In the first to fifth centuries AD, the southeast of the island of Great Britain wasImperium RomanumRule.In the 7th century, the feudal system began to take shape.In 829, England was unified, known as the "Anglo Saxon era".In 1066, William, Duke of Normandy, crossed the sea to conquer England and establish the Normandy Dynasty..In 1536, England and Wales merged.In 1640, the outbreakbourgeois revolutionOn May 19, 1649, it was declared a republic.In 1660, the dynasty was restored.In 1688“Glorious Revolution ”, establishedConstitutional monarchy。In 1707, England merged with Scotland, and in 1801, it merged with Ireland.From the 1860s to the 1830s, it became the first in the world to completeindustrial revolutionCountry.[57]
Britain is a highly developed capitalist country, the sixth largest economy in the world and the second largest economy in Europe.The private enterprise is the main body of the British economy, the service industry is the pillar industry of Britain, and London, the capital, is one of the world's famous financial centers.Economic vitality is strong, and society is safe and orderly in general.[60]Britain isCommonwealthHead of StateGroup of SevenMember StatesNorth Atlantic Treaty OrganizationFounding Member States, but alsoUnited Nations Security CouncilFivePermanent membersone of.In 2022, the GDP will be 2.2 trillion pounds.[57]
Chinese name
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[1]
Foreign name
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[1]
Living in western Europe after about 700 BCCeltsAnd constantly moved into the British Isles, one of which is calledBreton peopleThe name Britain may come from this.The Celts were known to use iron,plowTechnological progress has been made and money has been used.The development of productivity promoted the gradual differentiation of Celtic society.[3]
Roman invasion
In 55 BC,CaesarTwice crossed the sea to invade Britain[54]。In AD 43, the Roman emperorClaude ILed an invasion of Britain.After conquering Britain, it becameImperium RomanumProvince of.By 409, the Roman garrison was forced to withdraw from Britain, and the Roman rule over Britain ended.
At the beginning of the fifth century,RomanAfter evacuation, live inGermanyNear Yibei Estuary andDenmarkSouthernanglo-saxonAnd fromRhineThe Jutes downstreamGermanicTribe, conquer Britain.Anglo(Anglo) called Britain "England" (homophonic for England,EnglandThe origin of the name), that is, the meaning of the Anglo land.andold EnglishThey inherited their language.
By the beginning of the 7th century, the invaders had established seven powerful countries:“Age of Seven Kingdoms”。When the Anglo Saxons invaded, it was a clan and tribal organization.During the invasion, the original clan organization disintegrated. With the development of productive forces, land gradually became private property, with the emergence of nobles, large land holders, dependent farmers and slaves.The village community became a form of transition from clan commune land ownership to feudal land ownership, which is generally considered to be the beginning of the feudal process of British society.At the end of the sixth century,ChristianityIt was introduced into Britain.Americans call British and British Americans Anglo Saxons.
Danish invasion
Anglo Saxon
Since the end of the 8th centuryDanesPrincipalScandinaviaPeople repeatedly invaded Britain.
In 879,King Alfred the Great Make a treaty with the Danes to put the northeast of England underDenmarkJurisdiction is called "Denmark".At the beginning of the 10th century, Alfred's successor gradually regained the Danish region.At the beginning of the 11th century, the Danes came back.During the Danish occupation, BritainFeudalizationProcess acceleration.
In 1066, William, Duke of Normandy, crossed the sea to conquer England and establish the Normandy Dynasty.[1]
The powerful monarchy established by William after the conquest played a positive role in consolidating the feudal order.John was forced to accept it in June 1215《great charter》, compromise with the feudal lord.Magna Carta is essentially a feudal document, which protects the interests of feudal lords;But there are also progressive provisions such as protecting citizens' freedom of trade.But John soon denied the charter, and civil war continued between the monarch and his subjects.
British ParliamentThe United Kingdom Parliament, also known as Westminster Parliament, originated in the 13th century and is the highest judicial and legislative body in Britain.In 1341,parliamentIt is divided into the upper and lower houses, with a bicameral system. The monarch, the House of Lords and the House of Commons[52]）To form and exercise the supreme legislative power of the country.
In 1380, the kingrichard ii Collect forHundred Years' War between Britain and FranceWar cost and poll tax increased, which led to the outbreak of the uprising in May 1381. The leader was the bricklayer Watt Taylor, known as“Watt Taylor Uprising”。Although the uprising was defeated, it shocked Britainfeudal serf system 。At the end of the 14th century, the British serfdom had actually disintegrated.In the 15th century, most serfs redeemed their personal freedom and becameOwner farmerIn terms of legal status, they are divided into free farmers and public book farmers.Monetary land rent has become the main form of land rent, and the feudal class has also changed. New nobles have emerged from rich farmers, land owning merchants, and middle and small nobles, who adopt capitalist management methods.The rule of the old aristocracy was in crisis, and the feudal chivalry system was gradually disintegratingRose WarThe strength of the old aristocracy was greatly weakened, which created favorable conditions for the development of capitalist relationsNew aristocracyandbourgeois classSupportedHenry VIIEnthronement, startthe tudors The rule of.
