The Rocky Mountains

American Mountains

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The Rocky Mountains Rocky Mountains ）, also known as the Rocky Mountains, is Cordillera Mountains in America Tied on North America The backbone of the Small mountain range Composition, known as North America The "backbone" of the main mountains from Canada British Columbia Added to the southwestern United States New Mexico More than 4800 kilometers from north to south, it is vast and devoid of vegetation. Its name comes from Indian Tribal names. The majestic Rocky Mountains stretch for thousands of kilometers from north to south. The entire Rocky Mountains consist of many small mountains, 39 of which have names. except St. Lawrence River In addition, almost all the major rivers in North America originate from the Rocky Mountains, which is an important part of the mainland watershed 。

Chinese name: The Rocky Mountains
Foreign name: The Rocky Mountains
Alias: Rocky Mountains
Region: U.S.A 、 Canada
geographical position: From the Riad River in Canada to New Mexico Of Rio Grande
climatic conditions: North subtropical climate Plateau mountain climate

Famous scenic spot: Yellowstone national park 、 Mailin Canyon
Average rainfall: three hundred and sixty millimeter
Mountain system: Cordillera Mountains
Main peak: Mount Elbert
Highest altitude: 4399m
Length: 4800 km

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geographical environment

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The Rocky Mountains (24 sheets)

Rocky Mountains North America The main topographic region in the western part of the continent is the large part of the Great Plateau system. On the whole, the Rocky Mountains range from Alberta North and British Columbia Extending southward through the southwestern United States New Mexico The total length is about 4800km. In some places, the mountain system is hundreds of miles wide. Most of the boundaries are not easy to determine, especially in the remote areas in the northwest Brooks Range Belongs to the Rocky Mountains.

terrain

The Rocky Mountains

Many mountains are towering into the clouds and covered with snow, which is extremely spectacular. Most mountains Average altitude Up to 2000-3000 meters, some even more than 4000 meters, such as Elbert Peak up to 4399 meters, Ganite Peak up to 4202 meters, Blanca Peak up to 4365 meters and so on. In Canada of this great mountain range Jasper (Jasper), Banff, Kootnay and Yoho national park and Mount Robson , Assiniboin Mountain and Hamber Provincial Park , with a total area of about 23122 km ², forming the "Canada Rocky Mountains Park Group ".

geological structure

The Rocky Mountains are generally defined as Canada From Riad River to New Mexico Of Rio Grande The extension of the north and south ends can only be part of the mountains of America, and no longer belong to the Rocky Mountains. The younger part of the Rocky Mountains Cretaceous Time (about 140 million to 65 million years ago) Precambrian (3.98 billion to 600 million years ago). The geological structure of the Rocky Mountains is mainly composed of igneous rock and Metamorphic rock Composition, there are also young sedimentary rock 。 In some areas, there are Tertiary eruptions (about 65 million to 1.8 million years ago) lava 。 from the pleistocene In the Holocene (18 million to 11000 years ago), many ice ages occurred. At that time, 90% of Yellowstone Park was covered by glaciers. From 1550 to 1860, it was also the "Little Ice Age", and glaciers had moved forward. The Rocky Mountains were originally huge Geosyncline In the early Cretaceous, the area was only shallow sea, and in the Tertiary, large-scale Orogeny 、 Volcano eruption The crust was strongly folded and compressed, and the mountains were uplifted again, forming a tall granite mountain system; During the Quaternary, the effect of glaciers left a steep Angular peak 、 Cirque 、 trough valley etc. Glacial erosion Of Geomorphic features , plus long-term Crustal movement And gradually form the status quo of Rocky Mountains. The mountains were mainly formed during the Lalami orogeny from the end of Cretaceous to the beginning of Tertiary, from the end of Cretaceous (about 145.5 million years ago to about 65.5 million years ago) to Paleogene (65.5 million years ago to 23 million years ago). From the early Cambrian period (542 million years ago) to the Cretaceous period, the stratum was formed under the pressure of east-west direction Fold (The stratum is wavy and curved) and faults (stratum is broken and dislocated) are uplifted accordingly. After uplift and vigorous erosion, Tectonic topography Quite complicated. Yellowstone national park North Rocky Mountains to the north, exposed in the west Precambrian and the paleozoic era Granite, mainly high massive mountains; In the east, there are long lines of folds and thrusts Fault structure On the basis of the above, strip mountain ranges are common, with fault valleys between them. The section from Yellowstone Park to Wyoming Basin is the middle Rocky Mountain, which is wide. The western part is characterized by alternating strip mountains and fault valleys; The east is mostly single anticline Uplift, plateau like mountains with steep edges, short mountains, different trends, and wide intervals synclinal basin 。 To the south of the Wyoming Basin is the South Rocky Mountain, which is the most magnificent part of the entire Rocky Mountains. It is composed of two parallel anticline mountains in the east and west. Precambrian crystalline rocks are exposed, and the height is very high. There are 48 peaks above 4200 meters above sea level, Mount Albert It is located here. There is a stratum called "Burgess Shale" in this area. In the middle Cambrian period (513 million years ago to 510 million years ago)“ Anomalocaris ”And“ Hallucigenia ”Compared with our creatures, the shape of our fossils is incredible. In 1980, the Burgess shale Joho National Park First selected as the world natural heritage 。 Later, in 1984, the area selected as a natural heritage expanded to become Canada Rocky Mountains Parks.

