic Degrees and Degree Certificates in Higher Education.Confucius Institutes have been set up in Minho University, Lisbon University, Aviro University, Coimbra University and Porto University in Portugal.China and Portugal have signed the Agreement on Scientific and Technological Cooperation between the Governments of China and Portugal, and the 9th Joint Committee on Scientific and Technological Cooperation between China and Portugal has been held so far.In November 2017, the two countries officially established the "Blue Partnership".There are eight pairs of sister cities: Wuxi Cascais (1993.09), Zhuhai Blanc Fort (1994.09), Shanghai Porto (1995.04), Tongling Leria (2000.09), Beijing Lisbon (2007.10), Penglai Leria (2015.05), Shenzhen Porto (2016.10), Shenyang Braga (2020.10).In 2022, Dujiangyan and Taiyuan will establish friendly cooperative relations with Ponti Dilima and Viseu respectively.[14]
On December 29, 2000, the China Portugal Friendship Association was established in Beijing.The National People's Congress and the Portuguese Parliament set up friendly groups for each other.
In 2022, Dujiangyan and Taiyuan will establish friendly cooperative relations with Ponti Dilima and Viseu respectively.
The military exchanges between China and Portugal began in 1980.In 2006, Portuguese Defense Minister Amado visited China and signed the Cooperation Agreement between the two Ministries of Defense.In 2009, the chiefs of staff of the Portuguese navy and air force led delegations to attend the series of activities marking the 60th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese navy and air force.In 2010, the Portuguese Navy's Sailing Training Ship "Sagres" visited Shanghai.In 2011, the Chief of Staff of the Portuguese Army, Admiral Ramallo, visited China.In April 2013, the 13th convoy formation of the Chinese Navy, consisting of Huangshan Ship, Hengyang Ship and Qinghai Lake Ship, visited Portugal.In 2014, the CPPCC General Xu Yaoyuan visited Portugal, and the Chief of Staff of the Portuguese Air Force General Pinheiro visited China.In 2015, the Chief of the General Staff of the Portuguese Armed Forces, Admiral Montero, visited China, and the 20th convoy of the Chinese Navy visited Portugal.In 2016, General Wang Guanzhong, Deputy Chief of the Joint Staff of the Military Commission, visited Portugal.In October 2017, Qi Jiguang, a new training ship of the Chinese Navy, visited Portugal.
Relations with the EU
The EU is the foundation of Portugal's foreign relations.Portugal actively supports and participates in the process of European integration, and is in favor of the eastward expansion of the EU;We oppose the division of member states into different levels and the excessive concentration of EU decision-making power in the hands of a few countries.In the second half of 2007, he successfully served as the rotating presidency of the EU, presided over the completion of the revision and signing of the Lisbon Treaty, so that the EU could get out of the "constitutional" dilemma, promote the EU to formulate the second three-year plan of the "Lisbon Strategy", further enhance the EU's economic vitality and competitiveness, and also completed the eastern expansion of the Schengen area to nine Central and Eastern European countries.At the same time, we should maintain high-level exchanges with major EU countries such as Spain, France and Germany to promote economic and scientific cooperation;Actively promote the EU energy strategic planning and actively develop renewable energy;Attach importance to the joint fight against illegal migration and terrorism with EU countries, and officially launch the electronic biometric passport and visa system;The headquarters of the European Maritime Safety Agency was successfully settled in Lisbon.In 2009, after the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, in the face of the upcoming establishment of the European Union's Foreign Action Agency, it will appropriately adjust the extension of foreign policy, focus on developing relations with countries and regions outside the EU, so as to improve its own influence and status in the EU.In September 2009, the EU Navy Commander began to rotate for two years.In June 2010, Portugal took over from Spain as the commander of the European Union Force in Guinea Bissau, which is responsible for reforming the national defense and security system of Guinea Bissau and training its personnel.In 2011, the Portuguese navy served as the European Union's commander in the fight against piracy in the Indian Ocean region.From April 6 to August 6, 2013, the Portuguese navy took the post again.
After the outbreak of the European debt crisis, Portugal believed that strengthening economic governance on the basis of monetary union would help to ensure the stability and integrated development of the European Union.