The war between Britain and France for territorial expansion and the fight for the throne between 1337 and 1453 was the longest war in the world, which lasted for 116 years intermittentlyBlack DeathIn the era of popularity, under the double attack of war and epidemic, the economy of Britain and France suffered greatly, and the people could not make a living.EnglandAlmost all French territory was lost, but Englishnationalismrise.By the end of the war, Britain had embarked oncentralizationAfter that, England launched“Continental balance”The policy is to develop overseas and become the world's largest empire.
primitive accumulation of capital
Britain Defeats the Spanish Armada
Enclosure movementIt's Britainprimitive accumulation of capitalOne of the important means of.England and Wales merged in 1536.From the 15th century to the 16th century, the wool weaving industry became Britain's“national industry”The demand for wool has doubled.The landlords changed their farms into pastures, and concentrated small estates into large tracts by enclosing fields or seizing public lands.As a result, a large number of owner peasants lost their land and went bankrupt, becoming vagrants.Since 1530, the king has promulgated a series of bloody legislation, forcing vagrants to be employed by new nobles and capitalists.Overseas plundering and trade are also important ways of primitive accumulation.After the 16th century, Britain successively organized many trading companies topiratePiracy, dock officials, customs officers, naval officers and even local senior officials colluded with pirates.Pirate J. Hawkins trafficked black people to become rich,F.DrakeThenElizabeth IHe plundered the Spanish American colonies under the patronage and made a round the world voyage that shocked Europe between 1577 and 1580.In 1588, Britain defeated SpainArmada, grabbing the worldMaritime hegemonyTake the first step.
Autocratic monarchy
In 1603,Queen ElizabethAfter his death, James VI, King of Scotland, inherited the British throne and saidJames I, StartStuart DynastyRule (1603-1649, 1660-1714).From the second half of the 16th century to the first half of the 17th century,capitalist economyWith rapid development, the bourgeoisie and the new nobility with increasingly strong economic strength can no longer tolerate the autocratic rule of the feudal monarchy.But James I and Charles I ignored these changes and insisted“Divine Mandate”, resulting in intensified contradictions.In November 1641, the parliament proposed to the king《Great protest》；In January of the following year, the king failed to arrest the leader of the opposition in parliament and escaped from the capital. In AugustNottingham Declare war on Parliament.
CromwellLed mainly by faithpuritanismA group of owner peasants and handicraftsmencavalryranks,New Model ArmyDefeated the royal army in the battle of Nasby in June 1645.The next year, the king was captured. At the end of 1647, King Charles fled. In February 1648, the king's party forces took the opportunity to provoke a civil war. Under the combined attack of the independents and the egalitarians, the king's party forces were defeated again. The second civil war ended. In December 1648, Cromwell cleared the presbyterians in the parliament;On January 30, 1649,charles i Be beheaded.In April 1653,CromwellDispel the remaining parliament, establish a national protection government in December, and implement military dictatorship.
In February 1660,Stuart DynastyRestoration.Outbreaking in 1688-1689“Glorious Revolution ”。What it announced《Bill of Rights》Limiting royal power and expanding parliamentary power established BritainConstitutional monarchyThe foundation of.Since then, the British parliamentary monarchy has gradually formed and developed.1707 merged with Scotland.[1]
The Renaissance
Compared with continental Europe, the UKRenaissanceIt happened late.However, afterthe tudors In the era of Queen Elizabeth, the establishment of Britain as a nation-state, the vigorous development of industry and commerce, the growing expansion of cultural ties with the world, and the breaking through of the constraints of the Holy See all made the latecomers of the British Renaissance top the list.At the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century, the "three giants" emerged in Britain:Shakespeare、BaconandHarveyHe was the most outstanding representative in the fields of art, humanities and science during this period.During this period, British art, humanities and science penetrated and blended with each other. While strengthening the connection between different fields, they also constantly enriched and cultivated their own fields.
industrial revolution
Britain is the first country in the worldindustrializationThe country has made many scientific discoveries and inventions, such assteam engine、penicillin、Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA), Dolly andJet enginewait.The financial market in London attracts many companies from all over the world to take advantage of business opportunities in the UK.For more than 200 years, various schools and colleges in Britain have developed with the country's remarkable technological, industrial and financial revolution.However, the world's outstanding education has a longer history, dating back to the 12th centuryOxford(1185) andUniversity of Cambridge(1209) The founding era.[2]
Colonial expansion
The British colonies expanded violently in the 19th century.Consolidated in 1801IrelandThe official name of the United Kingdom became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.The aggression against Asia continued to expand.The British Empire refers to the British EmpireDominion, Coloniesterritory, Trusteeship andProtectorThe great empire formed together is the largest country with the largest territory area and the largest global colonial empire in history.The empire reached its peak at the beginning of the 19th century, with a population of about 400 million to 500 million, accounting for a quarter of the world's population at that time;The territory is about 33.67 million square kilometers, accounting for one fourth of the world's total land area.After the Spanish Kingdom in the 16th century, the empire is called "the empire that never sets".