Rocky Mountains Cultural Landscape

Blue River in Rocky Mountains

Origin of name

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The Rocky Mountains

Rocky Mountains（ Rocky Mountains ）It is located in the west of North America.

britain Colonist When I first arrived in Assiniboine, Canada, I learned that Indian The tribe was named "Stone". In addition, the mountain in the area was as bare as stone without vegetation, so it was called "Stone Mountain", which was translated into "Rocky" in English. Later, the name was extended to the whole mountain range running from north to south.

The Chinese word "Rocky" is transliterated from the English word "Rocky".

Climatic characteristics

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Diversity

The Rocky Mountains (3 sheets)

The Rocky Mountains extend far from north to south, with diverse climates. The southern end is the northern edge of the North American tropics, and the northern end is Arctic climate 。 However, the mountains in the south are continental with high altitude, Latitudinal variation The impact is often weakened. There are two Vertical climate zone Runs through much of the mountain range. The lower climate zone is Cold temperate zone , cold in winter and cool in summer. In the south, the altitude is 2134-3048 meters, belonging to this climate zone, the higher the latitude Upper and lower limits The lower the response. The higher climate zone is Alpine climate , genus Tundra Type. Cold winter, short and cold summer; In the south, snow on the highest mountain peak can last until August, while in the north, there are still many high altitude valleys Permanent Glaciers.

precipitation

Natural Scenery of Rocky Mountains (4 sheets)

The precipitation is generally more in the north than in the south, and about three times as much in the north as in the south. The climate in the south is mostly dry. For example, the St. Louis Valley in Colorado has a mountain wilderness climate and is one of the driest areas in the Rocky Mountains. The annual rainfall is mostly snow in winter in the south, although there are sometimes local and violent thunderstorms in the afternoon of summer. The rainfall in the north of the Rocky Mountains is relatively uniform throughout the year due to the Pacific Cyclone storm. The growing season is very short everywhere in the Rocky Mountains. In some places, there is frost even in July. Average annual rainfall 360 mm.

Climatic boundary

The Rocky Mountains are an important climatic boundary in North America. Antipolar the pacific ocean The eastward invasion of air masses and the polar Canadian air masses or the tropics Gulf of Mexico The air mass moves westward Barrier effect , resulting in a huge difference in precipitation between the east and west of the continent, and having a certain impact on temperature distribution. The west is dominated by winter rain. Except for the coastal area and windward slope north of 40 ° north latitude, the annual precipitation is below 500 mm, and the winter temperature is higher than that in the east of the same latitude; The east is dominated by summer rain. The annual precipitation is more than 500 mm, except for the northern high latitude area and part of the great plains close to the mountains.

air temperature

Rocky Mountains Plateau climate ， Annual average temperature It is 6 ℃. The highest temperature is in July, with an average of 28 ℃. The average temperature in January is - 14 ℃, and the average annual rainfall is 360 mm. The Rocky Mountains are warm and dry in summer and cold and wet in winter.

