Sakhalin Island

Russian islands in the northeast of Eurasia

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Sakhalin Island^[3] , a Russian translation from Manchu language , which means "Heihekou Island". China called Sakhalin Island, formerly known as Kuye Bitter 、 Osteopenia Or Black Dragon Island.

Sakhalin Island is located in Eurasia Northeast of, Heilongjiang Southeast of the estuary, east Sea of Okhotsk , West Passage Tatar Strait Facing the mainland and separated to the south Soya Strait With Japan Hokkaido Adjacent Russia The largest island in the Federation^[1] , genus Sakhalin Jurisdiction, with an area of about 76400km2.

Sakhalin Island is relatively flat in the north, mainly composed of hills and mountains, and consists of East Sakhalin Mountains and West Sakhalin Mountains in the south, with the highest peak of 1420 meters. There are abundant Forest resources To the north coniferous forest The zone contains oil, coal and gold underground mineral resources , coastal area Aquatic resources , Yes Salmon One of the main production areas of. There are more than 6000 rivers and 1600 lakes on the island. The earliest inhabitants of the island were Nifuh Ewenki , Ainu and other nationalities. As of 2010, there were 493000 people on the island, most of whom were Russia Immigration.

Sakhalin was once ruled directly or indirectly by many Chinese dynasties in history. On September 7, 1689, China and Russia signed《 Treaty of Nerchinsk 》, establish Heilongjiang and Wusuli River The vast area of the basin, including Sakhalin Island, belongs to Chinese territory 。

In 1858 and 1860, Russia Via《 Aihui Treaty 》、《 Sino Russian Beijing Treaty 》Etc Unequal treaties Forced the Qing government to cede Sakhalin Island. In 1905, Japan Via《 Treaty of Portsmouth 》Obtain the area south of 50 ° north latitude of Sakhalin Island. In 1905 and 1918-1925, Sakhalin was ruled by Japan. In 1945, Soviet Union launch August Storm Operation , occupy the whole territory of Sakhalin Island. In 1951, Japan abandoned its sovereignty over Nanhuatai (south of 50 ° north latitude) in the San Francisco Peace Treaty.

Chinese name: Sakhalin Island^[3]
Foreign name: Сахалин (Russian), Sakhalin (English), Huatai/からふと (Japanese)
geographical position: Northeast of Eurasia

Area: About 76400 km ²
Alias: Black Dragon Islet 、 Karafuto island
population size: About 493000 (2010)
major city: South Sakhalinsk ， Holmes^[2]
Climate type: Temperate monsoon climate

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name

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sakhalin

The Russian translation of Sakhalin Island is Сахалин, and the name comes from Manchu language Sahaliyan ula angga hada ("Sakhalin Anka open-minded"), which means "Heilongjiang Mouth Top".

Library Page

The United Areas Of Kuear is called kuear in Manchu, Sakhalin Island in Chinese, and Huatai in Japanese. stay Ainu In, the island is called "kamuy kar put ya mosir", which means "the island created by God in the estuary".

China

Sakhalin Island

Sakhalin Island was called“ Grotto theory ”(The pronunciation is pleasant), "Qu She"“ Mo Yijie ”Or "Kuye" (because the word "Kuye" belongs to the lower reaches of Heilongjiang, and the Heishui Mohe, which was directly controlled by the Tang Dynasty, called the Feyaka people on the island, so the Tang Dynasty continued to use this expression), which was called "Kuye" in the Yuan Dynasty“ Osteopenia ”, Ming Dynasty“ Bitter magnolia ”Or“ Bitter ”In the Qing Dynasty, they were called "Kuye", "Kuye" or "Kuye". In fact, these terms are different transliterations of the same word. Because the island is located at the mouth of Heilongjiang River, it was also called "Black Dragon Island" in Chinese history.

