As an important trade entity, economic power andfinancial centerIs the sixth largest in the worldeconomic system It is also one of the richest, most economically developed countries in the world with the highest living standards.In the past three decades, the government has greatly reducedstate-owned property, and slowed downsocial welfarePlan development.Britain's agriculture is highly concentrated, highly mechanized and highly efficient: 1%Working populationIt can meet about 60% of food needs.Britain has large reserves of coal, natural gas and oil;Britain's mainenergy production Aboutgross domestic product10%, which is very high in industrial countries.Service industry, especiallybanking, financial industry, shipping industryInsuranceAnd commercial service industry accounts for the largest proportion of GDP in the worldLeadership, CapitalLondonIt is also one of the world's top financial, shipping andService Centre。Although Britain is still Europe's largest armspetroleum products, computer, TV and mobile phone manufacturing places, the importance of industry is still declining.
On February 15, 2024, the data released by the British National Bureau of Statistics showed that the British economy fell 0.3% month on month in the fourth quarter of 2023.In view of the fact that in the third quarter of 2023, the British economy fell 0.1% month on month, and the economy shrank for two consecutive quarters, the British economy has fallen into a technical recession.[2]
Britain's education and academic research are world leadersFamous universitiesUniversity of Cambridge、Oxford、Imperial College of Science, Technology and MedicineandLondon School of Economics and Political ScienceBoth are located in the UK, which is the most important education hub in the world outside the United States.Every year, Britain attracts many foreign students from all over the world to study in admiration, which not only brings rich foreign exchange to the country, but also makes it a knowledge-based countryEconomiesOur country has absorbed many talents.Britain's tourism industry is also very important: more than 27 million per yearChinese tourists, ranking seventh in the world, lower thanCanada(33 million) and higher thanAustria(19.1 million).In terms of exchange rate, Britain is the fifth largest country in the worldeconomic system ；In terms of purchasing power parity, Britain is the eighth largest economic system in the world.Her economy is second only to Germany in Europe.Britain isglobalizationOne of the countries, according to the latest survey, the UK ranks fourth in globalization indicators.London, the capital of Britain, is the world's two largest citiesInternational Financial CenterOne, as famous as New York.The British economy is widely described as Anglo——SaxonEconomics.Her components are EnglandScotland、WelshandNorthern Ireland。Since 1973, Britain has been the European Unionmember state。 In the 1980s, under the governance of Mrs. Thatcher's government, most of the state-owned enterprises in industry and services that were nationalized in the 1940s were re privatized.The British government owns only a few industrial and commercial industries,Royal MailThis is one example.The British economy is experiencing the longest period of sustained growth in more than 150 years, with growth every quarter since 1992.In terms of inflation, interest rate, andunemployment rateAll of them have maintained a low level, which also makes the UK one of the strongest economies in the EU.Therefore, according toInternational Monetary FundPer capita domesticGDP（purchasing power parity）It ranks 12th among EU countries.However, like other English speaking countries, its incomeout-off-balanceThe level is higher than that of many European countries.Despite high oil revenues, the UK still has the world's third largest current accountdeficit。 Although Britain's "per capitalabour productivity”In the past 20 years, it has increased significantly, and exceeded Germany'sproductivityBut still 35 hours a week behind French workersworking hoursAbout 20%.The UK's "average hourly labor productivity" is at the average level of "old" Europe (15 countries).Britain inHuman Development Index Middle ranked 16th.
Various industries
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Agriculture, animal hunting, forestry and fishery
Agriculture adopts intensive farming, highly mechanized, high efficiency in European standards, and produces about 60% of food demand with less than 2% of labor force.Contributedgross domestic product2%.About two-thirds of the products come fromAnimal HusbandryOne third comes from arable crops.The main crops planted are wheat, barleyoats、rape, used asanimal feedCorn, potatoes andbeet。New crops are also emerging, such as those for oil extractionflaxAnd for the production of fibershemp。Main livestock breedinglivestockThere are cattle and chickens (Britain is the second largest poultry exporter in Europe, second only toFrance）And sheep.The Common Treaty on Agriculture of the European Union caused the decline of agriculture.