River water source

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The most important watershed , except St. Lawrence River In addition, almost all major rivers in North America originate here. The rivers to the west of the mountains belong to the Pacific water system, and the rivers to the east of the mountains belong to the Arctic Ocean water system and Atlantic river system. The melting snow in the Rocky Mountains replenishes the water supply of rivers and lakes, including: Arkansas River Arkansas River、 Athabasca River Athabasca River、 Colorado River Columbia River Columbia River、 Frey Saihe River Fraser River、 Kootenay River, Missouri River Piss River Peace River、 Platte River Platte River、 Rio Grande Rio Grande、 Saskatchewan River Saskatchewan River、 Snake River Snake River、 Huangshi River Yellowstone River

The Rocky Mountains

The Rocky Mountains are icebound all year round

Rocky Mountains Region irrigation water 、 Industrial water And domestic water shortage. The farther south, the drier the climate, and the more critical the water supply problem becomes. New Mexico and Arizona The two states are the most serious. U.S.A Land development The utilization bureau is involved Western United States The Rocky Mountains area, the most important federal agency for reservoir construction in various regions, accounts for a large part of its architectural design. There are almost no site of a dam Not used, so the annual precipitation of the Rocky Mountains will be completely stored and used in the short term (by the middle of the 21st century). At that time, it may be necessary to import water from the Columbia River and western Canada.

Resource status

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plant resources

Rocky Mountains Plants (18 sheets)

The region is also famous for its rich flora and fauna. Pine trees Poplar tree The forest extends to about 1800 meters above sea level. Alpine and sub alpine flowers and shrubs can be seen at higher altitude. Wetland plants grow at the bottom of the valley and around the lake. The vegetation in mountainous areas is characterized by vertical differentiation, Vertical band The map is subject to altitude, latitude and Aspect 。 as Forest belt The upper boundary of the; In the lower boundary, the wet west slope is lower than the dry east slope. Huang Song Douglas yellow cedar , tent loose larch , spruce and other coniferous species are widely distributed. Rocky Plant community It varies greatly due to altitude, latitude and sunshine New Mexico The strong wind in winter comes from the arid plain, making the scattered cedar and pinyon Dysplasia or deformation. There are usually no trees at the lower altitude at the end of this mountain system, only a few areas along the river Populus deltoides And others Deciduous tree 。 There are Shrub Artemisia , north as far as the south of Alberta. Medium altitude Mountain forest yes poplar Huang Songhe Yellow cedar 。 Subalpine zone The forest consists of western hemlock Black pine 、 Western red cypress 、 White spruce and Engelman It is composed of Picea schrenkiana. As the latitude increases, tree line The height of is lowered. Above the tree line, cold resistant grass, moss Lichens and alpine tundra Low Flowering plant Almost all over the mountains. In the northernmost mountains, the so-called "elf forest" is mainly composed of small Willow form. There are countless wild flowers in the forest and high grassland, including Columbine 、 bunchberry 、 Consolida ajacis 、 Gentiana And Flaming Grass.

Animal resources

There are many kinds of animals. Between undulating ridges Representativeness Large mammal yes black bear , grizzly bear Brown bear , Americas Mountain lion and Wolf 。

Brown bear, puma (2 sheets)

Bighorn sheep and Stone goat In summer, they live on high cliffs, and in winter, they move to lower slopes. Deer Family Animals such as caribou Mule deer And Virginia deer are also between alpine grassland and subalpine forest Vertical migration 。 Alone Moose It often haunts northern lakes, streams and Marshland , with Willow leaf and aquatic plant Make a living. Wyoming's Yellowstone National Park has the largest group of Bison 。 Coyote They wander in lower valleys and along roads and railways. Although the number of wolves nearly extinct due to human hunting is still rare, since 1970 ecological environment The position of

