The Rhine is the longest river in Germany.The length of the Rhine River flowing through Germany is 865 kilometers,basinAreaGermany40% of the total area is from Germanycradle。
The Rhine is one of the European rivers with historical significance and cultural traditions, and also one of the most important industrial transportation arteries in the world.The Rhine is very convenient for shippingworldOne of the busiest rivers for shipping.
The Rhine also passes through a series ofcanalIt is connected with other rivers to form a water transport network extending in all directions.The low freight of the Rhine River helps to reduce the price of raw materials, which is the main reason why the Rhine River has become the main axis of the industrial production area.At present, 1/5 of the world's chemical products are produced along the Rhine River.The Rhine used to be the source of political disputes in Europe for a long time, but now due to the increase of pollution, international attention is focused on ecological protection.
Drainage area
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The main stream of the Rhine River is about 1230km long (according to current estimatesSwitzerlandGraubindenThe AlpsThe headwater of the Rhine River in the region passes through LiechtensteinAustria, Germany andFranceThe total length of the Rhine River should be about 1232 kilometers until the estuary of the Netherlands Gulf), with a navigation mileage of nearly 900 kilometers, of which about 700 kilometers can run 10000 tons of seagoing ships.
On August 2, 2022, according to the website of the Spanish newspaper Abesai, Europe is facing the worst drought in modern history.The Rhine is the mainstay of Europe, and its water volume has become so small that the river traffic in Germany, the Netherlands and Romania is paralyzed.[1]
Formation process
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Orogeny
Ships sailing to Lorelei on the Rhine
The Rhine River flows fromThe AlpsThe current geographical and geological environment of the Rhine River flows fromAlpine orogeny(Alpine Orogeny).
In southern Europe, this period began in the Mesozoic Triassic period, about 240 million to 220 million years agoEurasian plateAndAfrica plateBetweenAncient Mediterraneanappear.currentmediterranean seaIt comes from this slightly larger ancient Mediterranean.180 million years agojurassic period, the Eurasian plate and the African plate moved in the opposite direction, and began to squeeze the ancient Mediterranean seabed, making the Eurasian continent press on the top of the ancient Mediterranean, and the edge of the plateCenozoic eraOfthe oligocene epochAndMioceneAlpine orogeny.During this extrusion, several plates moved, forming unique geological features near the Mediterranean, includingPyrenees、ItalyThe Alps, moving westwardAnatoliaAndGreeceOfmountain rangeandislands。This squeezing and orogenic movement has continued until now, resulting in the continuous rise of mountains every yearvolcanoActivities.
In the north of Europe, the North SeaSea basinIs onTriadAndjurassic periodThe sediments are still accumulating.In the area between the Alpine orogeny and the deposition of the North Sea basin, the terrain is still relatively high, includingArden、Eifel Mountains AndVosge ProvinceThis is due to the relatively early Variscan orogeny.
stayEoceneLater, the Alpine orogeny created a N-S rift system in this region.This rift is mainly composed of the upper Rhine graben located in the southeast of Germany/east of France and the upper Rhine graben located in the northwest of Germany/southeast of the NetherlandsLower Rhine Bay。stayMioceneAt that time, a river system developed in the upper Rhine graben, and it continued to flow northward, which is considered to be the earliest Rhine.During this period, no tributary flowed into the RhineLonghe RiverAndthe danubeThe watershed flows away from the north side of the Alps.
River capture
Now the Alps are the watershed of the Rhine River, but this was not the case before.stayMioceneAt that time, the diversion of the Rhine River was limited toEifel Mountains AndWestling MountainSouth of the Alps, about 450 kilometers north of the Alps.Then Sieg flows into the Rhine, butMoselle RiverIt has not yet become a tributary of the Rhine.To the north of the Alpsthe danubeInjection.
The RhineRiver captureIt extends southward and causes its tributaries to increase continuously.stayplioceneDuring the period, the Rhine River had reached theVosge Mountains, including Moselle RiverMaine RiverAndNeckar RiverBecome its tributary.In the north of the AlpsLonghe RiverThe watershed of.The Rhine isthe pleistoceneIn the early days, most of the Alps originally flowed intoLonghe RiverOf rivers, including the Ale River.Since then, the Rhine Basin has expanded toBoden LakeThe upper reaches of the Maine River（SchweinfurtAfter) andVosge MountainsIt has also become a part of the Rhine River basin.
