Fan Ye (398-445), known as Weizong,Shunyang CountyShunyang County (todayHenanprovinceXichuanCounty Liguanqiao Town).Famous historian, litterateur and official in Southern Dynasty and Song Dynasty.[60]
Fan Ye once served as the new Cai Taishou, the minister minister minister, the Xuancheng Taishou, the Zuowei General, and the prince Zhanshi.In the ninth year of Yuanjia period of Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty (432 years), Liu Yikang was angered by something and moved to Xuancheng Prefecture. He was depressed and didn't succeed. So he wrote《Later Han Dynasty》。Later, he fell into the power struggle between Liu Yikang and Liu Yilong, Emperor Wen of Song Dynasty, and was killed in the 22nd year of Yuanjia.[60][61]
Fan Yebo is good at writing about classics and history. He can write official script, master music, and play the pipa.He once deleted and selected the history books of the Later Han Dynasty from many families, wrote 80 volumes of the biography of the Later Han Dynasty, and created new biographies such as Danggu, Wenyuan, Yimin, etc.The Book of Prison and Nephews and Nephews contained in this biography advocates that the article should "give priority to meaning, and convey meaning through writing";"Literature is always in the shape, emotion is always in the form, meaning leads to its purpose, and rhyme changes its meaning". Opposing the formalism style at that time, it has progressive significance in the development history of Chinese literary criticism.There are also poems such as Le You Ying Zhao recorded in Selected Works.The original collection has been lost.[60]
Fan Ye was born ingentryFamily（Shunyang FanFamily), great grandfatherFan Wang, General Anbei of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, who wrote "The Great Book of History", "Fan Dongyang Fang", and so on, entered the county marquis of Wuxing and passed it on to the uncleFan Hongzhi；grandfatherFanning, the governor of the Eastern Jin DynastyYu ZhangTai Shou, a great scholar of Confucian classics, is the author of Collection and Interpretation of Biographies of Guliang in Spring and Autumn Period;fatherFantai, the minister of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, laterLiu YuTrust has been promoted for many times, and there are also 24 volumes of Good Words in Ancient and Modern Times.[1]
Although Fan Ye came from a famous family, he was born by concubineA concubine, the position is not high.[2]It is said that Fan Ye was born to his mother when she went to the toilet. Because his forehead was broken by a brick, he got the nickname "brick".After Fan Ye was born, because his uncle had no son, he was adopted to Fan Hongzhi, so he won the title of nobility and was granted the fifth rank of Wuxing County.[3-4]
Fan Ye loved reading since he was a child. As a child, he collected books in an expositor, was good at writing, could write official script, and was familiar with music.YixiTen years (414), the state was called up asRegistrar , rejected by Fan Ye.Velen In the second year (420 years), Liu Yu became emperor on behalf of Jin, and Fan Ye was recruited as the king of PengchengChampion General Liu Yikang, move back toSecretary Cheng, leaving because of his father's death.YuanjiaSeven years (430 years), Fan Ye served as the general of the Southern Expedition after his funeralTandaojiSima and the new Cai Taishou.In the Northern Wei DynastyXianbeiMilitary siegeQingzhouTandaoji was ordered to leave the siege. Fan Ye followed the army in the Northern Expedition and was promoted to the post of minister doctor.[5]
The theory of writing history
YuanjiaKing Pengcheng in the winter of 432Liu YikangMother Princess Wang died.On the night of burial, Liu Yikang gathered his old colleagues and friends to attend the funeral and gathered in the East Mansion.Shi Fanye's younger brotherFan GuangyuanFan Ye offered wine to Situ Mansion, andWang Shen、Wang GuangDrink at Fan Guangyuan and enjoy elegy by opening the north window.Liu Yikang was so angry that he demoted Fan Ye to be the governor of Xuancheng.[6]
Fan Ye was demoted and frustrated, so he sorted out various historical records about the Later Han Dynasty and began to compile the history of the Later Han Dynasty in order to relieve his pain.Through studying historical events, Fan Ye opened his eyes. With his personal understanding of historical issues and enthusiasm, Fan Ye finally wrote his famous historical works《Later Han Dynasty》。The book of the Later Han Dynasty is concise, comprehensive, and vivid in narration. When it was completed, it replaced the history of the Later Han Dynasty of all previous schools.[7-8]
Aloof and despondent