Rocky Mountain Animals

People know and are valued. Small mammals at lower elevations have very small Chipmunk 、 Red Squirrel Colombia Ground squirrel and Marmot 。 Pika Inhabit in rock slide piles, Prairie dog It is active in dry valleys and plateaus. The wild animals in the arid southern mountains are Pronghorn , Jack Rabbit peccary 、 Rattlesnake And others Desert animal 。 birds It is also quite diverse. In summer, there are raptor as White headed sea eagle 、 Golden Eagle , E and peregrine falcon 。 Birds in woodland and grassland include tassels Grouse , spruce grouse Blue grouse 、 Thunderbirds Clark's Nutcrackers , Grey Jay And Steller's jay. Waterfowl such as ducks Sand cone There are also dangerous trumpet swans spending the warm season on the mountain lakes. The numerous hot springs in the Rocky Mountains provide many birds with Wintering ground So that they don't have to fly south to migrate. from California Massively introduced rainbow trout , probably the most famous fish in this area. Arctic fennel It's the north alpine lake Permanent of resident 。 56 species have been identified in the park Mammals In the highlands, there are Rocky Mountain Goats and Big Horn sheep , there are grate deer and grizzly bears in the forest, and people live near the water beaver Etc. In addition, there are about 280 species of birds such as mountain eagles.

mineral resources

mineral resources It is rich and is a famous metal mining area in North America. Zinc in Sullivan in Canada and in the United States Beute And Binghan's copper, silver, zinc, lead, Kodalum's lead, silver, zinc, molybdenum, etc., are very famous. The logging industry is mainly distributed in the humid mountainous areas in northern Montana and Idaho. Animal Husbandry (Cattle and sheep) are mainly distributed in the South Rocky Mountains. The mountains are used as summer pastures, and the basins are used as winter pastures. The farming operation is limited to the valley land with good soil quality and irrigation conditions or the area suitable for dry farming. Magma is widely distributed in the Rocky Mountains Intrusion , Height Metamorphic zone and sedimentary basin Is the main mineral resources in North America, especially nonferrous metals range 。 There are three famous metal mining areas in the Rocky Mountains of the United States: Kodalom, Idaho, is dominated by lead, and zinc and silver coexist; Biute and Bingham are mainly copper, and silver, lead and zinc coexist. Nonmetallic ore It is mainly produced in the Wyoming Basin, mainly including oil, natural gas, coal, salt, etc.

tourist resources

Canadian Rockies^[1]

The mountain scenery is strange and beautiful. With the development of transportation, tourism is growing rapidly. There are national parks such as Rocky Mountain, Yellowstone, Grand Teton, Glacier, etc crater Dinosaurs, Great Sand Dunes, Gunnison River Black Canyon and other tourist attractions. Small towns in mountainous areas, most of which follow Mining industry It is built for development or as a transportation and tourist center. Since the 19th century, there have been buses and trains at each mountain pass, and now there are 9 railways passing through. The development of transportation has accelerated the mountain area tourist resources The development, dense forests, numerous wild animals, cool climate, modern glaciers, hot springs and other unique scenery make it an important tourist area in North America, attracting tens of thousands of tourists every year. There are many national parks and Wildlife Reserve 。 There are small-scale mining cities and tourist cities in the mountainous areas.

Humanistic history

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Indian

waterfall

It is known that humans came to the Rocky Mountains between 10000 BC and 8000 BC. In the 16th century, Europeans entered the southwest region. By the early 19th century, due to exploration and economic development, they were almost the same as aborigines Ethnic contacts and conflicts often occur. These conflicts, as well as the unstable food supply and territorial wars between tribes, have resulted in large-scale migration and friction of some groups.

From the last Ice Age At the beginning, humans have been to the Rocky Mountains, mainly the tribes of American Indians, including Shoshone, Su, Utah, Apache, Blackfoot, Flat Head, etc. They hunt in the foothills and valleys of the Rocky Mountains Mammoth （ Mammoth ）And primitive bison Bison 20%), they may migrate to the plains in autumn and winter, and enter the mountains in spring and summer fishing , deer hunting and berry gathering root tuber Etc. stay watershed The top of the mountain is built by Indians 5400-5800 years ago to drive prey into the stone wall. newest scientific research Think that the way of life of the local Indians is important for maintaining mammal The population size is very effective.