Britain's fishery has declined significantly, but it occupies an important position.Its fishing boats catch fromSolereachherringOffingerling。Some coastal towns, such asKingstonHullGreensby, Fritwood, Great Yarmouth, Pithead, Fraser Castle and Rostoft are engaged in fishing.
Year 2006Blue BookIt shows that this industry contributed 10.323 billion pounds to the British economy in 2004total output value。
According to the statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics, in 2003, the manufacturing industry in Britain accounted for 16% of the total national output value and 13% of the total labor force.Although manufacturing still plays an important role in international trade, accounting for 83% of total exports in 2003, its importance in the British economy has been declining since the 1960s.The regions with the highest proportion of manufacturing employees are mainly concentrated in the central and eastern regions and the central and western regions (19% and 18% respectively).LondonThe lowest proportion is 6%.
construction machineryAnd similar industries accounted for the largest part, accounting for 30.8% of the total output value of the manufacturing industry in 2003.In this section,Transportation equipmentThe largest contribution, with 8 global automobile manufacturers operating in the UK——bmw（MINI,Rolls-Royce）、Ford(FAW Group)general motors (Vauxhall Motors),Honda、Nissan、Toyotaas well aspublic(Bentley）And some smaller specialized manufacturers (includingLotusandmorgan ）And commercial vehicle manufacturers (including Leroy trucksLDVAlexander DennisJCBManganese copper and Kesnew Netherlands).A series of companies, such as Brush Traction, manufacture railwayslocomotiveAnd other related components.Related to this part of the industry are aviation and defense equipment industries.The range of equipment manufactured in the UK is wide. The main manufacturers are BAE Systems, which produces aviation, land and maritime equipment for civil and national defense purposes;VT GroupGKNAnd Rolls Royce Aviation Engine Company produces aviation engines and power generation systems.
Another important part of construction machinery and similar industries is electronic, audio and optical equipment. The UK has a broad domestic company base in this regard, such as Amstrad, AlbaARM、Dyson、Glen Dimplex、InvensysandLinnAnd a series of TV setsradioandCommunication products, scientific research and optical equipment, electronic machinery, office machinery and computerforeign firms。
Chemicals and chemical products are another important foundation of British manufacturing.In this part, pharmaceutical enterprises are particularly successful,Second in the worldAnd the third largest pharmaceutical company (GlaxoSmithKlineAstraZeneca and AstraZeneca) are headquartered in the United Kingdom, and the main R&D and manufacturing plants are also located in the United Kingdom.
Other important sectors of manufacturing include the food, beverage, tobacco, paper making, printing, publishing and textile industries.The UK is also home to the headquarters of three of the world's largest wineries:Diageo、SabmillerAmong other major manufacturing enterprises of Scottish and NewcastleUnilever、CadburySwayzer, Tate&Lyle, British American Tobacco, Royal TobaccoEMAP、HarperCollins、Reed Elsevier、Ben Sherman、Burberry、French Connection、reebok , Pentland Group and InBev.
The 2006 Blue Book shows that this sector contributed 147.469 billion pounds to the UK economy in 2004.
Power, gas and water supply industries
The 2006 Blue Book shows that this sector contributed 17.103 billion pounds to the UK economy in 2004.Britain plans to build newnuclear reactorTo replace the existingGenerator Set, and increase the number ofEnergy reserves。
construction industry
The 2006 Blue Book shows that this sector contributed 64.747 billion pounds to the UK economy in 2004.
This section includes engine tradeAutomobile maintenance, individuals andCommodity industry。The 2006 Blue Book shows that this sector contributed 127.52 billion pounds to the UK economy in 2004.
The 2006 Blue Book shows that this sector contributed 33.074 billion pounds to the UK economy in 2004.
Transportation, storage and communication
The 2006 Blue Book shows that transportation andStorage industryIn 2004, it contributed 49.516 billion pounds to the British economy, while the communications industry contributed 29.762 billion pounds.
In 2005, the UK's financial export volume was 21 billion pounds, of which the trade payment balance played an important role.The export business in British financial services continued to grow, which was mainly affected by a series of unique institutions, loose regulations and well-trained practitioners.
EdinburghIt is the fifth largest financial center in Europe and also has a long history of financial industryCorporate HeadquartersIt is located here, including Royal Bank of Scotland (the second largest bank in Europe)HBOS（Bank of ScotlandParent company) andStandard life insurancelimited company.