Ice Age
the pleistoceneyesGlaciationStaggered ages, about six major ice ages began 600000 years ago.At that time, the sea level dropped by 120 meters, and most of the marginal areas of the mainland were exposed.In the early Pleistocene, the Rhine River flowed northwestward and flowed into the currentthe north sea。During the Anglo glaciation, the northern part of the North Sea was covered by ice, andEnglandOfcanalForming a great lake.Making the source of the Rhine turn through the canals of England.During the ice age, the mouth of Seine River is located near Brest, sothe ThamesandSeine RiverThey are all tributaries of Seine River.When the sea level returned to the original height in the interglacial period, the Rhine River formed a delta in the present Netherlands.
The last ice age lasted from 74000 years ago to the end of Pleistocene.In the northwest of Europe, there were two periods of extreme cold, which peaked 70000 years ago and 29000-24000 years ago respectively.The second stage is slightly earlier than the last Glacial Maximum.During this period, the Lower Rhine flowed westward, through the Netherlands, south-west through the British Canal, and finally into the Atlantic Ocean.The British and Israeli canals and most of the North Sea became land, mainly because the sea level at that time was about 120 meters lower than today.
In the last glacial period, most of the sources of the Rhine River are not located below the ice layer, although its source is undoubtedly the water of the glacier.Ice Agelayer of frozen earthThe flora and fauna ofAsiaIt stretches across central Europe to the Atlantic Ocean.At the peak of the last ice age, the ice shelf covered Scandinavia, the Baltic Sea, Scotland and the Alps, so the permafrost naturally distributed in this area.Loess or wind blown dust crosses the frozen soil layer and deposits in and around the Rhine Valley, making the soil quite suitable for farming.
Global warming
When northwest Europe began to warm slowly 22000 years ago, the frozen subsoil and glaciers extended from the Alps began to melt, and the snow in winter also melted in spring.Most of them flow into the surrounding area of the Rhine River, so the downstream river channel grows.Rapid warming and vegetation transformation into open forests began 13000 years ago.About 9000 years ago, Europe was completely wooded.
As the global ice cover shrinks, the sea level rises,English channelAnd the North Sea was flooded again.After the melting of ice and snow, the water flows into the sea, and the land deposits are flooded and become the coastline of Europe（transgression）。About 11000 years ago, the mouth of the Rhine River was located in the Strait of Dover.There are still some lands in the south of the North Sea connecting the European continent and the United Kingdom.About 9000 years ago, after the sea level rose, this connection was blocked and affected the distribution of human settlements.
Since 7500 years ago, the tide and current are quite similar to those of today.The frequency of sea level rise has declined, mainly due to the deposition of the Rhine River and the continuous uplift of the coast: at least 7000 years ago, the coastline was quite similar to today.In the south of the North Sea, due to the deposition of stratigraphic structure, the sea level still continues to rise, rising about 1-3 years in 100 yearscentimeter(In recent 3000 years, it has risen by 1 meter).
Holocene
stayHoloceneAfter the beginning (11700 years ago), the Rhine River entered the valley left by the Ice Age.As the sea level in the Netherlands continued to rise, the Holocene Rhine Meuse Delta began to form 8000 years ago.At the same time, the absolute sea level rise and the subsidence of geographical structures had a strong impact on the changes of the delta.
Human impacts appeared in the delta area 3000 years ago, so land clearance increased（Bronze AgeOfAgricultureActivity), the deposition of the Rhine River in the highland area (central Germany) has increased rapidly, and the delta area has also increased rapidly.
At present, the Val River and the Lower Rhine River flow into the North Sea through the former Meuse estuary near Rotterdam.The Aisel River, a branch of the Rhine, flows northward into Aisel Lake (formerly known as salt waterLagoonBut since 1932, it has gradually become a fresh waterlake）。The water volume of the Rhine River is divided into three parts: the Vaal River (accounting for 6/9 of the water volume), the Lower Rhine Lake River (accounting for 2/9 of the water volume) and the Ethel River (accounting for 1/9 of the water volume).