Spanish

1540 Spain Colonist When they began to enter the Rocky Mountains, the soldiers, missionaries, and black slaves that followed brought horses, metal tools, guns, new diseases, and different cultures. The war, disease, and loss of homes (soil erosion) quickly shrank the population of the aborigines.

Lewis and Clark's expedition in 1804-1806 was the first scientific expedition to the Rocky Mountains. However, during their expedition, they actually met at least 11 white people from Europe, the first of whom were French and Spanish. From 1720-1800, they went to the Rocky Mountains to look for minerals and fur. After 1802, American fur merchants swarmed into the Rocky Mountains in large numbers Wyoming The mountain passes through the Rocky Mountains.

1847 Mormons stay Great Salt Lake Foothold; 1859 Colorado Discovery of gold deposits; In 1869, the Trans American Railway was completed; 1872 Yellowstone national park Establishment; Mining industry and Forest industry Rapid development. Several forest reserves were established from 1891 to 1892, and expanded to Rocky Mountain National Park Within the area of. Tourism also began to develop, with campsites being turned into farms, stations into towns, and some towns into big cities.

Main attractions

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The Rocky Mountains attract millions of tourists from all over the world every year. The main tourist attractions in summer are Pikes Peak, Royal Gorge Rocky Mountain National Park (Rocky Mountain National Park) 、 Yellowstone national park (Yellowstone National Park) 、 Grand teton national park (Grand Teton National Park) 、 glacier national park (Glacier National Park)

stay Canada The Rocky Mountains in the territory include: banff national park Banff National Park, Glacier National Park Jasper National Park 、Kootenay National Park 、Mount Revelstoke National Park 、Waterton Lakes National Park 、Yoho National Park。

Banff

(Banff)

Banff Located in the Bow River valley with an altitude of 1400 meters, the Bow River flows through the south of the town. Banff, with 8500 residents, is a town full of happy atmosphere, with a very strong commercial atmosphere. Banff Avenue, the most prosperous street in the town, is always crowded all the year round. There are many restaurants, restaurants and shops on both sides of the street. Colorful shop windows are flirting with tourists' wallets, most of which sell souvenirs. There is a "Silver Dragon" Chinese restaurant on the street. The owner is from Hong Kong, and the taste is quite authentic.

Banff National Park (Banff National Park)

Banff National Park, covering an area of 6641km ², was founded in 1964, which is the first national park in Canada and the third in the world national park , second only to the United States Yellowstone National Park , and Australia（ Australia ）Of Royal Park 。

Because the discovery of hot springs has created Banff's prosperity. In 1883, it was built Canadian Pacific Railway Three workers found hot springs because they saw steam smoke on the river valley near Banff. At that time, hot springs were a very valuable resource for developing the west, so this place gradually developed into a world-famous leisure resort, attracting 3 million tourists from all over the world every year.

Columbia Icefield

( Columbia Icefield)

Spectacular Columbia Icefield With an average altitude of 3000 meters, an area of 325 km ² and a depth of 900 meters, it is the largest in the Rocky Mountains Ice field 。 The Colombian ice sheet is the source of eight glaciers, of which Athabasca Glacier is the most famous. The elements of ice sheet formation must have more snow than melting snow every year. The Colombian ice sheet snows up to 10 meters every year. The ice on the upper layer of the glacier is still white because of the air and impurities on the surface, while the bottom layer is squeezed out because of the air and impurities, showing a moving appearance wathet 。

Atabaska Glacier is 6 km long and 1 km wide. The end of the glacier is only 1.5 km away from the Ice Avenue. Tourists can take the（ History of Canada Longest, Largest tour operator ）Large ships provided Snowmobile (Snowcoach), climb up the glacier to watch the breathtaking spectacle. After arriving at the source, you can get off to touch the ice and snow crystals hundreds of years ago and take photos. This activity of taking a snowmobile, Opening Hours It lasts from May to October every year, and is closed for the rest of the year.