In the 15th year of Yuanjia period (438 years), Fan Ye was transferred to the post of King of ChangshaLiu YixinZhen Junchang Shi, Jiafeng General Ningshuo.The next year, his mother (father Fan Taizheng's room) died, and Fan Ye should go to the funeral immediately according to the etiquette. However, Fan Ye left for a long time because of illness, and took prostitutes and concubines with him.Imperial Minister Liu LossThe above table accuses Fan Ye of a series of etiquette violations. Emperor Wen of Song appreciates Fan Ye's talent and does not punish him.[9]
In the 17th year of Yuanjia period (440 years), Fan Ye joined the Shixing King after the funeralLiu Jun, served as military commander Shi, and went south to Pi Tai Shou;After Liu Jun was appointed governor of Yangzhou, he did not ask about political affairs and entrusted Fan Ye with all affairs.Therefore, Fan Ye had a smooth career and soon became a general of Zuowei and a prince Zhanshi.[10]
Fan Ye has many talents. In addition to being knowledgeable and good at writing, he is also proficient in music and calligraphy.However, Fan Ye was arrogant and uninhibited, and refused to flatter.HisPipaHe plays very well and can write new songs.Emperor Wen of Song DynastyI really want to hear it, and repeatedly hinted that Fan Ye pretended not to know and refused to play for the emperor.Once, Emperor Wen invited his ministers to a banquet and said to Fan Ye, "I want to sing, please play the piano for me." Fan Ye had no choice but to play for me. As soon as Emperor Wen finished singing the song, Fan Ye stopped playing and refused to play another song.[11]
Although Fan Ye did not flatter the emperor, he was honest with his colleagues.HourShen YanzhiAs a right-wing general, he and Fan Ye (the left-wing general) took charge of the forbidden brigade and shared secrets.Every time when Fan Ye goes to court to see the emperor, if he arrives first, he will wait for Shen Yanzhi to come in together. Shen Yanzhi has never had the habit of waiting for Fan Ye when he goes to court.Fan Ye had no hidden agenda, so he wrote "Hexiang Fang" to satirize them.According to the characteristics of his colleagues, Fan Ye compared Yu Bingzhi to the musk of "many taboos", Shen Yanzhi to the "dim" "jujube paste" and so on, while Fan Ye compared himself to "Shen Shiyi and".Fan Ye was even more intolerant of his colleagues when He Xiang Fang was published.[12]
Cause of calling disaster
In the 17th year of Yuanjia period (440 years), the king of PengchengLiu YikangHe has been in power for a long time, and his authority is growing stronger,Emperor Wen of Song DynastySuspicious, Liu Yikang was dismissed from his post as Zai Fu and demoted toJiangzhouAssassin.Kong XixianBecause Liu Yikang was kind to his father, he contacted the courtiers, plotted against him, and made Liu Yikang emperor.[13]
Fan Ye is famous for his command of the Forbidden Army. He has been an officer under Liu Yikang for many years, so he becameKong XixianThe first object to pay attention to.Kong Xixian first made friends with Xie Zong, Fan Ye's nephew. To repay Kong Xixian, Xie Zong introduced him to Fan Ye.[14]After knowing Fan Ye first, Kong Xi tried his best to serve Fan Ye, and persuaded him to gamble, deliberately losing money.Fan Ye is greedy for money and appreciates itKong XixianSo the relationship between them is getting better and better.[15]When the time was ripe, Kongxi tried to encourage Fan Ye to participate in the rebellion, but Fan Ye refused.Kong Xixian provoked Fan Yepin with the court's refusal to marry, and Liu Yikang apologized to Fan Yepin for the demotion of Xuancheng[16-17]Fan Ye finally joined in and decided to rebel against the imperial court.[18]
The whole story of the rebellion
Kong Xi, who was proficient in astronomy, sent nuns to the south to preach the idea that the emperor would emerge from Jiangzhou (that is, Liu Yikang, the governor of Jiangzhou)[19-20]；To increase the success rate of the rebellion, Kong Xixian ordered the monk Fa Lue to change his name to Sun JingxuanZang qualityRen Ningyuan of the army joined the army[21-22], and contact Xu Yao (Fa Jing's brother-in-law, who was the captain of Taicheng at that time and was on duty in the palace) for internal support.[23]Kong Xixian colluded with General Shi Zhongchengzu again[24]Zhong Chengzu told Danyang Yin about the rebellion planXu Zhanzhi。[25]
Xu Zhanzhi told Fan Ye that Zang Zhi was very supportive of their action and would invite Xiao Sihua to raise an issue with them. Don't worry about the shortage of troops, just wait for the good time to come.[26]So they set up official posts for each other: Xu Zhanzhi was the general of the Fujun army, the governor of Yangzhou, Fan Ye was the general of the Chinese army, the governor of southern Xuzhou, Kong Xixian was the general of the right guard, etc. If they always hated or did not follow Liu Yikang, they copied another copy to put these people to death.[27]