River system
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upper reaches
The Rhine River originates from the Alps in Switzerland and has two sources, namely the former Vorderrhein River and the latter Hinterrhein River.The former Rhine River originates from Lake Toma, and then flows eastward through Disentis to Reichenau above Chur, meeting the rear Rhine River from the south.Below Kuer, the Rhine River leaves the Alps and forms the boundary river between Switzerland and the Principality of Liechtenstein for the first time, and then flows into Lake Constance, forming a delta due to the gentle water potential.After leaving the lake, the Rhine River passes through its long and narrow Untersee channel.Since then, the Rhine River has turned to the bend of Basel;In the middle, it is the boundary river between Switzerland and Germany;However, the area below Stein am Rhein on the Rhine River is an exception. The boundary here is slightly deviated, because the Rhine Falls at Schaffhausen are completely located in Switzerland.The Rhine River is located between the front area of the Alps and the black forest area. The flow trend is fast. The waterway was blocked by rapids in the past, and now several weirs (dams) have been built.In this section, it includes the tributaries from the Alps - Thur, Toss, Glatt and Aare, and joins Wutach River from the north.
Below Basel, the river valley on the north of the Rhine River becomes wider (about 20 li), and the valley bottom is wide and flat. On both sides of the river, there are ancient mountains of the Feri Mountains and Heights of Black Forest, Haardt Mountains and Oden Forest Highlands facing each other.The main tributary flowing from Alsace is the Ill River, which flows into the Rhine River at Strasbourg;In addition, there are some short tributaries, such as Dreisam River and Kinzig River, which flow from the Black Forest.Further downstream, the Neckar River flows into the Rhine River at Mannheim;The Maine joins the Rhine opposite Mainz.
middle reaches
The middle part of the Rhine River is the most magnificent and legendary part of the river.In this 145 km long section, the Rhine River flows through the steep, slate covered slopes with Hunruck Mountains in the west and Taunus Mountains in the east, forming a winding and deep canyon.As far as Koblenz, the hillsides on both banks are covered with vineyards;In Koblenz, Moselle River and Lahn River meet the Rhine River.Downside, there are hills and downs in the distance between the two banks. To the west, there are the foothills of the Eifel Upland volcano, and to the east, there are the foothills of the West Forest.In Andernach, the Seven Hills of basalt protrude to the west of the river.
Below Bonn, the river valley opens into a vast plain. The old city of Cologne is located on the left bank of the Rhine River.Dusseldorf, located on the right bank, is the main commercial center of the North Rhine Westphalia coal field.Duisburg is located at the Ruhr estuary, where most of the coal and coking coal transported from the Ruhr River, as well as imported iron ore and oil, are loaded and unloaded.
downstream
The last section of the Rhine River is located below the border town of Emmerich, in the delta region of the Netherlands.The Rhine River is divided into many wide tributaries here, such as Lek River, Waal River, etc;Further down, there is the Merwede River.With the completion of the huge delta project plan (built to prevent flooding in the southwest coast of the Netherlands) in 1986, all the main tributaries of the Rhine River have been cut off and closed;Now there are gates and horizontal channels to let the river flow into the sea.Since 1872, the New Waterway Canal built to improve the navigation from the North Sea to Rotterdam has become the main channel connecting the Rhine River and the sea;Europoort, built along the canal, is one of the largest ports in the world.
Hydrological conditions
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The Rhine River flowing through Germany
The AlpsThe Rhine River (i.e. the upper reaches of the Rhine River in Switzerland) has the characteristics of Alpine type (i.e. alpine type): very steep slope, large flow (80% of the precipitation in the drainage area), obviously the minimum water volume in severe winter, high water level in spring due to snow melting, and the highest water level in early summer due to heavy rainfall in summer.The change of the Rhine River can be regulated by the Konstanz Lake, but the change has increased due to the confluence with the Ale River.Constance Lake receives water from plateau streams and Rhine River and acts as a filter.The average water volume of the Ale River is larger than that of the Rhine River.From below Basel, the tributaries of the Rhine River from the plateau - the highest water volume in spring at high altitude, and the largest water volume in winter at low altitude - are increasingly enhancing their role in regulating the imbalance of the flow of the Rhine River.Therefore, observation in Cologne shows that the average deviation of the average flow of the Rhine River is very small, and the river is favorable for navigation.