In the middle of the 19th century, Britain launched two opium wars against China(See detailsOpium War、The Second Opium War）, occupy Hong Kong Island and participate in the suppression of ChinaTaiping Heavenly KingdomRevolution;Repression 1857-1859Indian National UprisingTo strengthen the rule over India.In 1876, the Conservative Party's B. Disraeli CabinetQueen VictoriaShe was crowned as the Queen of India.Later, Britain was also calledBritish EmpireOr the British Empire (India became independent in 1947, and the British monarch lost the title of emperor).In addition, on theIran、Myanmar、South Africa、Egypt、East Africaas well asNew Zealand、AustraliaThey also expanded their aggression and gradually penetrated South America, becoming the largest investor there.In 1867,CanadaIt became the first British self-governing territory.
World War
Churchill at Yalta Conference
After the 1870s, Britain gradually lost its industrial monopoly position.The later United States gradually caught up with and overtook Britain, leading to an unprecedented intensification of mutual conflicts.At the beginning of the 20th century, Germany became a British competitor.Facing the severe situation, the British government actively expanded its armaments, especially its navy.
In order to deal with Germany, Britain abandoned the“splendid isolation ”Foreign policy, after 1907, Britain, France and Russia“Three country agreement”Actually formed.In August 1914, the First World War broke out.In 1917, Britain finally defeated Germany“Unrestricted submarine warfare ”And maintained its sea power.Germany led the warAlliesIt is also a great victory for the United States.
In September 1939, Germany attacked Poland,World War IIBritain declared war on Germany.April 1940ChurchillForm a wartime joint cabinet.After Churchill came to power, he immediately organizedDunkirk evacuation Put the national economy on the wartime track and rapidly expand armaments.Launched in Germany from July to September 1940“Battle Of Britain ”Medium,British Air ForceThe enemy was effectively defeated.On June 6, 1944, the Allies crossed the English Channel from Britain and landed in Normandy, successfully opening the second battlefield of the European continent[55]Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945.
postwar period
Mrs. Thatcher
After the war, Britain participated in the drafting and acceptance in 1947marshall plan, received a large amount of assistance from the United States, and the economy gradually recovered.At the same time, the Labor Party government also implemented some measures to improve the situation of the working people: after the Second World War, Britainthe labor partyandconservative partyTake turns in power.Economic development is slow.Joined in January 1973European Community。After the 1979 election, the Conservative Party came into power,Mrs. ThatcherShe became the first female prime minister in British history.He was re elected in 1982 and 1987.The Thatcher government adoptedPrivatization of state-owned enterprisesOur policies have made great achievements in revitalizing the economy.Start to promote some enterprisesPrivatization, in order to revitalize the British economy.[1]
After decolonization in the 20th century, the British overseas territories gradually became independent, and most of them formed a peace organization with Britain after independence——Commonwealth（Commonwealth of nations）。
On September 18, 2014,ScotlandFour million permanent residents held a referendum to decide whether Scotland would become an independent sovereign state.The referendum has been settled, Scotland continues to stay in Britain, and Britain's unity and integrity can be maintained.
On June 24, 2016, the result of the Brexit referendum was finalized, and Britain will leaveeuropean union。On October 28, Britain was electedUnited Nations Human Rights CouncilMember, term of office from 2017 to 2019.
On February 8, 2017, the House of Commons of the British Parliament voted to formally pass the "Brexit" bill submitted by the government, authorizing the Prime Minister to start the "Brexit" process.[5]On March 16, the Queen of EnglandElizabeth IIApprove the Brexit Act and authorize the British Prime MinisterTeresa MayThe Brexit procedure was officially launched.[6]
On March 20, 2017, the UK will formally submit its application for Brexit to the European Union on March 29, 2017Lisbon Treaty Article 50 Start the Brexit negotiations.
On December 8, 2017, the UK and the EU reached a historic agreement on Brexit.[7]
On June 26, 2018, Queen Elizabeth II approved the most important Brexit Act of British Prime Minister Theresa May.[8]
On January 23, 2020, Queen Elizabeth II signed and approved the relevant bills of the "Brexit" agreement previously passed by the British Parliament.[9]On January 24,European Council 、European Commission The President signed the Brexit Agreement.[10]On January 30, the EU formally approved the Brexit of the UK.[11]On January 31, the UK officially "Brexit", ending its 47 year EU membership.[12]On December 24, the European Commission announced that, after many rounds of intense negotiations, the EU and the UK had finally reached an agreement on a series of cooperative relations, including trade, on the same day, clearing the way for the UK to end the transition period of "Brexit" in 2020 as originally planned.