Japan

Japan calls Sakhalin "Beixiayidi" or "Huatai", and the name of "Huatai" derives from the Chinese character corresponding to "kar put", which means "estuary". Scholars at home and abroad, such as J. Stefan of the United Kingdom, believe that the Japanese name of the island, "Karafuto", originally meant "Chinatown" (perhaps because the Japanese realized the Chinese nature of Sakhalin). The earliest record of the island in Japan is in the Records of Silla compiled by Matsuqian Fan, which was written as "Karafuto". Later, he also wrote "からふとと Island", "Tang ふと Island", etc. with the same pronunciation in Japanese. After 1809, Edo Bakufu In order to strengthen the rule over the place, the Japanese traditional territory was used“ Shrimp planation ”The corresponding name of "Beixiayidi". After the Meiji government established the Hokkaido Pioneer Fixed use The writing of "Huatai".

history

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Han and Tang Dynasties

Sakhalin Island has a deep connection with ancient China. In the archaeological excavation, the earliest traces of human life on the island have been three or four thousand years ago. Archaeological excavations also show that the ethnic and cultural customs of these residents are similar to those of the lower reaches of Heilongjiang and Wusuli River Similar to the east. Although Sakhalin Island was known to the Central Plains Dynasty for a long time, due to its long distance, it failed to establish effective contact with the residents of the island in ancient times and for a long time.

《 shanhaiching 》There are records about the residents of Heilongjiang and Sakhalin Island. The book says:“ The State of Mao , to make hair for the human body ". Han dynasty High inducement It is interpreted as "its human body half hair". It is believed that there are "Maoists" living on the big island in the East China Sea. Jin Dynasty Guo Pu It means that these tribes live "on Dahaizhou Island". 《 Writings of Prince Huainan 》、《 Romance of the Three Kingdoms 》It was mentioned in other books that they were tribal residents on the northeast border of China, who wore fish skin and hair all over their bodies. It's obviously about Heilongjiang estuary Regional and Sakhalin Island Feyaka People.

The Han Dynasty derived from the southern part of Northeast China Fishing and hunting nationalities The group's hearsay also shows that the Han Dynasty had a relatively basic understanding of Sakhalin Island. Until the Tang Dynasty Goguryeo , deepen the influence to Northeast China After that, the Central Plains royal dynasty really set foot on Sakhalin Island. The name "Sakhalin Island" also got its name from this period. Because the word "Kuye" belongs to the lower reaches of Heilongjiang and was directly controlled by the Tang Dynasty Heishui Mohe The name of the Feyaka people on the island was followed by the Tang Dynasty, which called the island Sakhalin.

Glass beads and earrings from the Sui, Tang and Song dynasties were excavated on Sakhalin Island Bronze bell These handicrafts were brought back from China by the island residents and their families on the mainland.

Yuan Dynasty

This island was called "Guiwei" in the Yuan Dynasty.

Ming Dynasty

See: Nuer Gandu Division 、 Yongning Temple

Ming Dynasty attached importance to Northeast China Development in this area Jimi , to demand the loyalty of surrounding tribes in the form of tribute.

Qing Dynasty

strengthen management

The Qing Dynasty's jurisdiction over Sakhalin Island started from the Jin regime before and after it. As early as Nurhachi In the second year of the uprising, the Later Jin Dynasty sent troops to quickly take over the original Jimi areas in the northeast of the Ming Dynasty, including Sakhalin Island and the lower reaches of Heilongjiang. Since then, the residents of the island, the Feyaka people, have become a tribe loyal to the Qing government in the territory of the Qing Dynasty. However, the Qing Dynasty carried out strict policies and implementation of the Feyaka people on Sakhalin Island Military organization The system of Manchus was different. In the early Qing Dynasty, the ruling mode was "none of them was compiled" Assistant collar , not listed Manchuria Eight Banners ”。 Instead, we set up clan heads and township heads to count the approved population and ask them to pay to the central government of the Qing Dynasty Mink skin As Tribute fu And give rewards to the people of Fayeka on time to show their "royal grace".

According to Qing Dynasty documents, the residents in the north of Sakhalin Island are Feyaka People (also called Sakhalin Feyaka, which is different from the mainland Feyaka people), the south is Sakhalin people, and in addition Oroqen People and Hezhen People. The Qing court knew the existence of Sakhalin Island and incorporated it into its rule by various means. However, it should be noted that the aborigines The population is very small. for example Three surnames Vice- Dutong Yamen Of Manchu script According to the statistics in the archives, there are 148 households with 6 family names in total. There are fewer people in the library, only 17 households. Together, the population is several thousand. If the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River are also included, it will only be "Hezhen, Feiyaka Chiler , Kuye, Oroqen, Qiakla, 56 families with two thousand three hundred ninety-eight surnames "（《 Great Qing Festival 》）。 Plus, they stay here for a long time Primitive society For the subsequent invasion of Russia and Japan, we can't expect to play anything Substantive The resistance of,