In addition, the navigable areas of the Rhine River are generally mild in winter, and the river water occasionally freezes in winter.The water level of the Rhine River is full all the year round;The flow velocity is relatively slow (most of the areas flowing through are the central and western plains of Europe with low terrain and flat water flow, which are located in the temperate marine climate zone with small temperature change amplitude, more precipitation and large flow), and the spring and summer are flood seasons (becauseThe AlpsThe peak is from June to July;Water temperature changes with temperature;Most of the basins are ice free.Other features: It is the longest river in Europe.
golden watercourse
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Busy shipping
The Rhine has abundant water throughout the yearBasel, SwitzerlandFrom, the navigation mileage reaches 886 kilometers;Many tributaries on both banks, through a series of canals andthe danube、RhoneThe connection of other water systems forms a water transport network extending in all directions.The Rhine River flows through the main industrial areas in Europe and is densely populated.GermanyRuhr, the modern industrial zone ofRuhr RiverandLipper Riverbetween.Between the Ruhr River and the Liper River, the Rhine River is connected by four manually dug canals and 74 river ports, from which 7000 ton seagoing ships can directly reach the North Sea.The channel of the Rhine River is like a highway. Every certain distance there is a milestone marked with kilometers.
The Rhine not only guaranteesRuhrgebiet Industrial water also provides important transportation conditions for Ruhr District.It is with this convenient transportation condition that a large number of iron ore and other mineral raw materials can be transported here from abroad.Ruhr Industrial ZoneThe transportation with the Netherlands inland shipping network is very busy. Every day, ships come and go, just like the traffic on the street, and the freight volume ranks first in the world.
Shipping history
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In terms of history and freight volume, the Rhine River is an unparalleled commercial transportation artery among the rivers in the world.Incorporated from the Rhine BasinImperium RomanumSince then, the Rhine has been one of the largest transportation routes in Europe.
Before the 19th century
RomePeople once maintained a fleet of Rhine transport ships;along withthe medieval timesWith the rise of trade, the importance of the Rhine River increased rapidly. Because the road was not good at that time, trade should rely as much as possible onWaterway transportation。
In the past, the rocky obstacles in Bingen Gorge divided the channel into two sections: most of the counter current freight was transported to Cologne by sea, while most of the downstream freight was transported from Basel to Mainz andFrankfurt am Main。
nineteenth century
The rise of modern shipping on the Rhine began in the 19th century, and its current scale is mainly due to four factors: the removal of political restrictions on shipping, dredging of waterways, the river network in the hinterland of the Rhine and the continuous industrialization of countries along the river.Before the 19th century, the river carried more expensive and smaller goods;However, since the second half of the 19th century, the freight volume of the river has greatly increased.Since 1840, many barges have been towed by tugs.
1815congress of vienna An agreement in principle was reached on the free navigation of the Rhine River and the abolition of toll collection, and the 1831 Mainz Convention was put into practice, for which the Central Committee on the Rhine River was established.The first treaty was simplified and revised into the Mannheim Convention in 1868. In 1918, the Convention extended all privileges to all countries, not limited to the ships of riparian countries. Now the Convention is still largely in force.
Historically, there are two sections of the Rhine that have serious obstacles to navigation: Bingen and the upper reaches of the riverSouthern regionRock barrier.From 1830 to 1832, two channels were blasted in Bingen;From 1817 to 1874, the upper reaches were canalized, the river was confined to the artificial riverbed and the river was straightened.However, the upstream navigation is still affected by seasonal flow changes and turbulent currents.
Below Basel, the branch of the Rhine Long Canal (1810-1833) flows toMilus(Mulhouse), where it meets the mainstream of the canal, and then the canal meets the Rhine River in Strasbourg.The Rhine Long Canal can sail 300 tons of ships, but the freight volume is not very large.More importantly, though not larger, the Rhine Marne Canal (1838-1853) also flows into the Rhine River in Strasbourg.
Twentieth Century
In order to improve shipping and produce hydropower, France《Treaty of Versailles》The right to divert the Rhine under Basel into a canal - later namedAlsace CanalThen the canal empties into the Rhine at Strasbourg.In 1932, the dam was built in Kembs, which was completedthe grand canalThe first stage (planned to be passed by 1500 ton ships) greatly improved shipping.the Second World WarAfter that, the construction began again;But under a 1956 treaty, West Germany agreed toMoselle RiverIn return for canalization, France agreed to build the Grand Canal to New Bressach.