British Prime Minister on September 15, 2021 local timeJohnsonThe cabinet was reorganized.[24]
On September 8, 2022, Queen Elizabeth II died.Her eldest son, the crown princecharlesAfter inheriting the throne, the new king will be called "King Charles III"。[33-34]according tobbc(BBC), Sky News and《The Guardian》According to the British media on October 20, the British Prime MinisterTrassHe issued a statement announcing his resignation.[37]On October 25,Richie SunakHe accepted the appointment of the King of England and officially became Prime Minister of Britain.[38]
On June 28, 2022, Chief Minister of Scottish Local GovernmentNigula SturgeonThe Scottish local council announced that her government plans to hold the second Scottish independence referendum on October 19 next year. If the British government refuses to authorize according to legal procedures, the Scottish local government will take legal action to ensure the referendum.On November 23, the British Supreme Court ruled that the Scottish government had no right to hold a second independence referendum without the approval of the British government.[43]
On March 30, 2023, the Nikkei Chinese website news《Comprehensive and Progressive Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement》The 11 member states of the CPTPP have determined the policy of allowing the UK to join, and it is expected that a ministerial meeting will be held online on March 31 and an agreement will be reached.This is the first time that the CPTPP has approved the accession of countries other than the 11 founding members.[45]On March 31 local time, British Prime Minister Richie Sunak said that Britain had been approved to join the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (CPTPP).[46]
On September 15, 2023,JapanThe government cabinet meeting decided on the same day that《Reciprocal access agreement》Effective on October 15.The agreement will simplify the procedures for personnel, equipment and ammunition entering the other country in the case of joint military exercises and disaster relief between the two countries[47]。
On December 1, 2023,International Maritime OrganizationThe 33rd General Assembly held a new election of members in London, UK, and the UK was elected as a Class A member of the International Maritime Organization.[48]
Britain wasthe north sea、English channel、Kelt Sea、Irish SeaandAtlanticsurround.North Sea to the east, facingBelgium、Netherlands, GermanyDenmarkandNorwayOther countries;To the westIrelandAcross the Atlantic Ocean, facing the United States and Canada from afar;It can reach across the Atlantic Ocean in the northIceland；France is 33 kilometers south through the English Channel.It covers an area of 244100 square kilometers (including inland waters).England covers an area of 130400 square kilometers, Scotland 78800 square kilometers, Wales 20800 square kilometers, and Northern Ireland 14100 square kilometers.[1]
topographic features
British Topography[1]
There are many low mountains and plateaus in the northwest of England, and plains in the southeastthe ThamesIt is the largest river in China.Severn RiverIt is the longest river in England with a length of 338 km. The river originates from the middle of Wales and flows through the central and western EnglandBristol Channel 。Thames River is the largest river in Britain, with a drainage area of 11400 square kilometers, an average annual flow of 60.0 cubic meters per second, and an average annual runoff of 1.89 billion cubic meters.The geographical location of the basin is 2 ° 08 ′ west longitude to 0 ° 43 ′ east longitude and 51 ° 00 ′ north latitude to 52 ° 3 ′ north latitude.
Climatic characteristics
UK Climate Map
BritishTemperate marine climate。Britain receivedPrevailing westerly windIt is controlled. It is mild and humid all the year round, with little change in summer and winter.Vegetation is a temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest belt.Generally, the maximum temperature is not more than 32 ℃, and the minimum temperature is not less than - 10 ℃. The average temperature is 4~7 ℃ in January and 13~17 ℃ in July.The average annual precipitation is about 1000 mm.The annual precipitation in the northern and western mountainous areas is more than 2000 mm, while that in the central and eastern areas is less than 800 mm.It is the driest from February to March every year, and the wettest from October to January next year.Influenced by the westerly wind and the sea all year round, Britain has a mild and humid climate, which is suitable for plant growth.Although the climate in Britain is mild, the weather is changeable.In a day, it rains and sunny.[1]
natural resources
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water resource
The average annual total runoff of rivers in Britain is about 159 billion cubic meters, and the per capita occupancy is about 2700 cubic meters.Britain has a high degree of industrialization. The development and utilization of water resources are mainly to improve the domestic water use of urban and rural people, develop industry, inland navigation, aquaculture and water tourism.The total annual water consumption in Britain is 11.511 billion cubic meters, of which public water accounts for 47.3%, irrigation water accounts for 0.3%, and other industrial water accounts for 52.4%.The daily domestic water consumption per capita in urban and rural areas is 322 liters.We attach great importance to sewage treatment. Since 1973, sewage treatment has become a part of the whole water supply system, and the treatment of waste water has reached a very high level.Britain is the representative of the privatization and marketization of water industry in urban areas.
Three quarters of Britain's fresh water comes from mountain lakes, reservoirs and rivers.About a quarter of them are groundwater.The quality of drinking water is very high.However, from the summer of 1995 to the spring of 1997,EnglandandWelshAfter the driest period in the history of two years, water is no longer a resource that can be used arbitrarily.The leakage of water supply pipe is another problem.Relatively speaking,ScotlandandNorthern IrelandThere are still abundant domestic fresh water and industrial water resources.In order to prevent the shortage of water resources in the future, the government issued a ten point plan in May 1997, to which private water industry companies have agreed to comply.[2]
plant resources
In 2011, the forest coverage of the UK was 3.08 million hectares, accounting for 12.6% of the local area.[1]
Animal resources
The UK is rich in animal resources. In 2007, the British government began to implement a wildlife conservation plan. As of 2007, there were 1149 species of endangered wild animals in the UK, while hedgehogsHarvest rat、salmo salar And sparrows were included for the first time.The British government's wildlife conservation program is called《Biodiversity Action Plan》, which includes the list of mammals, birds, insects, invertebrates, fish, marine organisms and fungi that need to be protected.In September 2006, 550 hedgehogs were sent toBuckinghamshireThe wildlife hospital near Elzbury, the capital, is under supervision.