Sakhalin Island

The Qing government's rule over Sakhalin Island was first to set up a special government office—— Three Surnames Deputy Dutong Yamen to manage. Three Surnames Deputy Dutong The Yamen has a very wide jurisdiction, including the lower reaches of Heilongjiang, but it was originally set up to specifically manage Sakhalin Island. In the tenth year of Yongzheng's reign (1732), when the Yamen was founded, it was stipulated that "the tribute mink of the Kuyenfeiyaka people living on the island shall be sent by the Yamen of the Deputy Dutong with three surname to collect the tribute mink and issue it to Qiji Kashan as agreed Appreciate Wulin 。 If you do not come to the agreed place, order the officers and soldiers to find the island, summon them, collect mink skins and award them to the Wulin. " （《 Translation and Compilation of Manchu Archives of the Three Surname Deputy Dutong Yamen 》461) The Qing Huidian also clarifies the administrative jurisdiction over Sakhalin Island by the Yamen of the Three Surnames Deputy Dutong: "Hezhe and Feiyaka, who are mixed with the people living on the river bank and in the sea, do not make assistant leaders, but govern the three surnames Deputy Dutong, and unify General Jilin 。”

Changes of Jilin Administrative Region in Different Periods

The second is the household compilation. The purpose of household compilation is to determine the number of tribute minks Mink skin One "(" General Examination of Qing Documents, Geographical Location II ") The household compilation work of Sanxing Prefecture started long before the establishment of the Yamen, and the household compilation is often accompanied by appeasement ethnic minority Accept as The Qing court belonged to the people. These activities can be traced back to Shunzhi Early years. For example, in the 16th year of Shunzhi's reign, the people of nine villages within Wentun Village were willing to surrender That is to say, the Deputy Dutong Yamen with three surnames completed the household compilation of Sakhalin Island in the year when it was founded. The Deputy Dutong with three surnames led people across the island to "appease 146 Sakhalin Feyaka people living in Temen Hutushe and other places on the island and make them pay tribute."（《 Translation and Compilation of Manchu Archives of the Three Surname Deputy Dutong Yamen 》460). However, the household compilation of the whole northeast frontier was completed in the 15th year of Qianlong's reign (1750), and the household compilation of Sakhalin Island was still ahead. On《 Imperial and Qing Tribute Painting 》In Chinese, the tribes that paid tribute to the Qing Dynasty on Sakhalin Island were clearly regarded as the subjects of the emperor.

Location of Sakhalin Island

Then there is marriage. Outer Northeast These tribes had a close relationship with the Manchu, and the Qing government encouraged them to marry their royal daughters. especially Qianlong 、 Jiaqing During the two dynasties, this marriage reached its peak. These married royal daughters are called Salhancone, but they are not real royal blood, but civil women who marry on behalf of others, most of them are slave girls of Manchuria Eight Banners. However, the marriage requirements are very high, and must be approved by the emperor himself. The man has to prepare bride-price , usually three hundred and four pieces of marten, and various colors Fox skin Several, but usually only one mink is needed for each tribute. The Qing government also prepared generous dowries, mainly clothes, but also agricultural tools such as "two oxen, a plough, a plough and a bowl" were put into the dowry（《 Translation and Compilation of Manchu Archives of the Three Surname Deputy Dutong Yamen 》402). In addition, Salhancone must be married in the capital. The groom (called Huo Jihui) often chooses winter to go on the road, so it is spring when he arrives in the capital. However, in the late winter and early spring, diseases were often easy to be infected, so in the 41st year of Qianlong's reign (1776), Emperor Qianlong issued an edict: "If any Hezhe and Feyaka people came to Beijing to receive women later, it was not necessary to stay in Beijing until winter, and it was better to choose the cool season in July, August and September... then they would benefit greatly from their health." (Appendix to the Journey of East Tartar). Huo Jihui came to Beijing to marry, and the Qing court sent him through the post station Ox cart One vehicle, escorted by two officers and soldiers, and meals along the way All inclusive ， Ceremonial department A banquet will also be held in the capital. This kind of marriage, with high betrothal gifts, high dowry and grand wedding ceremony, was a very important political activity in the process of the Qing Dynasty ruling the Outer Northeast. During the reign of Qianlong, there were 10 married Sarkhan cones, including Chile 2, Feiyaka 2, Burkhal 2, Chiler 1, Heqikeri 1, Saimar 1, and Bildaqili 1, all over the lower reaches of Heilongjiang and Sakhalin Island.

