Rhine

Rhine River Basin
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The Rhine originates from Switzerland Southeast The Alps Lulu, 1320km long, is Western Europe The longest river. [1] The Rhine flows through Liechtenstein Austria France Germany Netherlands Wait, at Rotterdam Nearby injection the north sea [1]
Chinese name
Rhine River Basin
Foreign name
Rhine River Basin
geographical position
Western Europe
Flow area
Liechtenstein, Austria, France, Netherlands, etc
Origin
Alps in southeast Switzerland
Main tributaries
Ale River, Moselle River, Meiyin River, etc
River length
1320 km
Drainage area
173000 km²
Average flow
82.1 cubic kilometers
Injection
the north sea

Main stream

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Rhine trunk stream It is mainly divided into three sections, from the source to the federal Switzerland Basel The city is the upstream section, with narrow river valley and large slope; Middle reaches from Basel to Germany bonn , seasonal snow melting is the main water supply; The downstream section flows through Bonn plain And low-lying areas, with gentle water flow. [1]

hydrographic features

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Main stream of Rhine hydrology The situation is generally stable. The upper reaches of the Rhine River are rich in water; Seasonal snow melting is dominant in the middle reaches supply , flood at the end of spring, summer Dry season In autumn and winter, the water volume is abundant and stable; Whole year downstream precipitation With the average distribution and the river recharge in the middle reaches, the runoff is stable. [1]

Main tributaries

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Main parts of the Rhine tributary From the middle reaches, including Ale River Moselle River , Meiyin River, Ruhr River and Lipper River Etc. [1]

Basin overview

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The Rhine River basin covers an area of 173000 square kilometers and flows through 9 European countries, all of which are developed country The population within the drainage basin is about 54 million. [2]
Distribution of water rights of basin countries
Country name
Area (km2)
population size
National population water rights (cubic kilometers)
Runoff (cubic kilometers)
National water rights (cubic kilometers)
Total national water rights (cubic kilometers)
Austria
one thousand three hundred and sixty-five
three hundred and forty-five thousand and two hundred
zero point five eight six eight four zero
zero
zero
zero point five eight six eight four zero zero zero
Belgium
thirteen thousand nine hundred and eighteen
two million nine hundred and fifty-seven thousand
five point zero two six nine zero zero
four point nine one four four zero zero
one point five six eight three nine seven zero
six point five nine five two nine seven zero zero
France
twenty-three thousand and fifty-two
three million eight hundred and ninety-four thousand
six point six one nine eight zero zero
nine point five seven three one zero zero
three point zero five five one seven eight zero
nine point six seven four nine seven eight zero zero
Germany
ninety-eight thousand one hundred and forty
thirty-six million and three hundred thousand
Unknown
thirty-four point zero two three two zero
ten point eight five eight two zero seven
ten point eight five eight two zero seven zero
Italy
fifty-four
six thousand and eighty
zero point zero zero zero zero three four
zero
zero
zero point zero zero zero zero three four zero zero
Liechtenstein
one hundred and seventy-six
thirty-seven thousand and nine hundred
zero point zero six four four three zero
five point one eight four zero zero zero
one point six five four four two eight zero
one point seven one eight eight five eight zero zero
Luxembourg
two thousand five hundred and three
four hundred and fifty thousand and seven hundred
zero point seven six six one nine zero
zero point eight zero eight seven zero four
zero point two five eight zero nine one zero
one point zero two four two eight one zero zero
Netherlands
nine thousand eight hundred and eighty-two
four million nine hundred and forty-six thousand
eight point four zero eight two zero zero
one point seven six four eight six zero
zero point five six three two four zero zero
eight point nine seven one four four zero zero zero
Switzerland
twenty-four thousand four hundred and seven
five million seven hundred and sixty thousand
nine point seven nine two zero zero zero
twenty-five point eight two zero nine zero
eight point two four zero five one five zero
eighteen point zero three two five one five zero
[2]

Basin climate

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The climate in the Rhine basin is Temperate marine climate , average annual precipitation distribution, climate Warm and moist Average in summer Maximum temperature Not more than 22 degrees Celsius. [2]

Coastal city

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There are many port cities along the Rhine River, mainly including Basel Strasbourg Ludwig, Cologne Duisburg Etc. [1]

Development and utilization

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agricultural production

The plain area along the Rhine River has developed agriculture, and the main crops are Grape as well as Wine Industry. [3]

Shipping value

The main stream of the Rhine is stable and abundant, which makes it play an important role in European rivers and free all the year round be open to navigation With a mileage of 700 kilometers, it is the busiest in the world channel one of. [3]

City and industrialization

The Rhine River Basin has intensive industries, and the largest industrial areas are Germany and Netherlands Frontier Ruhr Industrial Zone in addition Urbanization The process is remarkable, with a large number of people pouring into the city urban district One third of the population within the watershed is located in these areas. [3]

Main problems

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Flood disaster

because history The Rhine River was flooded from 1993 to 1995, Direct economic loss Billions of dollars. [3]

Water quality problems

the Second World War After that, with the industrial development and urban rise, the Rhine River Water Quality Start descending to Twentieth Century In the 1970s, the Rhine River was seriously polluted because the environmental protection was far lower than the speed of economic development. [3]

Ecological environment problems

In the late 20th century, due to the acceleration of industrialization, the Rhine River heavy metal The content seriously exceeds the standard, resulting in the threat of a large number of aquatic species. [3]

Main prevention and control measures

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International Convention on the Protection of the Rhine
The International Convention on the Protection of the Rhine River was signed in the poland Germany, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Switzerland and european union Jointly signed by the Community, [4] It is intended to strengthen international understanding and cooperation, implement comprehensive governance and restoration measures, and restore the Rhine River ecosystem to sustainable development Horizontal. [4]