Mineral resources
Britain's main mineral resources include coal, iron, oil and natural gas.The total reserves of hard coal are 170 billion tons.The reserve of iron is about 3.8 billion tons.southwestCornwall PeninsulaThere are tin ores.stayCheshireAnd DarhamHalite。Staffordshire has good clay.The Cornwall Peninsula produces white clay.Penning MountainsExploitable on the east slopedolomite。LancashireThere arequartzMines.The oil reserves on the continental shelf of the North Sea in the United Kingdom are about 1 billion to 4 billion tons.The natural gas reserves are about 860-2585 billion cubic meters.[2]
administrative division
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Zoning
Britain is divided into four parts: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.England is divided into nine regions, governing London, 56 single administrative region governments, 201 non metropolitan regions and 36 metropolitan region governments.Scotland has 32 districts, Wales 22 districts and Northern Ireland 11 local cities and counties.The central government is responsible for foreign affairs, national defense, national security, overall economic and monetary policy, employment policy, social security, etc. The Scottish and Welsh parliaments and their executive bodies are responsible for local affairs.[1]
The 45 counties in the history of England were abolished in 1974 and changed into 6 metropolitan counties and 39 non metropolitan counties (Greater London is a separate administrative unit)
capital of BritainLondonLocated on the plains in southeast Englandthe Thames, 88km from the Thames River estuary.As early as 3000 years ago, London was the place where British people lived.In 54 BC,Imperium RomanumintrusionGreat BritainIn 43 BC, London wasRomanAnd built the first wooden bridge across the Thames River.At that time, London was called "Lundinum".With the UKcapitalismThe rise of London, the scale of rapid expansion.In 1500 AD, the population of London was only 50000. In 1600, the population increased to 200000, and in 1700, it increased to 700000. In the 18th and 19th centuries, London has become the largest financial and trade center in the world.In 1900, the population of London increased to 2 million.In the 1960s, the population of London reached more than 8 million. In 2001, the population of London was 7.188 million.In 2011, the population of London was 8.2 million.In 2022, the population of London will be 8.83 million.The hottest month is July, and the temperature is usually 16-24 ℃;The coldest month is January, and the temperature is usually 5-9 ℃.[1]
National symbol
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Country name
Commonwealth Flag
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the main body of which is England, is customarily called Britain (Britain was originally the abbreviation of the Kingdom of England)England、Scotland、WelshandNorthern IrelandThe United Kingdom, the British Empire (later renamedCommonwealth）CallThe sun never sets。The three British islands refer to England, Scotland and Wales. Since Northern Ireland is located inIreland, many other islands are too small, so they are not included.
British flag(English: Union Jack) It is a horizontal rectangle with a ratio of length to width of 2:1. It is called "meter flag", which is composed of dark blue background and red and white "meter" characters.The red positive cross with white border in the flag represents the patron saint of Englandst. george 's, the white cross represents the patron saint of ScotlandSt Andrew, the red cross represents the patron saint of IrelandSaint Patrick。This flag was born in 1801. It is made up of the original England's white and red cross flag, Scotland's blue and white cross flag and Northern Ireland's white and red cross flag, forming a "meter" character.The Welsh flag has not been integrated into the British flag. The Welsh flag has a half green and half white bottom and a red dragon.
national emblem
national emblem
national emblem The emblem of the King of England.The central design is a coat of arms. The upper left corner and lower right corner of the shield are three golden lions on a red background, symbolizing England;The upper right corner is a red lion standing on the top of the gold bottom, symbolizing Scotland;The lower left corner is a golden harp on a blue background, symbolizingNorthern Ireland。The coat of arms is supported on both sides by a lion with a crown representing England and a unicorn representing Scotland.The coat of arms is surrounded byGarde Medal, wrote an aphorism in French, which means "those with evil thoughts are shameful";The lower hanging sash reads "God, I have rights".The top of the coat of arms is a gold and silver helmet inlaid with jewels, an imperial crown and a lion wearing a crown.
national anthem
《God bless the Queen》(God Save The Queen), usually only sing the first paragraph.If the reigning male monarch, the national anthem will be changed to "God Save The King".《God bless the king》It is the national anthem and royal anthem of the Commonwealth countries.The lyricist is unknown, and the composer is Henry Calle.
Main idea of lyrics: God bless the Queen, wish her a long life, God bless the Queen.Always win, bathe in glory;The popularity of the people is high and the heart is happy;Governing the country, Wang Yunchang;God bless the Queen!
Guoshi
Diamonds
DiamondsIt has always been regarded as the crown of gems by British people who stress demeanor and temperament.Among all gemstones, diamonds have the highest hardness, so British men like to use diamonds to represent their firmness and boldness;Women are willing to use diamonds to describe their holiness and nobility.The British have long regarded diamonds as the love between men and women. This custom was soon adopted by the Western world and spread to the East.With the expansion of Britain, the colonists did not forget to own diamonds from all over the world. Britain has the world's most rare and precious diamonds.[13]
national flower
rose
rose。stayRose WarIn Chinese, the red rose represented Lancaster royal family and the white rose represented York royal family.The power of the York royal family collapsed after being defeated by the Lancaster royal family, but the two sides reconciled through marriage after the war, so the representatives of the two royal families, the two roses, became the red rose of Bai Rui.As a result, the white and red roses became the symbol of England and gradually became the symbol of England.