Relations with the United States
Portugal, a traditional ally of the United States and a member of NATO, has always given priority to relations with the United States.In 1995, Portugal and the United States signed the Defense Cooperation Agreement, which allowed the United States to use the Razh Air Base in the Azores.After the September 11 incident, we firmly supported the US military action against terrorism, and further strengthened military cooperation while maintaining political and economic relations with the US.In 2005, Portugal and the United States exchanged visits at the level of foreign ministers, re signed extradition treaties, and expressed their willingness to promote the establishment of a tripartite cooperation mechanism between Portugal, the United States and Portuguese speaking African countries.In 2007, we continued to strengthen substantive cooperation with the United States in the field of security and defense, and supported the establishment of the African Command by the United States.In September 2011, Portuguese Foreign Minister Poltas, who attended the UN General Assembly meeting in New York, held a bilateral meeting with US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on the Middle East issue.In November, Portuguese President Silva visited the United States and held talks with President Obama on issues such as the European debt crisis, the Portuguese situation and Palestine's accession to the United Nations.In May 2012, Portuguese President Coelho went to the United States to attend the NATO Chicago Summit.In January 2013, the US Defense Minister Panetta visited Portugal to explain the US reduction in the presence of the Portuguese Laresh Air Base and exchange views on further defense cooperation between the two sides. Pakistan also visited the NATO forces in Portugal.
Relations with Portuguese speaking countries
Due to historical reasons, Portugal and the five Portuguese speaking African countries (MozambiqueAngolaCape Verde, Guinea Bissau, Sao Tome and Principe).As the most concentrated area of Portuguese speaking countries and the main supplier of oil and gas to Portugal, Africa plays an increasingly important role in Portuguese diplomacy.In recent years, in order to give play to Portugal's role as a bridge between Europe and Africa, Portugal has actively developed cooperation with the five countries in various fields.In recent years, high-level exchanges of visits with Portuguese speaking African countries have been frequent, and a large amount of investment has been made in non energy, military, finance, trade and other fields.During the rotating presidency of the European Union in 2007, the second Europe Africa Summit was advocated, and Europe and Africa established a new relationship of strategic dialogue on the basis of equality.It also vigorously responds to the "Mediterranean Union" initiative, attaches importance to communication and cooperation with the Maghreb countries in North Africa, maintains peace and stability in southern Europe, while ensuring the stability and diversification of energy supply and developing export markets.
Attach importance to strengthening the traditional relationship with Brazil.Over the years, more than 600 enterprises have invested 9 billion euros in Brazil.In the first half of 2012, Portugal's direct investment in Pakistan exceeded 300 million euros.Portugal also actively uses the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries, Comunidade dos Pa í ses de L í ngua Portuguesa (CPLP) to promote political, diplomatic, economic, trade and cultural cooperation between Portuguese speaking countries.
Relations with Spain
After the April 25 Revolution of Portugal in 1974, Portuguese Spanish relations were tense for a time and became normal since the end of 1975.In November 1977, the two countries signed a treaty of friendship and non aggression.The heads of government of the two countries met regularly to exchange views on bilateral relations and other issues of common concern.In February 2003, the Prime Ministers of Portugal and Spain held a bilateral meeting in Madrid;In the same month, Portuguese Foreign Minister D'Akruz also visited Spain, and the two sides signed the Joint Statement on Maritime Security Cooperation and the Establishment of a Common Mechanism for Rapid Alarming.In February 2004, Portuguese Prime Minister Barroso visited Spain and promised to set up a Portuguese cultural center in the west in 2005, saying that the west is a close neighbor of Portugal and does not pose a threat to Portugal.In May of the same year, Spain's new Prime Minister Zapatero visited Portugal and said that despite the differences between the two governments on the issue of coalition troops in Iraq, the all-round friendly relations between the two countries would not be affected.In October 2005, the President of the Portuguese Parliament visited Spain and called on Spain and Portugal to strengthen border cooperation.Portugal also held the Centennial Exhibition of the Portuguese Parliament (1903-2003).In November, the Portuguese Spanish Summit was held in Portugal, attended by the Prime Ministers of the two countries, and the two sides signed bilateral cooperation agreements on border cooperation, tourism, employment, the establishment of the Iberian power market, high-speed railway, oceanographic survey, and so on.Spain is Portugal's largest trading partner.In 2004, Portugal's imports from the west accounted for 29.3% of its total imports and exports to the west accounted for 24.9% of its total exports.On May 11, 2023 local time, the Spanish and Portuguese governments issued a joint statement stating that the new treaty of friendship and cooperation has officially entered into force and will replace the treaty of friendship and cooperation signed by the two governments in 1977.[9]
Relations with Eastern Europe
After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Portugal advocated that the West should strengthen its assistance to Russia and help Russia transition from a planned economy to a market economy.Portugal supports the improvement of relations between Russia and the EU and believes that Russia plays a very important role in balancing international relations.Portugal is willing to establish all-round cooperation with Russia to strengthen bilateral trade and cultural relations on a sound political basis.In July 1994, Portuguese Prime Minister Silva paid a working visit to Russia. The two governments signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation and six cooperation agreements on investment protection, culture, industrial technology, road transport, medicine and science.In 2001, Portuguese President Sampaio visited Russia, and the two sides signed the Consular Agreement and the Protocol on Political Consultation at the Foreign Minister Level.From 1998 to 2003, Portugal invested 462000 euros in Russia every year, and Russia invested 52000 euros in Portugal.Portuguese exports to Russia account for only 0.08% of Russian imports.In November 2004, Russian President Putin visited Portugal, which was the first time that the highest leader of Russia visited Portugal.In May 2005, Portuguese Prime Minister Socrates attended the commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the victory of the Patriotic War in Russia;In October, the Portuguese Foreign Minister, Minister of Culture and Minister of Economy visited Russia. Portugal and Russia signed an agreement on the college student exchange plan before 2009, as well as an agreement on information and tourism.The exchanges between Portugal and Eastern European countries have increased. Portugal supports the requirements of Eastern European countries to join the EU and NATO, but believes that it should be based on maintaining stable security relations with Russia.