After 1945, the mode of transportation has developed. At first, self-propelled barges were used, and then pushers were used. Such a pusher can push a unit consisting of multiple barges.There is regular passenger transport on the Rhine River (especially the middle section and the section between Rotterdam and Basel) in summer, but this kind of business is mostly designed for tourists.
Neckar RiverAs far as Stuttgart, and as far as the Maine RiverBamberg (Bamberg) has been canalized.The completed Mein Danube Canal flows southward from Bamberg toNuremberg ，Nuremberg It has become a very important port.1956 West Germany, France andLuxembourgA treaty was signed to canalize the 274 km (170 mile) section of the Moselle River from Koblenz to Thionville. This project was completed in 1964.A 68 km (42 mile) section of the Lan River has been canalized and is suitable for 200 ton boats.
In the Ruhr area, the Ruhr River itself (except for the last 11 km (7 miles) long section) and the Lippe River are not used as shipping channels.Rhine -HelneThe canal, and the less important Wesel Datteln Hamn Canal (1930), have now taken their place.The Rhine Helne Canal completed a section between Duisburg and Helne in 1916. It connects the Rhine River with the coast of Germany's North Sea through Dortmund Ems CanalCentral CanalConnect the Rhine River with central, eastern andEastern EuropeThe shipping channels are connected.The Wessel Dartern Ham Canal runs parallel to the lower reaches of the Lipper River.
The navigable energy of the Rhine Helne Canal is 1350 tons, which has become the minimum energy standard for building canals after the Second World War, and also the standard for building barges.And close to the Rhine estuary,AmsterdamTo the south, the Melward Canal (expanded in 1952) provided another channel for ships with displacement of up to 4300 tons.
Port construction
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Mannheim'sPort facilitiesIt was put into use in 1840;For nearly a century, it has been a very effective land and water transshipment port.At the beginning, despite the improvement of shipping technology and means of transport, the traffic volume of the Rhine River increased slightly.It was not until the 19th century, with the rise of modern industry, that the volume of transportation increased. Modern industry required the bulk transportation ofcoal、mineral, building materials, chemical raw materials and (after 1950) petroleum.Before the mid-1960s, although the transportation of coal and ore decreased, the total transportation volume increased;However, since the mid-1960s, the freight tonnage has dropped to about 1/3 of the original level.
Coastal city
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Schematic diagram of countries along the Rhine River
Many important cities on both sides of the Rhine, such asMainz、Koblenz、bonn 、NoyesAnd Colognemilitary baseBecomesPlace of tradeThen it developed into a modern city.There are many ancient and famous cities along the Rhine River, and a few of them are listed, such as Basel in Switzerland, Strasbourg in France, Worms, Mainz and Cologne in Germany.But there are also someIndustrial cityPolluted the water source and damaged the riverside landscape, such as the GermanLudwigshafen(Luduigshafen) andLeverkusen(Leverkusen)。
LefaCentral EuropeCulturehistoryOne of the oldest areas, the Rhine was onceCelts、Roman、BurgundyPeople andFrank The place where people live.By the RhineSpeyer、WormsAnd Mainz stands many huge emperors built in the Middle Ageschurch。The oldest synagogue in Germany（RomeStyle, built in 1034) is located in Worms.The ancient city of Trier isKarl MarxBirthplace of.
Koblenz(Koblenz) is an ancient city with a history of more than 2000 years.It was badly damaged in World War II.The main ancient buildings are concentrated in the old city.Deutsches Eck (Deutsche Eck), located in the Rhine River and its tributariesMoselle RiverDelta at the intersection.It has become a symbol of German unity, so it is calledGermanyCorner.The German emperor was re erected on the platform after the unification of East and West GermanyWilliam IThe riding statue of.Along the delta is the flag of 13 German states.Overlooking the mountainRhine Valley The best place.Imperial MemorialNiederwald Denkmal commemorates the establishment of the German Empire in 1871.YudesheimRudesheim is a famous wine town in Rhine.With“Riesling”White Winefamous.The most famous one in the town is a narrow alley called Drosselgasse. There are gift shops, restaurants and taverns on both sides. Of course, don't miss the wine cellar here. They sell their own white wine. You can taste wine of various qualities in the wine cellar. The clerk will enthusiastically introduce you how to taste and identifyWine。stayWine MuseumYou can understand the history and brewing process of the whole wine, and also taste itWine。
There is a historic city by the Rhine RiverLudesheim, this is ahaving an antique flavourBecause it has a medievalDroessel AlleyAnd famous.Today, this small town has becometouristThe only way.The width of Delousel Alley is less than 5 meters, and there are black truss buildings on both sides. The floors protrude towards the street center, which is extremely dangerous and full of architectural art beauty.The upstairs and downstairs are decorated with flowers, and the pavement is exquisite and elegant.The road surface of the alley is paved with stones.There are happy celebrations here every day.ancientarchitectural artThe joyful festive atmosphere makes tourists happy and reluctant to return.