The Convening of the British Parliament -- The Establishment of the Modern Regime
The British regime isParliamentary systemOfConstitutional monarchy。The king isHead of State, the Supreme Justice, the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces andAnglican ChurchThe "supreme leader" of the British Anglican Church has the formal right to appoint and remove the Prime Minister, ministers, senior judges, military officers, governors of all territories, diplomats, bishops and senior clergy of the Anglican Church, and has the power to convene, stop, dissolve parliament, approve laws, declare war and other powers, but the real power lies incabinet。The Parliament is the highest judicial and legislative body, composed of the King, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
constitution
Houses of Parliament
British ConstitutionIt is composed of written law, customary law and practice, rather than a single independent document.It mainly includes the Magna Carta (1215), the Personal Protection Act (1679), the Bill of Rights (1689), the Parliamentary Act (1911, 1949), and the electoral law, municipal autonomy law, county council law, etc.The system of government is constitutional monarchy.The monarch is the "supreme leader" of the head of state, the supreme sheriff, the commander in chief of the armed forces and the Anglican Church of England. In form, he has the power to appoint or remove the prime minister, ministers, senior judges, officers, governors, diplomats, bishops and senior clergy of the Anglican Church of England, and has the power to call, stop and dissolve parliament, approve laws, declare war and make peace,But the real power lies in the cabinet.[1]
government
The cabinet system is implemented.The monarch appoints the party leader who holds the majority of seats in the parliament as the Prime Minister, forms a cabinet and is responsible to the parliament.The main members of the current cabinet are:
Rishi Sunak, Prime Minister and Chief Financial Secretary, Civil Secretary, Oliver Dowden, Deputy Prime Minister and Secretary of the Duchy of Lancaster, Jeremy Hunt, Secretary of the Treasury, David Cameron, Secretary of Foreign Affairs and Development, James Cleverly, Secretary of the Interior,Grant Shapps, Secretary of Defense, Alex Chalk, Secretary of Justice, Michelle Donelan, Secretary of Science, Innovation and Technology, Michael Gove, Secretary of Regional Balanced Development, Housing and Community Affairs, Victoria Atkins, Secretary of Health and Social Welfare,Penny Mordaunt, Privy Council minister and leader of the lower house of parliament, Lord True, minister of the seal and leader of the upper house of parliament, Kemi Badenoch, minister of commerce and trade and minister of state for women and equality affairs, Claire Coutinho, minister of energy security and net zero emissionsSteve Barclay, Secretary of State for Food and Rural Affairs, Mel Stride, Secretary of State for Employment and Pensions, Gillian Keegan, Secretary of State for Education, Mark Harper, Secretary of State for Transport, Lucy Frazer, Minister of Culture, Media and Sports, and Richard Holden, Minister of Ministry,Chris Heaton Harris, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Alister Jack, Secretary of State for Scottish Affairs, and David Davies, Secretary of State for Wales.[57]
Scottish and Welsh councils and governments
British Palace Buckingham Palace
In May 1999, Scotland and Wales elected local councils with 129 and 60 seats respectively.On July 1, the two parliaments and governments officially came into operation.The Scottish Parliament has certain legislative and executive powers in local government affairs, justice, health, education, economic development and other aspects, as well as partial taxation power, which can float the basic tax rate of income tax by 3%.With the authorization of the British Central Government, Scotland held a referendum on whether to achieve independence from the UK on September 18, 2014.The results showed that 55% of the people opposed independence and 45% supported it. The referendum was not passed.The current Chief Minister of ScotlandHumuza Yusuf（Humza Yousaf）。
The Welsh Assembly has decision-making power mainly on employment, health, education and environment, but has no power to adjust tax rates.The current Chief Minister of Wales Vaughan Gething.[57]
Northern Ireland Self Government
On April 10, 1998, the British and Irish governments and the parties to the conflict in Northern Ireland signed a peace agreement. The British transferred the management of local affairs to Northern Ireland, and Ireland gave up its claim to the territory of Northern Ireland. After that, the local council of Northern Ireland was elected, and a multi-party autonomous government of Northern Ireland was elected to exercise its legislative and administrative powers except for national defense, foreign affairs and taxation.The British government was forced to suspend the operation of the Northern Ireland government for four times due to the dispute over disarming and other issues between the various factions in Northern Ireland.After many twists and turns, on July 28, 2005, the IRA issued a statement declaring that it would abandon armed struggle and no longer engage in any non peaceful activities.Subsequently, the British government demolished some military facilities in Northern Ireland and withdrew troops in stages.On March 9, 2007, Northern Ireland held local council elections, and the Democratic Unity Party and Sinn Fein Party obtained more than half of the total votes.On May 8, all parties in Northern Ireland reached a compromise on power distribution through hard negotiations, and the Northern Ireland local coalition government announced the restart.In February 2010, the Democratic Unity Party and Sinn Fein Party reached an agreement on the transfer of police and judicial power in Northern Ireland. The police and judicial power in Northern Ireland was transferred from the British Parliament to the local parliament in Northern Ireland.In September 2015, the coalition government faced a crisis caused by the assassination