Relations with Timor Leste
Timor-LesteBefore PortugalcolonyIn 1951, it was nominally changed to Portuguese Overseas Province.After the "April 25" incident in Portugal in 1974, the new Portuguese regime advocated decolonization, allowing East Timor to hold a referendum and exercise self-determination.In 1975, the three main political parties in East Timor, FRETILIN, NLD and NLD, which were newly established, experienced civil unrest due to power struggles and the situation was out of control.In December of the same year, Indonesia took the opportunity to send troops to East Timor and declared East Timor as its 27th province in July of the next year.From 1992 to 1999, under the auspices of the Secretary General of the United Nations, the foreign ministers of Portugal and Indonesia held 12 rounds of negotiations on the East Timor issue, and finally the two sides reached a consensus on the national self-determination of East Timor.In August 1999, under the supervision of the United Nations, East Timor conducted a referendum, and 78.5 per cent of East Timorese supported independence.In December of the same year, Portuguese Foreign Minister Gama visited East Timor.In 2000, the President, Prime Minister and Speaker of the Parliament of Portugal paid a visit to the East.On May 20, 2002, the President and Prime Minister of Portugal attended the founding ceremony of East Timor.Since 1999, in addition to providing substantial economic and humanitarian assistance to Timor Leste, Portugal has also sent more than 1000 peacekeeping troops, police and 100 teachers.Portugal is the country with the most international assistance to Timor Leste.In 2002, the Portuguese government and the East Timorese government carried out a cooperation project amounting to 80.485 million euros, including 9 million euros of assistance.The two countries have signed a cooperation plan for 2004-2006, according to which Portugal will assist 50 million euros.In 2004, Portuguese aid amounted to 20.568 million euros.In June of the same year, 253 Portuguese peacekeepers who participated in the last group of United Nations peacekeepers in East Timor returned to Portugal.In June 2005, Prime Minister Alkatiri of Timor Leste visited Portugal, and Portugal agreed to send 30 policemen to the east to help them train local security forces.
Travel?
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Portugal, located on the west coast of Iberia Island, has become one of the most popular European countries for tourists because of its peaceful climate, cost-effective travel and pleasant scenery.Portugal has a variety of geographical features, from lush mountains and vineyards in the north, rolling farmland and ancient villages in the middle, to the charming Algarve beach on the southern coastline.The Azores and Madeira Islands, which belong to Portugal but are located in the Atlantic Ocean, are famous for their lush landscapes and gardens.[8]
Portugal has rich tourism resources such as medieval castles, unique and charming villages, sunny beaches, world-class surfing sites, rich traditional food, and sentimental fado music.[5]
Main attractions
Lisbon
Lisbon Scenery
LisbonIt is the capital of Portugal, located in the west of Portugal, with Mount Sintra in the north and Mount Sintra in the southTagus River, DistanceAtlanticLess than 12 kilometers away, it is the westernmost city on the European continent. Influenced by the Atlantic Current, it is warm and spring like most of the year, and the plants are green all the year round.The whole city of Lisbon is distributed on seven lush hills, and the Tagus River flows through the south of the city into the sea.The alleys, shops, gothic cathedrals, unique bridges, colorful communities and the reverberating traditional fado music of Rees undoubtedly make the whole city full of charming atmosphere.[8]
Coimbra
Coimbra Scenery
Coimbra, located on the bank of the Montagu River in central Portugal, is a charming town.The history of Coimbra city is closely linked with the historical development of the university, which has established the first university in this country, and it is also one of the oldest universities in Europe.As the ancient capital of Portugal, it has many valuable historical sites and profound historical and cultural exploration.Handicrafts, baccalaureate costumes and fado music (Portugal's traditional art with sad tunes) are the three distinctive products of Coimbra.There is also the most distinctive botanical garden in Europe.[8]
Azores
Scenery of Azores