Coastal landscape
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By the Rhine
As early as 200 years ago, GermanyromanticismPoets and thinkers of the period were overwhelmed by the charm of the Rhine and contributed countless beautiful poems to her, so there was a saying of "200 years of Rhine romance".In 1802 AD, Clemens von Brentano and Achim von Arnim, who later became his brother-in-law, jointly went on a journey of Rhine literature. Along the way, they collected folk songs and legends on both sides of the Taiwan Straits, which will later be compiled into a folk poetry collection "Magic Horn", including the famous "Devil Lorelei".Loreley,Germanypoet of eminenceHeineThe fairy tale of poetry and the fairy tale.There are many bends in this section of the river, and the water is very fast. Ships often have accidents.It is said that this is because there is a beautiful banshee Lorelei who uses her sweet voice to make the boatman fascinated.There is a statue of Lorelei with long hair beside the river.More than 20 years later, Lorelei became the symbol of romance of the Rhine River through the pen of the romantic poet Heine.nineteenth centurybritainGreatestsceneryPainter and impressionist pioneer William Tenaire once painted from Cologne to Mainz with a sketch book in 1817.
countlesspoet、painterMusicians make this river valley dotted with ancient castles on both sides full of magical colors.The volcanic rocks in the middle mountains have triggered many mineral springs.Germany“WineThe "Weinstrasse" passes by the Falz Forest.The numerous beautiful scenery of the state attracts a large number of tourists to visit, take vacations and recuperate here all the year round.
But in the middle of the Rhine（German citiesThe section between Bingen and Bonn), with cliffs and innumerable castles like Lorelei Rock, is still picturesque and full of tourists.The Rhine River in Switzerland is located in the Alps;From Basel down to the Lauter River in the lower reaches, the Rhine River forms the boundary river between western Germany and France.Then it flows through Germany as far as Emmerich;Below Emmerich, it is divided into several tributaries to form a delta section, reflecting the unique landscape of the Netherlands.
Rat tower
stayBingen CityOuter RhineRhineThere is one on“Rat tower”。It is said that it was created byRomemarshalDeluxeBuilt in 8 BCTariff tower。According to legend, in the 10th century, Bishop MainzHathor IIBehaviourMean and cruelHe hid a large amount of food in the tower regardless of the people's hunger.The people can't bear it.Imprison him in the tower,bishopFinally, it became a good meal for groups of mice.As a result, the "Rat Tower" has become the alias of the tariff tower and has been spread to this day.Today, the "Rat Tower" serves as theSignal towerGuiding the navigation of ships.Across the river from the tower is the "Hometown of Red Wine"Asmanshausen。Niederwald MonumentStanding tallMount NedlinNext.monument35.5 meters high, in memory of 1871GermanyIt was built to unify the empire.
Castle on the Rhine
Down the Rhine, locatedSaint GoaandSaint GoldhausenThere is a very dangerous and narrow section between them. On the right side, there is a huge rock protruding sharply and piercing into the sky. This is“Luoleilai Mountain Cliff”。The cliff is 132 meters high and 90 meters wide. The steep cliff looks like a beautiful girl standing at the corner of the Rhine River.When the river falls, people can clearly see the dangerous "Seven Girls" reef,legendIt is composed ofheart of stoneOfbeautyBecomes.These peculiar reefs look like girls dressing up in the afterglow of the setting sun, with charming posture.Since ancient times, there are many hidden reefsvortexThe four incidents brought disasters to countless ships, and the boatman wasSirenLoreleiIt is a moving legend that people lost their lives because of their beautiful posture and moving songs.This is a symbol of the romance of the Rhine River. Whenever a cruise ship passes here,Song of LoreleiIt will ring, and the wonderful singing will bring people into the fairy tale dream.
stayBoth banks of the RhineThere are still more than 50 castlespalaceEach castle has its own name.Each ancient castle has an ancient story and legend, which records the heroesimbued with a spirit that can conquer mountains and riversThe performance and the quiet children's love.The ancient castle and fascinating legend accompany the tourists on their journey to Rhine.
