The British Topographic Survey is the official mapping agency of the United Kingdom, which was founded in 1791 under the leadership of the Board of Ordnance of The British Army.After 1990, it introduced a commercial mechanism to become a civil organization, responsible for surveying and mapping work throughout the UK, including geodetic and related surveys, topographic surveys, and publishing maps based on survey results. It is one of the largest map makers in the world.[1-2]
As the national mapping agency, Topographic Survey is the manager of the original map of the United Kingdom and the provider of geographical information. It is responsible for maintaining the decisive geospatial information reference system and the official definition of topographic features.The database of the Topographic Survey Bureau contains more than 400 million artificial and natural geomorphological features.The Ordnance Survey and Withdrawal Bureau determines the standards and quality of its data to meet current and long-term national needs.Moreover, the data of the Topographic Survey also provides a framework for all other geographical data in the UK. On this basis, geographical data from different sources can be assembled together and compatible with each other.[3]
In 1999, the purpose of the Ordnance Survey Bureau was defined as to meet the needs of countries and users for accurate and immediately available geospatial data and maps in the most effective and efficient way.In 2002, the Ordnance Survey Bureau adjusted its purpose to "In the new knowledge economy, the Ordnance Survey Bureau and its partners will provide satisfactory choices for all location-based information" to adapt to the environment of the knowledge economy.[3]
Historical evolution
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Origin of historical sketch
The British Topographic Survey originated in 1747.The Kinggeorge ii Whereas two years agoJacobin PartyFor the reason of the uprising, a military surveying and mapping team was appointed to survey the Scottish Highlands.[1]
Initial growth
The first national survey and supervision, waiting until 1790 to 1791, the Board of Ordnance (the predecessor of the British Ministry of Defense). In order to prevent French invasion, William Roy used the north-south baseline from London to Paris from the south coast of EnglandTheodoliteMeasure the whole country.In 1991, British Post issued a set ofHamstreetThe theme of the national survey 200 years commemorative stamps.[1]
The first one inch to one mile (1:63360 scale) map of Guende County was published in 1801;Essex will be released later.This line of national 1:63360 scale map surveying has only completed one third of the area of England and Wales 20 years later.MajorThomas ColbyIn 1819, an army major used it for 22 days and walked 586 miles;Five years later, he will lead his subordinates toIrelandConduct property appraisal measurement of six inches to one mile (1:10560 scale).
Thomas Colby, who later became Director of the British Topographic Survey, not only concentrated on assisting in the design of special surveying instruments, but also set up a collection system of site names;And reorganize the map drawing method to make the product clearer and more accurate.Thomas Colby himself has team spirit and often leads the team out to measure, camp and arrangeDried fruit puddingParty to celebrate the completion of a measurement.
Since the first Irish maps were issued in the mid-1930s, the tithe communication act ordered the authorities to draw similar six inch measurements in England and Wales.After official hesitation,RailwayUnder the pressure of the development of the, the Congress was forced to pass the Topographic Survey Act of 1841, which gave the right to increase the industry under the purpose of surveying.With theTower of LondonAfter the fire alarm in 1841 at the headquarters, the British Topographic SurveyscaleUse and quarrel for years.The director at that time, Major General Sir Henry James, advocated the use ofPhotographyTechnology, cheap and easy to draw multiple scale maps.
After the fire alarm in 1841, the headquarters of the British Topographic Survey was moved to EnglandSouthamptonA place;The national measurement of 25 to 1 miles was finally completed in 1895.
Modern development
The British Topographic Surveythe First World WarDuring this period, he assisted the allies in drawing maps of France and Belgium;the Second World WarDuring this period, more maps were drawn including the following:
1: 40000 scale,BelgiumAntwerpMap 1:100000 scale,BelgiumcapitalBrusselsMap 1: 5000000 scale,South AfricaMap 1:250000 scale,ItalyMap 1:50000 scale,FranceThe map of the northwest has a scale of 1:30000, which is accompanied by the manuscripts of the German occupied military regionNetherlandsAfter the First World War, he served successively as Director of the British Topographic SurveyCharles CloseColonel, develop a system of utilizationEllis MartinDesign the marketing strategy of the cover, and try to increase the sales of maps in the recreational market.Besides, Chief Archaeological Officer of Topographic Survey BureauO. G. S. CrawfordSince 1920sAerial photographyPlay a role in the in-depth study of archaeology.
In 1935, the Davidson Committee within the Topographic Survey Bureau was established to review the future of the Bureau.New DirectorMajor General Malcolm MacLeodstartNew UK triangulation pointIt is planned that concrete will be installed at every hill in EnglandTriangulation columnA huge task.This new type of concrete column providesTheodoliteProvide correct fixed position for at least 32 multi angle measurements.
The final report of the Davidson Commission was adjusted by the British Topographic Survey in the twentieth century.British Grid SystemThe establishment of, using decimal standard, experimental 1:25000 scale map.The success of the grid system made the new 1:50000 scale map replace the one inch map of the remaining 40 years of life.
The headquarters of the British Topographic Survey in Southampton has become redundant, plus the bombing damage during World War II;Relocation is required.Therefore, the headquarters was moved to Maybush, a new town outside Southampton in 1969.The former building is now part of the local court.
In 1995, the British Topographic Survey successfully completed the digitization of all 230000 maps, making Britain the first country in the world to complete the digitization of maps.
Today, the British Topographic Survey has changed from a military support organization to a British government of civil affairsadministrative organ。
Map products
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The paper map products of British Topographic Survey are sold in the following proportion in major bookstores:
street(1:625000 scale) - designed for long distance road users;A two page map with a dark blue cover, covering allGreat Britain。
Street/place(1:250000 scale) - designed for any road user;Eight green covers, covering allGreat BritainMap of.
Landranger(1:50000 scale) - pink cover general map;204 sheets covering allGreat BritainandIsle of Man。Other published maps include historical and archaeological maps of various scales, and a popular tourist map.The British Topographic Survey publishes a national map index;And provide more in-depth and customized 1:10000 scale and 1:1250 scale maps to professionals and those in need.