Sakhalin Island

Then there is Gong Diao Appreciate Wulin System. It was said that Sakhalin residents would pay tribute to the Qing court. When Shunzhi came to Beijing, he set up General Ningguta Later, it was changed to Ninggu Pagoda, and the one far away from Ninggu Pagoda was in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang Pru Xiangjiao (also known as Pulongyi, located on the west coast of Sakhalin Island). After the establishment of Sanxing Deputy Dutong Yamen, they went to Qiji and Deling in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang Province to handle business nearby. Every April to June, they went back to Sanxing City the rest of the time. At the same time, the Qing court rewarded the tribute mink people and gave them a banquet. According to records, a banquet held in 1794 (the 59th year of Qianlong's reign) hosted 2188 Hezhen people, each consuming 31 jin of food, which cost a lot. In addition, the Qing government also paid for the food rations of the tribute mink people on the road. The system of paying tribute to marten and enjoying Ulin has a profound impact. It has promoted the development of commerce and trade in the Outer Northeast. By the middle of the 19th century, the Feyaka people had been able to use it Catch fire It's time. Japanese Miyamoto hid in his report on an investigation The trading situation of Sakhalin Island is described in: "Hundreds of barbarians from all over the country gather in the office every day for trading, and the noisy scene is indescribable."（《 Journey to East Tartar 》）

Administrative Division of Sakhalin Prefecture

from Qing government According to the official archives governing Sakhalin Island, namely the Catalogue of Manchu Archives Translated and Edited by the Three Surnames Deputy Dutong Yamen (Sakhalin Island), at least“ Xianfeng May 25, the first year (1851) ", that is, illegal《 Sino Russian Beijing Treaty 》Before the signing in 1860, Sakhalin Island was still under the effective jurisdiction of the Qing government. The Qing Dynasty ceded the Outer Northeast to Tsarist Russia Later, the Hezhe and Feyaka people still "totally refused to obey Russia The government should obey the Chinese government ", and still pay tribute to the Qing court. The last recorded tribute mink on Sakhalin Island was in the 12th year of Tongzhi (1873), 13 years after the signing of the Sino Russian Beijing Treaty.

Defend the frontier

Before the Qing Dynasty, there was only a certain commercial connection to Sakhalin Island, which was far from Actual control The degree of. This is also the later Qing Dynasty Guard the Interior and Empty the Exterior The frontier policy of. After establishing the rule of the whole country Russia Threats from the north, forcing Qing government To a certain extent, it has strengthened the border defense in Northeast China. The original Ming Dynasty set Jilin General and Heilongjiang General 。 The area where the Feyakas live has been included General Jilin Subordinate Area under the jurisdiction of Sanxing Deputy Capital , on Kangxi Years of resistance Tsarist Russia Of Cossacks In the battle of the expedition team, the Qing government repeatedly summoned the feiyaka people who were capable of collecting and fighting on the spot to take up arms and fight, making important contributions to the defense of the border.

Feyaka Tribe in the Eyes of Russian Photographers on Sakhalin Island in the Late Qing Dynasty

The ruling relationship between the central government of the Qing Dynasty and the Feyakas on Sakhalin Island gradually exposed problems in the middle of the Qing Dynasty. Due to the extremely inconvenient transportation in the north of Heilongjiang, the Qing garrison was often set up on the border post , and then make a tour once a year or even several years, which has long coveted this area Czar Russia With the opportunity of infiltration. As early as Yongzheng Period, Feyaka The tribe was harassed by the Russian expedition, even because the Feyaka tribe had boarded Sakhalin Island for expropriation Mink skin Of Qing officials As Cossacks The expedition led to the accidental killing. To Qianlong brilliance of virtue During the period, the area north of Heilongjiang was more seriously infiltrated Qianlong The emperor himself was not sure whether he was still in the territory of the Qing Dynasty, which showed the seriousness of the border administration.

It is worth mentioning that although History of the Qing Dynasty From the beginning to the end, there was no direct rule over the Feyaka tribe on Sakhalin Island, but the tribute mink and reward system implemented by the Qing government was very popular in the northeast frontier, including the Feyaka people ethnic minority Of the people. The land where they live is signed Unequal treaties Belonged to Russia, but still consciously complied with it for a period of time tribute system 。 Cao Tingjie The words of the Jilemi people reflected the common aspiration of the people of all ethnic groups who belonged to the Qing Dynasty after being occupied by Russia.