LeedsAs the fastest growing city in the UK and the largest city outside LondonEnglandThe largest financial center has also made great contributions to the British economy.This is due to the "recovery period" in the 1970s and 1980s, when the economy was in rapid recessionPublic fundsIt was used to offset the tax reduction transactions of enterprises operating in Leeds, and the economy of the region gained 70 million pounds in the first year.Because of earlierCommunication connectionThe development of the Internet has also contributed to the local economy.It is reported that Leeds' Internet traffic ranks third in the UK.
Cardiff's financial industry has developed significantly, mainly thanks to a series ofEmerging enterprisesFor example, the Administrative Group has its headquarters in the city.Other cities in the UK with large financial districts areManchesterandBirmingham。
The 2006 Blue Book shows that this sector contributed a total output value of 86.145 billion pounds to the British economy in 2004, while the output value of the financial sector before adjustment was 50.165 billion pounds.
Over the past seven yearsReal estate marketThe property value in some areas has tripled as a result of continued prosperity.Property priceThere are several reasons for the increase - sustained economic growth, an increase in the number of families (including the influx of immigrants in some areas), low interest ratesReal estate investment, and (through the plan) restrictions on the supply of new housing.
britainReal estate marketIts development peaked in July 2004, and it stagnated and fell back in the capital region, while in some other regions it lasted until the second half of 2005.This has led many people to worry about the possibility of housing prices plummeting. Many people predict that this will be the UKReal estate bubbleThe end of.However, the real estate market was significantly strengthened in the first half of 2006, especially in the capital region.This has led many analysts to reassess itFront pairPessimistic evaluation of the market, and have predicted that housing prices will continue to grow steadily in the medium term.
As household debt has reached a historic high level, the collapse of house prices will cause great damage at present.The recent rise in bankruptcies and housing recoveries has worried some economists.This makes many people think that the adjustment of house prices will lead to a long-term economic recession.On the contrary, the assets of first-time buyers do not include residential real estate, and it is impossible to get residential real estate (or not at all, or not bear unsustainable debts that average 5 times of their annual salary). These buyers have better financial conditions and are also able to enterReal estate market。
Since 2000, real estateInvestment behaviorThe rapid growth of has created the illusion of housing shortage.Many first-time buyers were forced to withdraw from the market because of the price, and their sales volume decreased from 50% to 25%Growth rateequal.A survey in London in 2006 found that 67% of newly built properties were sold to real estateInvestor。Combined with planning restrictionsBuilderIndustrial wasteland had to be used, resulting in Manchester, Leeds andNottingham The number of apartments with one or two bedrooms in cities has greatly increased, resulting in an oversupply of such properties.The bank relaxed the loan requirements for real estate investors, reaching 85% of the real estate value from 75% in 2003, effectively promoting the growth of investment behavior relying on the rise of house prices.Although there is no evidence that rental property (non purchase) is in short supply, the understanding of real estate shortage means that most British buyers believe that house prices will keep rising, and any decline will be rare and temporary.
This sector includes residential leasing and other related industriesAuxiliary behavior。The 2006 Blue Book shows that the leasing industry contributed £ 83.037 billion to the UK economy in 2004, while other real estate and industrial ancillary activities contributed £ 175.333 billion to the UK economy in 2004.
Public Management and National Defense
The 2006 Blue Book shows that this sector contributed 55.28 billion pounds to the UK economy in 2004.
education
The 2006 Blue Book shows that this sector contributed 61.786 billion pounds to the UK economy in 2004.
The 2006 Blue Book shows that this sector contributed 75.817 billion pounds to the UK economy in 2004.
Other social and private services
This part of the industry includes private economic employees andExtraterritorial jurisdictionThe added value generated by the organization.The 2006 Blue Book shows that this sector contributed 55.543 billion pounds to the UK economy in 2004.
When evaluating these tests, Gordon Brown believed that although the decision was about to be made, the UK should not joineuroZone.In particular, he pointed out that fluctuations in house prices posed obstacles to immediate participation.These tests will be re evaluated in the future.Public opinion polls show that most Britons have long opposed joining the euro single currency.opposition partyconservative partyAlso opposed to joining.[1]