Kong XixianSeeing that things are going well, he ordered his brother Kong Xiu to draft them firstDenunciationAnd asked Fan Ye to draft the declaration of the coup.Therefore, Fan Ye wrote a book to Xu Zhanzhi in the name of Liu Yikang, encouraging all ministries to "work together to exterminate the treacherous party, strive to become a pioneer and recreate the Song Dynasty".[28]
In September of the 22nd year of Yuanjia (445), the general of the Northern Expedition, King HengyangLiu YijiRight General Nanping WangLiu ShueFan Ye and others agreed to raise the issue on this day when they went out to take office in the border town, but the coup was not held as scheduled because of no appointment.[29]
Sorrow for death
YuanjiaNovember of the twenty second year (445 years),Xu ZhanzhiEmperor Shangshuwen informed Fan Ye that he was the mastermind of the coup, and submitted the list of those involved in the coup and relevant documentary evidence[30]Emperor Wen immediately issued an edict, "Arrest at once, and interrogate according to law.".[31]That night, Emperor Wen sent someone to secretly capture Xie Zong and Kong Xixian, and ordered the courtiers to gather in the East Pavilion to question why Fan Ye was plotting against him.Fan Ye was very frightened when he was in a hurry and hurriedly denied it.Emperor Wen told Xie Zong, Xu Zhanzhi, Kong Xixian and others that they had confessed, and put out the documentary evidence. Fan Ye then admitted the fact of the rebellion, saying that "they have committed a heavy crime and are willing to be executed."[32-33]
The next day, Fan Ye was sent to prison. When he asked where Xu Zhanzhi was being held, he learned that Xu Zhanzhi was the informer.[34]As a result, Fan Ye claimed illness and asked for a change of prison, and was able to become next door to Xie Zong and others.Fan Ye told them that the informant was Xu Zhanzhi, and wrote a poem saying, "I know in my life that I came to paint because I didn't know how to paint. The good and the bad are all one hill, so it's not so wrong."[35]After Fan Ye was put in prison, he thought he would be executed immediately, but because Emperor Wen investigated the case, no results were found for more than 20 days, Fan Ye thought there was still hope for survival.Kong Xixian ridiculed Fan Ye for his fear of death. Fan Ye sighed and said, "It's a pity. He is full of wisdom and is buried here."[36]
In December, Fan Ye was taken to the execution ground at the age of 48.His sons Fan Ai, Fan Yao, Fan Shuwei, etc. were all implicated. Only his grandson Fan Lulian survived.[37]
The History of the Later Han DynastyEmperor Guangwu of Han Dynastyreigned as Guangwu DiFirst year of Jianwu (25 years), endingEmperor Xian of the Han DynastyThe twenty fifth year of Jian'an (220 years) covers the 196 year history of the Eastern Han Dynasty.Fan Yeyuan planned to write ten chronicles, ten chronicles, eighty biographies, and ten chronicles. He entrusted Xie Yan to write them.Xie Yan was involved in the internal struggle of the ruling class, and was killed with Fan Ye on the charge of treason. The manuscripts and the preface written by Fan Ye were subsequently lost.Liang RenLiu ZhaoWhen annotating the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Fan Ye once praised people in the Western Jin DynastySima BiaoOf《Continuation of Han Dynasty》So he took his eight ambitions to make up for the lack of model books.
Theme
Fan Ye wrote an article in prison《Letter between Prison and Nephews》He said that the purpose of compiling Hou Han Shu was to "discuss the contents of the book according to the facts, and correct the gains and losses of the generation"[38]It can be said that he is the first person in history to explicitly put forward that writing history serves politics.Therefore, Fan Ye paid special attention toHistorical theory, he adoptedappraising remarks at the end of a biographyIt is a characteristic of Hou Han Shu to comment on historical events in the form of clear text and take historical theory as the focus.
Style innovation
Most of Hou Han Shu follows the ready-made style of Shi Ji and Han Shu, but it has some innovations.First of all, he added Empress after Emperor Ji.From the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were six successive empresses dowagers facing the imperial court. Their activities were written in the form of a chronicle, which was both justifiable and accurate in reflecting the political characteristics of this period.Secondly, seven new biographies have been added to The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Danggu, Eunuch, Wenyuan, Alone, Fangshu, Yimin and Lienv.Fan Ye was the first historian to write a biography for women in the biographical history books;The first "Wen Yuan Zhuan" grasped the literary development trend of the Han DynastyFour families of KongmenThe literature with the lowest status in the middle is placed in its proper position;In addition, "Danggu Biography" and "Eunuch Biography" were established to reflect the characteristics of a generation and summarize the major events of a generation.