Jasper

(Jasper)

Jasper Town is located in the river valley on the west bank of Atabaska River, 1054 meters above sea level. It has a population of about 4500, and its main shops are located in Connaught Drive and Patricia. It is a very quiet and lovely small town, suitable for slowly experiencing its beauty by bicycle or walking.

Jasper National Park

Known as "the jewel on the Rocky Mountain" Jasper National Park It is the seventh national park in Canada. It became famous at the beginning of the 20th century because of the construction of the second east-west railway in Canada. The name comes from the memory of Jasper Hawse, who was responsible for supervising the fur trade station in Athabasca Valley at that time. With an area of 10878km ², Jasper National Park is the largest of the four national parks in the Rocky Mountains. There are many mountain paths here wild animal It is a place where people live together Grizzlies , Goat Bighorn sheep 、 Caribou , North America Red deer , Ye wolf And other wild animals.

Jasper National Park was the United Nations UNESCO is listed as a world precious heritage. Every year, about 1.3 million tourists visit Jasper National Park, where they can engage in boating canoe 、 hike , swimming Golf , fishing and horse riding.

lake louise Ski Field

Louise Lake Ski Resort is the largest ski resort in Canada and one of the favorites of skiers all over the world Japan Young people come here to ski and play ski (Snowboard)。 The ski resort has quite good powdery snow, with a total area of 4200 acres, a peak height of 2672 meters, a drop distance of 1000 meters, a total of 11 cable cars, 105 ski trails, and the longest ski trail is 8 kilometers long. Among all ski trails, 25% are suitable for beginners, 45% for intermediate people and 30% for experts. Ski Resort Distance Chateau Lake Louise It's only a five minute drive, and there is a small bus.

Kutney National Park (Kootenay National Park)

Kootenay National Park is connected to the east Alberta Banff National Park, north yoho national park The climate is much milder than that of other Rocky Mountain National Parks. It is dry and hot in summer, suitable for Tropical plant Therefore, among the national parks in British Columbia, Kutney has both the cold zone glacier style and the tropical zone Plant landscape It is famous not only for its rich animal and plant ecology, but also for its unique natural landscape of canyons, glaciers and mountains.

Sulfur mountain

(Sulphur Mountain)

The best way to see the whole town of Banff is to go to South Vietnam Cross the Bo River to the 2281 meter high Sulfur mountain Of course, it is not walking, but taking the 1560 meter long cable car. This cable car line, which has been used for nearly 40 years, was updated in November 1997 by Switzerland Our cable car company was responsible for the construction and reopened on March 6, 1998. The new cable car is more stable.

Roger Gorge Road

(Rogers Pass)

In the early development period of the Canadian Pacific Railway, Rogers Pass became an exciting experience for wealthy travelers Mountain climbing , the first choice for tourism that is most expected and yearned for.

A super Luxury hotel Built at the top of the gorge, the hotel specially employs experienced climbing guides from Switzerland. In those days when there was no high-tech clothing, women had to wear Victorian Period You can imagine how difficult these brave adventurers' faces were when they explored the glaciers hanging on the gorge.

Malin Lake

(Maligne Lake)

Located 48 kilometers southeast of Jasper Town, Lake length 22km, with an average width of 1km, and the deepest depth of 96m. The lake water comes from the surrounding glaciers and is the largest natural lake in the Rocky Mountains. The lake water reflects the snow capped mountains around, and the scenery is beautiful. There is a Spirit Island in the lake, which is dotted with green and straight coniferous forest , very beautiful in shape, often used in landscape Postcard It is the symbol of Jasper National Park. There are many rainbow trout and Dongxi trout in the lake Hiking There are also various activities for tourists to enjoy. Along the way, you can enjoy the magnificent mountains, wild animals and flowers all over the mountains. There are Malin Lake Holiday cottage There is a cafeteria for catering. Every morning and afternoon, there is a horse riding trip, starting from the resort house.