of former members of the Irish Republican Army. Peter Robinson, the chief minister of the local government of Northern Ireland, led many ministers to resign.In December, Arlene Foster was elected the new party leader of the Democratic Unity Party and served as the chief minister of the local government of Northern Ireland, while Martin McGuinness of Sinn Fein Party served as the deputy chief minister.In January 2017, McGinnis announced his resignation to protest the "renewable thermal energy incentive project" pushed by Foster.According to the relevant arrangements of the 1998 Peace Agreement, after the resignation of the Deputy Chief Minister, the Chief Minister could not fully perform his duties alone, and the Northern Ireland Government could not function normally.In March, Northern Ireland held parliamentary elections in advance.Northern Ireland's two major political parties, the Democratic Unity Party and Sinn Fein Party, took the lead.Among the 90 members elected, the Democratic Unity Party accounted for 28 members and Sinn Fein Party 27 members, less than half of them.In January 2020, the Democratic Unity Party and Sinn Fein Party reached an agreement on the joint formation of a cabinet. Alena Foster continued to be the chief minister, and Michelle O'Neil, the deputy leader of Sinn Fein Party, became the deputy chief minister. The local government of Northern Ireland resumed operation.In May 2021, Forster resigned as the leader of the Democratic Unity Party due to opposition within the party, and resigned as the chief minister at the end of June, taking over by Paul Givan.In February 2022, Jiwan resigned as Chief Minister because of his opposition to the Northern Ireland Protocol, and the local government of Northern Ireland was suspended.In May, Sinn Fein won 29.0% of the votes and 27 seats in the Northern Ireland parliamentary elections, ranking first in the Northern Ireland parliament.In May 2023, Sinn Fein won 144 of the 462 seats of 11 local councils in the local elections in Northern Ireland, maintaining its position as the largest party in Northern Ireland.In February 2024, Michelle O'Neil, the deputy leader of Sinn Fein Party, will be the chief minister, Emma Little Pengelly, a member of the Democratic Unity Party, will be the deputy chief minister, and the local government of Northern Ireland will resume operation.[1][57]
parliament
The highest legislative body consists of the monarch, the upper house (the House of Lords) and the lower house (the House of Commons).Members of the House of Lords include royal descendants, hereditary nobles, lifelong nobles, church archbishops and bishops.In November 1999, the reform bill of the House of Lords was passed. In addition to 92 people remaining in office, more than 600 hereditary nobles lost their qualification as members of the House of Lords. Non politically appointed members of the House of Lords were recommended by a special royal committee.In July 2006, the Speaker of the House of Lords was elected for the first time.There are 791 members of the House of Lords, and the current Speaker is Lord McFall.Members of the House of Commons are elected by universal suffrage, with a total of 650 members. The simple majority election system is adopted, and the term of office is five years. However, the government can propose an early election.The lower house of the current parliament was elected in December 2019. At present, there are 353 seats for the Conservative Party, 196 seats for the Labour Party, 44 seats for the Scottish National Party and 57 seats for other parties.The current Speaker isLindsay Hoyle （LindsayHoyle）。
judicial
There are three different legal systems: common law system in England and Wales, civil law system in Scotland, and similar legal system in Northern Ireland.The judiciary is divided into two systems: civil court and criminal court.In England and Wales, civil trial institutions are divided into county courts, the High Court, the Civil Division of the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court.The criminal trial institutions are divided into local courts, criminal courts, criminal divisions of the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court.The Supreme Court is the final appellate body for all civil cases in the UK, as well as for all criminal cases in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.The Scottish High Court is the final appellate body for all criminal cases in Scotland.
In 1986, the Crown Prosecution Service was established,CPS），Responsible for hearing all criminal proceedings filed by the police in England and Wales.The Attorney General and the Deputy Attorney General are the principal legal advisers of the British Government.The current Attorney General Victoria Prentis.[1]
party
The political party system has been an important part of British constitutionalism since the 18th century.At present, the main political parties are:
Current Party LeaderRichie Sunak, elected in October 2022.Its predecessor was the Tory Party founded in 1679, and its name was changed in 1833.He was in power for 18 consecutive years from 1979 to 1997.He has been in power since 2010.It advocates a free market economy, strict control of the money supply, reduction of public spending, reduction of inflation, restriction of trade union power, and strengthening the rule of law.2005CameronAfter assuming the leadership of the Party, he put forward compassionate conservatism and paid attention to social problems such as education, health care and poverty.Emphasize safeguarding British sovereignty and leading the completion of Brexit.
It was founded in 1900, formerly known as the Labor Representative Committee, and renamed in 1906.He was in power for 13 consecutive years from 1997 to 2010.The 2010 general election defeat has become the opposition party.Current Party LeaderKiel Stamer(Keir Starmer), elected in April 2020.He advocated maintaining stable macroeconomic growth and attaching importance to the construction of the social welfare system.Advocate active participation in international cooperation and maintain relatively close relations with Europe.