In addition, Fan Ye also inherited Sima Qian's compilation thought of "connecting the past and the present". In many prefaces and theories, he broke the boundaries of the dynasties, and tried to describe the occurrence, development and results of a historical phenomenon as clearly as possible, trying to sum up.This kind of historical research method that discusses the ancient and modern variations from the historical situation development and summarizes the laws of historical development is desirable.For example, in the preface to "Biographies of Danggu", Fan Ye discussed in detail the changes in the style of scholars from the Spring and Autumn Period to the end of the Han Dynasty. He believed that "the best is the worst, and the wrong is the reason". He saw that some historical phenomena were developing towards the opposite of the contradiction, and tried to generalize with "reason";In the preface to Biographies of Danggu, Fan Ye also uses four groups of contradictory things as a metaphorDangguThe contradiction faced by the problem illustrates the author's simple dialectics, which is rarely seen in historical books in the past.[39]
artistic characteristics
The Book of the Later Han DynastyRigorous structure and orderly arrangement.For example, eighty biographies are generally arranged according to the time sequence: the first three volumes areHan DynastyPeople of the moment;The following nine volumes are the royal princes and important generals in the Guangwu era;From Volume 13 to 42, the characters at the head of the volume lived in the Ming, Zhang, and Three Emperors' period, and they were similar or passed down according to their lineages.Next, there are eleven famous people in the period of An and Shun, and then there are the figures of Huan, Ling and Xian;Volume 66 to 74upright officialWait for nine miscellaneous biographies, and the last six volumes are biographies of the border clan.The preciseness of The Book of the Later Han Dynasty is also reflected in Fan Ye's ability to adhere to the compilation principle of "one thing does not last for two years". If one thing is related to several people, it will not be seen here.Fan Ye carefully reviewed the whole book, which is "simple and weekly, without omission".[40]
Fan Ye pays great attention to literary talent when writing history. His "Hou Han Shu" is beautiful, concise and fluent. He is not only accustomed to using couplets and whole sentences in large numbers, but also has a standard of four or six alternate sentencesParallel styleForm and sentence formation are obviously inclined to be integratedart of parallelismLocalization;Fan Ye is also committed to pursuing the beauty of the sound and rhyme of language, and embellishes the creation of preface by using the rules of sound and rhyme. His preface praises the beautiful words, harmonious syllables, sonorous, and rich in the beauty of sound and rhyme.
At the same time, Fan Ye usedCategorical methodIt's also very distinctive.He combines people with the same personality into a biography, sometimes even breaking the time limit, such asWang Chong、Wang FuandMesozoicBecause the argument is to the point, I am indifferent to honor and disgrace, although different times are also integrated.This greatly increases the capacity of the book, and gives many people with good character but little deeds a chance to write a biography.[41]
Ideological inclination
Fan Ye is an atheist who opposes the theory of destiny and prophecy.In the "Biography of Li Tong", he commented on Li Tong's prophecy of "Liu's Revival, supplemented by Li's" encouraging Liu Xiu to start an event: "The way of heaven and life is hard for saints to say, but the situation is a little hidden speculation, rampant and foolhardy. It is a blessing to pollute the relatives, and to do all the work to destroy them."[42]He's still hereThe Biography of Zhang HengIncluded inZhang HengThe anti - prophecy of Shu, indicating that the attitude of approval.[43]He putWu Xiong、Zhao XingAfter they were recorded together with Chen Bojing in the Biography of Guo Gong, Wu Xiong and Zhao Xing did not believe in witches, so they violated the demon ban. Instead of being killed by families, they became officials for the third time;Chen Bojing stepped to his knees and kept silent about the word "death", but he was unavoidably cut and saw. Fan Ye demonstrated the absurdity of yin and yang taboos through historical facts.[44]
The progress of Hou Han Shu is also reflected in the courage to expose dark politics, sympathy and praise of justice.On the one hand, The Book of the Later Han Dynasty exposes the power of the fish and meat people, on the other hand, it praises the middle and lower class people who are strong and upright and not afraid of violence.In the Biography of Danggu, he wrote biographies for 21 people, and tried his best to praise their integrityZhang Jian、Fan Pang、Li YingThey are also vivid and vivid.Although Fan Ye sympathized with the sufferings of the people, he opposed the peasant uprising. He basically rejected the Yellow Scarf Uprising and did not treat the leaders of the uprisingOpen an angleAnd so on.[45]