The upper reaches of the Rhine River, where the northern part of Switzerland meets Germany, is 110 meters wideRhine Falls。Bold tourists can ride in boats and follow the waves to the bottom of the waterfall.In the middle reaches of the Rhine, from Bingen to Bonn, Germany, the valley is deep and winding, and the scenery is very magnificent. Many ancient legends about the Rhine occur here.
The most beautiful location
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The beautiful scenery of the Rhine
stayGermanyIt is 867 kilometers long.The most beautiful scenery along the way is in the Rhine Valley in the middle reachesMainz (Mainz) to Koblenz.The river here is winding, and the water is crystal clear.People sit in whiteyachtAbove, far sighted, greenvineyardArranged in order on both sidesTruss buildingAnd more than 50 attractive townsold castle、palaceRuinsIt is interspersed with green mountains and green waters.AncientlegendFrom time to time, it brings people's thoughts to the distant past, and people are deeply intoxicated with the romance heretasteIn the beautiful scenery of the Rhine River.In order to protect the original appearance of the natural scenery, there is no bridge in the Rhine River valley, and both sides of the river depend on ferries.The scenery on both sides is a little like that of ChinaThree GorgesBut the mountain is not as high and steep as the Three Gorges.The hillsides on both sides of the river are covered with vineyards, dotted with numerous ancient Roman castles.
There is no other large river basin in Europe that has such a dense natural and cultural landscape with a history of hundreds of years as this 50 km long middle reaches of the Rhine River.
Standard (V): The Middle Rhine Valley is a model for the development of traditional lifestyles and communication methods in narrow valleys.For two thousand years, the steep slope of the canyon has formed a unique landscape, but this land use pattern is facing the increasing threat of social ecological pressure today.
The 65 km stretch of the Middle Rhine River valley, along with its ancient castles, historical towns and vineyards, vividly describes a long human history intertwined with the changing natural environment.Many historical events and legends have taken place here, which has inspired countless writers, painters and musicians for centuries.
Pollution incident
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outline
Rhine pollution incidentIt refers to a series of serious pollution events to the Rhine River since the middle of the 20th century.Since the middle of the 20th century, with the rapid development of industry, the Rhine once became the largestsewer。In Germany alone, there are about 300 factories pouring thousands of pollutants into the river, such as acid, bleach, dye, copper, cadmium, mercury, detergent, pesticide, etc.In addition, the waste oil discharged by ships in the river, sewage and waste residue poured by residents on both banks, as well as fertilizers and pesticides on farms, have seriously polluted the water quality.It is estimated thatHazardous substancesMore than 1000 kinds.
details
Late at night on November 1, 1986, a fire broke out in a chemical warehouse of Sandoz Chemical Company located in Basel, Switzerland. The steel tank containing about 1250 tons of highly toxic pesticides exploded. Sulfur, phosphorus, mercury and other toxic substances flowed into the sewer with a large amount of fire fighting water and discharged into the Rhine River.Sandoz later admitted that a total of 1246 tons of various chemicals were washed into the Rhine River by fire fighting water, including 824 tons of pesticides, 71 tons of herbicides, 39 tons of fungicides, 4 tons of solvents and 12 tons of organic mercury.Toxic substances form a 70 km long reddish ribbon and flow downward.The next day, the chemical plant blocked the sewer with plastic plugs.Eight days later, the plug fell off under the pressure of water, and dozens of tons of toxic substances flowed into the Rhine River, causing pollution again.
consequence
The accident caused the death of most fish within about 160 km, and the well water within about 480 km was polluted and could not be drunk.The pollution accident alarm was sent to the coastal cities of Switzerland, Germany, France and the Netherlands in the downstream. All water plants along the river were closed, and cars were used to provide quantitative water to residents.As the Rhine River is 865 kilometers long in Germany, it is the most important river in Germany, so it suffered the most losses.nearHaikouThe Netherlands will close all the river gates connecting with the Rhine River.
influence
Some newspapers in France and the former West Germany compared the incident with the Bhopal gas leak in IndiaFormer Soviet UnionThe explosion of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant was mentioned in the same breath.