Documents collected by residents of Sakhalin Island during the forty years of Qianlong reign

This generation also said that twenty years ago, every year they crossed the sea to wear official clothes in Xishan State, that is, they paid tribute to the country with the clothes and costumes received by Mucheng, and the country ordered officials to go to the seaside where they stopped to enjoy the yellow fox Otter , mink skins, give rewards to each other, kneel down and take the skins home. Next year, the wooden city will be sold by officials, and it will also be the city of three surnames (today Heilongjiang province Yilan County , because Manchu language "Three" is translated as "Yilan"). Self brake（ Russia ）Come on, don't let us wear official clothes. If we see a wooden statue, we will burn it. If we see a bear, we will stop it. We also wanted to cut hair and change clothes, but we really didn't want to. Women were even more afraid. We only hoped that a big country would drive Luo Cha back to China hundreds of years ago. The published Russian data also show that the Hezhen and Feyaka people in the east of the Ussuri River are still "totally disobedient to the Russian regime, but subordinate to the Chinese regime", and "still pay tribute to the Qing government year by year". It can be seen that tribute mink and Appreciate Wulin The deep influence of the system also shows the Qing government's influence on the treasury page Feyaka The jurisdiction of frontier ethnic groups is effective. In the current archives of China, the last time Sakhalin paid tribute to mink fur was in the 12th year of Tongzhi, that is, 1873, which is the 15th year that Sakhalin was officially occupied. The situation that Sakhalin still paid tribute to the Qing Dynasty within the territory of the Russian people is shown in international relation It is almost inconceivable.

Gradually perish

After the middle of the 18th century, Russia and Japan invaded one after another, but the islanders still Qing government render tribute to the conqueror. The Qing government began to gradually lose control of Sakhalin Island.

The historical map of China published by Harvard University shows that Japan invaded and occupied the southernmost end of Sakhalin Island in 1760

According to the official archives of Sakhalin Island under the jurisdiction of the Qing government, at least“ Xianfeng On May 25 of the first year (1851), Sakhalin Island was still under the effective jurisdiction of the Qing government.

After the Opium War in 1840, China's Qing Dynasty declined. Russia forced China to sign Aihui Treaty 》Later, China, Britain and France were mediated The Second Opium War Forcing China to sign《 Beijing Treaty 》To the north of Heilongjiang Wusuli River More than 1 million to the east, including Sakhalin Island square kilometre Of Territorial cession And Russia.

By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the sovereignty ownership of Sakhalin Island had changed several times, but it was no longer the competition between China and Russia, but the competition between Japan and Russia. By the middle of the 19th century, Russia occupied the north and Japan occupied the south. Russia was called Sakhalin and Japan was called Huatai. In the 1850s, due to China and Russia《 Aihui Treaty 》And China and Russia《 Beijing Treaty 》The two documents ceded the Sakhalin Island and the large area east of the Ussuri River to Russia.

In 1858 and 1860, Russia forced the Qing government to sign《 Aihui Treaty 》、《 Sino Russian Beijing Treaty 》A series of Unequal treaties A large area of Chinese territory, including Sakhalin Island, was ceded to Russia. Since then, Sakhalin Island has been completely separated from China in both legal theory and practice. In 1875, Russia and Japan signed a treaty, and Russia and Israel Kuril Islands The 18 island exchange day occupied the south, and the whole island was then returned to Russia. Russo Japanese War After that, Russia was defeated and forced to sign《 Treaty of Portsmouth 》Sakhalin Island was divided into two parts, and the southern part became Japanese territory.

Belonging to Russia

At the end of World War II, Soviet Union They sent troops to northeast China and reoccupied the southern Sakhalin Island, which has been under control until now. After Russia ruled Sakhalin, the relatively primitive social life style of the Feyaka people on the island was changed October Revolution After that, it directly entered from the life of fishing and hunting socialist society 。 Russian linguist It also created a system for this tribe Cyrillic alphabet The spelling of words gradually made the Feyaka people Russian in terms of culture and lifestyle. At the same time, Russia's large-scale eastward migration in modern times also changed the proportion of ethnic groups on the island, and Russian immigrants gradually became the main population on the island. On the other hand, after Sakhalin broke away from Chinese rule, it has become the focus of contention between Japan and Russia in modern history. Both sides have decades of gratitude and resentment about the sovereignty of Sakhalin, which has brought serious disasters to the local residents of Sakhalin. After the Russo Japanese War and the World War II, a large number of Feyeka people were forced to leave their homes due to territorial changes, and began to live a life of displacement, moving to other regions all the way. As a former Sakhalin Island in China's border areas, the historical change of ownership experienced since modern times reflects the helplessness and regret of the country's decline, and also brings infinite historical reflection to modern people.