Dream World

(Dream Catcher)

Kananaskis, about an hour's drive from Banff, is a natural paradise full of wild interests and picturesque scenery. The "Dream Catcher" located in Kananaski is operated by Canada's largest Brewster tourism company. Tourists can learn about the history and culture of the Indians in western Canada, and see wild animals and their activities.

There is a beautiful wooden house in the border ranch where tourists are received. Besides delicious food beef Lunch with chicken, sometimes for Taiwan tourists Instant noodles So. In addition, there are exquisite Handicrafts And the sale of souvenirs, as well as the cowboy performance of electric horseback riding to catch calves, and teaching tourists to dance the traditional western country dance.

Miyet Hot Spring

(Miette Hot Springs)

The highest temperature (54 ℃) hot spring in the Rocky Mountains, 60 kilometers away from Jasper Town Jasper National Park Near the east gate, there is a Miyet Hot Spring Road. Walk along this road to Miyet Hot Spring. The temperature of spring water flowing into the pool is reduced from the original 54 ℃ to 39 ℃ suitable for bathing manually. There are two hot springs and one cold pool. Near the hot springs, there are many hiking trails, and restaurants and accommodation are also located below. It is open from May 15 to October 12 every year.

national park

In the 22990km ² reserve, Banff Four national parks, Carlsberg, Youhe and Kutney, account for the vast majority. They and three parks in British Columbia Mount Robson Mount Asiniboin is connected to Hamburg. Banff is a national park that benefited from the transcontinental railway built by Canada in the 1880s. It was opened in 1887, becoming the first protected area park in Canada, and thus established the system of Canadian national parks. It is a famous summer resort. There are ice peaks, glaciers, ice fields lake , alpine grasslands and hot springs. The water is beautiful and the peak is strange North America Crown. Carlsberg National Park is the largest park in North America, with mountains, forests, glaciers and lakes.

Youhe Park

Merlin Lake and Merlin Canyon surrounded by mountains It's a park It is a rare resort inside. Youhe Park is located in the west of Banfu Park. It is a smart use of large valleys, glaciers, lakes, etc natural landscape Park opened, emerald lake in the park dark green The reflection of Bazhesi Mountain is reflected on the surface of the lake, Takakao Falls It makes a loud noise with a fall of 410 meters. There are more than 150 pieces in Burgess Hill rock in the park Cambrian Some of the marine fossils in the middle period are not known today.

Ski Field

The Rocky Mountain is a ski resort in winter. The main ski resorts on the Canadian side are:

Alberta : Lake Louise, Sunshine Village, BC Province, Fernie.

landforms

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east

The Rocky Mountains

The major mountains in the east are huge uplifted plots, many of which have high mountains and fascinating scenery. Colorado Front ridge and Arizona The central uplift is the two largest uplifts, and most of the rest is a basically flat area of 100 kilometers long and 24 kilometers wide. Qianling and Shawachi Ridges have peaks above 4300 meters above sea level, of which Mount Elbert in Shawachi Ridge is 4399 meters high Rocky Mountains the peak. Wyoming Wendehe Ridge Heaton Ridge has a peak of more than 3962 meters, Utah Of Uinta Mountains The same is true. Some high mountain areas have not been touched by human beings and have been turned into countries Wildlife reserve. There are state-owned forests all over the country.

The basins in the east are wide, with an altitude of 1219-2134 meters. During and after the uplift of mountains, the basin contains Stone chip 。 Later, the flow stability was established as the missouri and Colorado River The basin sedimentation was eroded by water, and some places were deeply eroded.

Rocky Mountains Rivers

Canada Domestic and Montana The Rocky Mountains in the northwest, including Glacier National Park The mountains and the Louise Ridge in northwest Montana are part of the western Rocky Mountains. This part is characterized by a series of parallel mountains, which are mostly caused by thick sedimentary rocks being squeezed and piled up with each other. Western Wyoming and Idaho There are similar linear mountains in the southeast, but Wyoming southwest To the southwest corner of Utah and Nevada In the south, the western mountains were later Large basin Plate faults cover it. How far west did the true Rocky Mountains in western Utah and Nevada extend. Therefore, generally speaking, the eastern part of the Rocky Mountains is characterized by blister like uplift and large Intermountain basin The west is characterized by thrust faults and folds.