AzoresIt is a volcanic archipelago located in the center of the North Atlantic Ocean, composed of nine volcanoes, about 1500 kilometers west of Lisbon.Each island in Azores has its own charm. They either have world-class whale watching programs, mineral hot springs or quaint seaside towns.Saint Miguel Island is the largest island in the Azores, and has the reputation of "Green Island";Picu volcano, 2351 meters above sea level, is the highest peak in Portugal.[8]
Avero
Avero Scenery
Avero is an emerging city in the north central part of Portugal, located on the Atlantic coast in the central part of Portugal, and is a transportation hub connecting the central and northern parts of Portugal.Avero is also a famous water city, known as "Venice of Portugal": a beautiful bridge connects the waterway canal, and colorful gondolas and speedboats shuttle back and forth on the water. There are many shops left over from the 18th century on both sides of the waterway, and the most comfortable one is to sit on gondola on a summer night, listening to the nocturne coming from both sides.In addition to these, Avero's rich historical sites, gorgeous beaches and delicious dishes are also the reasons why many tourists come here.[8]
Evora
Evora Scenery
Although Evora is a small city in Alentejo Plain in western Portugal, it has always attracted many tourists.Evora, with a history of more than 2000 years, was once a prosperous city under Roman rule.Today, as the capital of Allentju, Evora is a well preserved ancient city with more than 4000 architectural works of different artistic styles and genres in different periods, including Roman city walls and temples.[8]
Porto
Porto scenery
Porto, located at the estuary of the Doro River in the north of Portugal, is the distribution center of the wine in the upper reaches of the Doro River. The mellow quality of Porto wine is known as Portugal's "First Ambassador".The center of Porto is Ribella Square, where there are many cafes, restaurants and street vendors. Tourists can order a cup of coffee and enjoy the pleasant atmosphere quietly with beautiful music.The most famous scenic spot here is the Louis I Bridge, which is also an important wine cellar.[8]
Madeira Islands
Madeira Islands
Madeira, known as the "Pearl of the Atlantic Ocean", is an oasis in the North Atlantic Ocean on the northwest coast of Africa.It is not only a place with beautiful scenery and mild climate, but also a place where Madeira, a famous local product, is brewed.Fengshaer is the down payment and the largest city in Madeira Islands, with many ancient churches, fortresses, tourist resorts, restaurants and Lido Boulevard with unique seascape.[8]
Sintra
Scenery of Xintra
Sintra is located at the foot of Sintra Mountain in the suburb of Lisbon. This area has undulating mountains, where palaces, castles and villas are located. The cultural landscape and natural scenery are combined together.Famous scenic spots such as the Palace of Pena.[8]
Obidus
Obidus Scenery
Obidos is located on a hilltop in the central region of Portugal, surrounded by ancient and solid city walls.In addition to the city wall, the main tourist attractions in the city are the magnificent medieval castle and the historical center of Obidus.The maze of cobblestone streets in the city connects squares, cafes, shops and white houses decorated with various flowers.[8]
Algarve
Scenery of Algarve
Algarve is located in the southernmost tip of Portugal. The sunny Mediterranean climate and beaches, picturesque cities, long historical sites, delicious dishes and affordable travel make Algarve one of the most popular tourist destinations in Portugal.Here, tourists can enjoy the tranquil olive garden scenery, visit the traditional outdoor white villages, or enjoy the sea breeze in the summer resort on the coastal cliffs.[8]
World Heritage Site
Portugal became a member of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee on September 30, 1980.As of the end of the 38th World Heritage Conference on June 25, 2014, Portugal has 15 world heritages in total, including 14 cultural heritages and 1 natural heritage;One of them is shared with Spain.The number of heritage ranks 17th in the world.
1. The city center of Hero Harbor in Azores (1983, located in Azores, an autonomous region, a world cultural heritage)
9. Prehistoric rock art relics in the Koa Valley and Shegabeld (1998, 2010 expanded): prehistoric rock art relics in the Koa Valley, Portugal (1998) - prehistoric rock art relics in Shegabeld, Spain (2010, shared with Spain, world cultural heritage)
10. Laurel in Madeira (in 1999, located in Madeira, the autonomous region, a world natural heritage)