In 1945, according to《 Potsdam Agreement 》Provision, whole island ownership Soviet Union 。 1991 The disintegration of the Soviet Union Later, the whole island belongs to Russia 。

Geography

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Location context

Sakhalin Island (1 sheet)

Russia the pacific ocean Sakhalin Island in the south of the coast, traditionally called "Sakhalin Island" in China, was once the largest island in China, and is now the largest island in Russia Sakhalin have jurisdiction over. Sakhalin Island is located in Heilongjiang (Amur River) to the east of the estuary, facing the east and north Sea of Okhotsk , west partition Tatar Strait Facing the mainland and separated to the south Soya Strait (Rapiruz Strait) is opposite Hokkaido, Japan. It is 948 kilometers long from north to south, 6-160 kilometers wide from east to west, and covers an area of about 76400 square kilometers.

topographic features

The island is long and narrow from north to south, and its shape is like a fish. North Sakhalin is in the north Low plain , low terrain, more coastal Lagoon 。 The south central part is mainly mountainous, with the West Sakhalin Mountains in the west and the East Sakhalin Mountains in the east. The highest peak, Lopadina Mountain, is 1609 meters above sea level. Between the two mountains lies the Temi Polonay Valley. The north is mainly composed of Daur larch Sparse marsh formation coniferous forest , south of 52 ° north latitude picea jezoensis And Sakhalin Fir The coniferous forest is mainly composed of meadow and marsh in the Temi Bologna Valley, and there are Coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest 。 Sakhalin Island is in Circum Pacific seismic belt Therefore, earthquakes are frequent.

climate

genus Temperate monsoon climate 。 Cold winter, January Average temperature - 6 ℃ in the south and - 24 ℃ in the north; Summer is cool and foggy, and the average temperature in August is 19 ℃ and 10 ℃ respectively. The precipitation is rich, about 600mm in plain area and 1200mm in mountain area. There are more in summer and autumn, but there is also some precipitation in winter and spring.

hydrology

The main rivers are Temi River And the Polonai River, a mountainous river with abundant water, runs through the central part of the island. Major cities include South Sakhalinsk , Holmsk, Ohha, etc. It has more than 6000 rivers and 1600 lakes.

natural resources

The island is rich in forests, oil, natural gas, coal mines, fisheries and other resources.

population

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In 1985, the total population of the island was 693000. In 2010, the total population of the island was 493000.

Economics

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Industry is based on coal, oil Natural gas exploitation , logging and wood processing , pulping papermaking and fish processing. Aquaculture and Animal Husbandry It is also important. The aquaculture industry is developed.

Old name of the old place

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There are many Chinese place names on Sakhalin Island, some of which are excerpts
place name	geographical position
Rutherglen	South of Teke estuary on today's Sakhalin Island
Laha	South bank of Laha River estuary on today's Sakhalin Island
Pirentu	North bank of the current Kuye Island Epithelial Otong Estuary
Sai	North bank of the Askasai estuary on today's Sakhalin Island
Yi Yes	Today, the west coast of Sakhalin Island Alessandrovsk
Pulong mist	Pirvo, west coast of today's Sakhalin Island
Langley	North end of the west coast of today's Sakhalin Island
Frontal field	North bank of Palomai estuary at the north end of the east coast of today's Sakhalin Island
Erino River (Polonai River)	Palomai River at the northern end of today's Sakhalin Island
Tecan River	Today's Sakhalin Island Тык
Tatama River	Today's Sakhalin Island
Daxi River	Today Kuye Island Даги (this river originates from Daji Mountain)
Pirentu River	Today's Sakhalin Island Пилжтун (Pirtong River)
Hunmian Lake	Today's Sakhalin
Bohebi River	The river to the north of current Sakhalin Island Погаби
Yinge Rope Mountain	Today's Sakhalin Г. Вагис
Tukesuhushan	Катлани in the north of southeast coast of today's Sakhalin Island
Wangyi River	Hongmaotai on today's Sakhalin Island
Sai River	Today's Sakhalin Askasai River
Nulie River	Nabil River on the east coast of today's Sakhalin Island
Adangi River	South of the east coast of today's Sakhalin Island
Mount Adangji	South of the east coast of today's Sakhalin Island
Tatama Mountain	South of Daji Mountain, today's Sakhalin Island

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