Main works
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According to historical records, Fan Ye's works except《Later Han Dynasty》In addition, there are 15 volumes, one volume of Hexiang Recipe and one volume of Miscellaneous Aroma Recipe[46]One volume of "Hundred Official Ranks" and fifty volumes of "Qi Gongyi"[47]All are lost.There are only "Hou Han Shu" and "Shuanghe Shi Xu"[48]Le You Ying Zhao Shi.[49]
Historical evaluation
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Li Yanshou《Southern History》"My husband asked me about my expectations, so the poet chanted. He was polite and methodical, and his former philosophy was beautiful. He observed my husband, Fan, and Xun, and he started his studies by himself, but his reputation during his work was not great. Although he was talented, his expectations were not enough. Wei Zongyi had excellent beauty in his work, and he did what he wanted."[50]
Liu Zhao: "Fan Ye was born in the late Han Dynasty, and was a sincere member of the family."[51]
Liu Zhiji"Fan Ye has collected many books and cut them into Chinese classics. Seeing what he has taken, he has a lot of marvelous works."[52]
Zhang Taiyan"After the history and the Han Dynasty, the latter Han script is the first."
internationally known sinologist"Wei Zong (Fan Ye) is a book written in the later Han Dynasty, which is large in size and refined in thinking, and is believed to be a good history."
Shao Jinhan"The biographies of Wen Yuan and Lie Nv added by Fan's family are closely related to each other, and cannot be edited."[53]
Wang Xianqian"Fan Weizong's Han script has survived since it was first published in the Han Dynasty. As for the comparison, it belongs to Li Mi, a very talented person."[54]
Wang Mingsheng"Fan Shu valued righteousness and virtue, curbed snobbery, promoted officials, and repelled traitors. When discussing Confucianism, he was beautiful, deep, and healthy (Zheng Xuan). When praising Danggu, he praised Li and Du. The prime minister did not say much, but he expressed his escapism. The minister did not see the talent, but he respected his own behavior."[55]
Cheng Qianfan"Since the Wei and Jin dynasties, the parallel life has flourished. Most of the writers of history follow the class rules. Since the Fan family was founded, they have studied the palace and commerce thoroughly, praised and commented on the comprehensive arrest of poetry, and the preface is wrong than the literary style, while the literature and history are not different from each other."[56]
Anecdotes and allusions
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Fan Ye Yes《Later Han Dynasty》The problem of the genre of.According to Sui Shu · Biography of Wei Wei, Fan Ye compared the style of biography and chronicle when he wrote the book.He said, "The Spring and Autumn Annals is short because it is short because it is general and accident prone, and is intended to be written by people today. The documentary style, which changes the history class, captures the generation, learns about the meaning of things, and is suitable for later learning. This is not good, so it was written later." This shows that in his opinion, the documentary style can reflect the true nature of history more comprehensively than the chronological style, and can provide more things for future generations.
According to Sui Shu · Jing Ji Zhi, there were ten books, more than 800 volumes, describing the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty before Fan Ye wrote the book.However, as soon as the model books were published, the "post Han books" of various schools were gradually depressed and lost.Later, the Jin people were eliminatedYuan HongOfThe Later Han DynastyApart from being saved, the rest are gone.This shows that although the model book was finalized late, it came from behind.
Fan Ye is very clever, delicate and ingenious. He will come up with a way to decorate every piece of utensils.The clothes he wore and the tools he used all changed the original scale and style, and people at that time followed his example.[57]When copying Fan Ye's home, all kinds of cultural relics, precious toys and clothes were very precious and gorgeous. His kabuki and his wife were well dressed. His mother's residence was a simple and simple small room, with only one kitchen for firewood.His brother's son has no quilt in winter, and his uncle wears a cloth coat in winter.[37]
The word Bolun has successively served as the Taishou of Tianmen, the Shushilang of Zhongshu, the Yushi Zhongcheng, and wrote the Ancient and Modern Good Words.[1]
Fan Ye's Tomb is located in Henan ProvinceNanyang CityThe old town of Xichuan County (todayOld town）On the east side of Bukou Street, 35 kilometers south (already submerged by Danjiangkou Reservoir), there are nine graves, known as "Fan's Nine Tombs".[45]