a mountain country Glacial landform Widely distributed, there are modern glaciers in high mountain areas, especially in the North Rocky Mountains. The tall and long mountain is North America East and West Air mass The running barrier leads to the huge difference of precipitation between the east and west and affects the distribution of temperature North America Important climate Dividing line 。 To the west of Rocky Mountains, except those north of 40 ° N the pacific ocean Coastal and Windward slope Outside, Annual precipitation They are all below 500 mm, mainly rain in winter, and the temperature in winter is higher than that in the eastern part of the continent at the same latitude. In the area east of the Rocky Mountains, the annual precipitation in most areas is more than 500 mm, and the ratio of summer rainfall is high. Mountains East River genus Atlantic Water system and arctic ocean The river system to the west belongs to the Pacific water system. Vegetation in mountain area mainly includes Pinus ponderosa 、 Douglas Pine 、 Spruce etc. Needle leaf Tree species. There are different Vertical band spectrum 。 The North Rocky Mountains are the main logging area, accounting for 2/3 of the forest in the mountain area.

The huge Rocky Mountains are distributed in a wide range, running from NNW to SSE. There are obvious differences between the north and south parts, which can be roughly divided into three parts.

south

Beautiful Rocky Mountains

South Tribe Base Mountain includes Wyoming To the south of the basin or North Platte River The mountains on the east bank of the upstream face south. Most of the mountains in this part are in north-south direction and are listed in parallel. Many of the mountains are tall, steep, and green. There are streams everywhere in the mountains. The water is clear, the flowers are swaying, and birds are crowing. It is very charming and beautiful.

Most of the mountains here are Precambrian Of Crystalline rock form, Altitude Above 4000m, including Mount Albert Highest, the highest point in the Rocky Mountains. The towering mountains rise one after another, forming a sea of peaks in the clouds. The peak is often covered with snow all the year round due to bad weather Cirque 、 Ice cream , very spectacular.

South Tribe Jishan is rich in mineral resources. Gold was first discovered, and later, it was also found here copper mine and Silver ore However, after several years of mining, most of the ore bodies have been exhausted.

north

The Rocky Mountains

The Northern Rocky Mountains include Yellowstone National Park The mountains from the north to Canada. In the past, the glacier activity in this part of the mountain was very active. Due to the role of glaciers, special landforms were formed. Mountainous areas are mainly composed of Aqueous rock The solemn peaks and "U" shaped mountains replace the soft plateau. Northern mountainous complex Stratigraphic structure And strong Volcanism It has rich nonferrous metal deposits. For example, the second largest copper mine in the United States was established here with annual output Copper ore More than 2 million tons. The output of silver, lead, zinc and other minerals accounts for half of that of the United States.

central section

Rocky Mountains in the middle, mainly plateau, some in the middle Mountain block 。 here geological structure It is complex and has great volcanic influence, producing many hot springs and geysers. Yellowstone National Park Of“ Honest Spring ”Is famous in the world Geyser 。

There is also a huge Wyoming Basin in the central mountainous area, surrounded by high mountains. The climate is dry, and the annual rainfall is more than 350 mm. Almost no grass grows. It is a semi desert landscape zone. The Rocky Mountains are magnificent and unique, U.S. government Three national parks, namely Yellowstone Park glacier garden And Grand Teton Park, attracting a large number of tourists to come for sightseeing, travel and vacation.

natural environment

Forest Slopes in Beltus Ridge, Montana, Northern Rocky Mountains

In addition, to the west Large basin , mainly in Nevada 、 Utah State West and Arizona 。 After many faults, the crust is broken, and the blocks between the faults are uplifted, subsided and deflected. From the geological point of view, this deformation is quite an event, resulting in a terrain and water system completely different from the more typical Rocky Mountains in the east. Therefore, it must be recognized that the Rocky Mountains have two main parts: one is that the mountains maintain the characteristics of original structure and shape; In the other part, the original structure and shape have been destroyed, and most of them have been altered by the block faults. In fact, there are many controversies about the primitive structure in the west.

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