King Charles III : Head of State.Full name Charles Philip Arthur George Mountbatten Windsor, born in London on November 14, 1948Buckingham Palace, the late Queen of EnglandElizabeth IIAnd the Duke of Edinburghprince philip The eldest son of.On September 8, 2022, Queen Elizabeth II will inherit the throne after her death, and will be called King Charles III.ex-wifeDiana Spencer (Diana Spencer, married in 1981, divorced in 1996 and died in 1997), with two sons and the eldest sonPrince WilliamHe is now the Crown Prince and has been granted the title of Prince of Wales.The current wife Camilla Parker Bowles (married in 2005) was crowned queen.
Richie Sunak: Prime Minister.Born in May 1980, graduated fromOxford。In 2015, he was elected as a member of the House of Commons of Parliament. In 2019, he was appointed as the Chief Minister of State of the Ministry of Finance, and in 2020, he was promoted to Minister of Finance.In October 2022, then Prime MinisterTrassAfter resigning, Su ran for and won the election of the head of the Conservative Party and took over as Prime Minister on October 25.[38]
election
British Prime Minister Sunak announced on May 22 local time that Britain would hold a general election on July 4.[61]
Economics
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overview
Britain is the sixth largest economy in the world and the second largest economy in Europe.Private enterprises are the main body of the British economy, accounting for more than 90% of GDP, services for more than 3/4 of GDP, and manufacturing for about 1/10 of GDP.In 2022, the GDP will be 2.2 trillion pounds, up 4% year on year.Influenced by inflation, labor shortage, Ukraine crisis and other factors, UK energy supply is tight and prices are rising.The inflation rate in November 2023 is 3.9%.The Bank of England has continuously raised interest rates since December 2021, and raised the benchmark interest rate to 5% in June 2023.The International Monetary Fund raised the UK's economic growth forecast to 0.5% in 2023.In January 2022, the National Security and Investment Act of the United Kingdom was officially implemented, authorizing the government to review and intervene in foreign investment that endangers national security.
On February 15, 2024, the British National Bureau of Statistics released data showing that the British economy fell 0.3% month on month in the fourth quarter of last year.In view of the fact that the British economy fell 0.1% month on month in the third quarter of last year, and the economy shrank for two consecutive quarters, the British economy has fallen into a technical recession.[51]
Industry
Britain's main industries include: mining, metallurgy, chemical industryMechanics, ElectronicElectronic instrument, automobile, aviation, food, beverage, tobacco, textile, paper making, printing, publishing, architecture, etc.The manufacturing industry of medicine, electronic and optical equipment, artificial fiber and chemical products is strong.Biomedicine, aviation, national defense and other fields are the focus of British industrial research and development, and also the most innovative and competitive industries.[1]
Service industry
The service industry, which includes finance and insurance, retail, tourism and commercial services, is the pillar industry of the British economy, and its output value accounts for about three quarters of GDP.London is a world famous financial center with a modern financial service system, engaged in cross-border bank lending, international bond issuance, fund investment and other businesses. It is also the world's largest foreign exchange trading market, insurance market, gold spot trading market, derivatives trading market and the world's third largest insurance market, important ship loan market and non precious metal trading center,It has the largest number of branches or offices of foreign banks.[1]
tourism
The UK's tourism income ranks fifth in the world, with about 3.3 million employees, accounting for 10% of the employed population.Affected by the epidemic, the total number of tourists to the UK will be about 6.4 million in 2021.In 2022, the total number of tourists from all countries to the UK will be about 31.2 million.The main tourist areas include London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Brighton, Oxford and Cambridge.The main tourist attractions include opera houses, museums, art galleries, ancient buildings, theme parks and shops.[1]
Agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery
Yingnong, animal husbandry and fishery mainly include animal husbandry, food, horticulture and fishery, which can meet nearly 2/3 of the total domestic food demand.Agriculture accounts for less than 1% of Britain's GDP, with about 450000 employees, less than 2% of the total employment, lower than other major industrial countries.Agricultural land accounts for 70% of the land area, most of which are pastures and pastures, only 1/4 of which are used for farming.The agricultural population owns 70 hectares of land per capita.Britain is one of the largest fishing countries in Europe.[1]
Finance
The UK is the largest net exporter of financial services, with more than 40% of its exports to the EU.[21]The new financial year starts on April 6 every year.Government budget expenditure includes public expenditure (central and local government expenditure), payment of debt interest and financial adjustment.The fiscal budget revenue includes direct tax, indirect tax and national insurance tax revenue.
London is a world famous financial center with a modern financial service system, engaged in cross-border bank lending, international bond issuance, fund investment and other businesses. It is also the world's largest foreign exchange trading market, the largest spot gold trading market, the largest derivatives trading market, the world's third largest insurance market, an important ship loan market and a non precious metal trading center,It has the largest number of branches or offices of foreign banks.There are nearly 400000 practitioners in the City of London, and more than 550 multinational banks and 170 international securities companies have set up branches or offices in London.[1]
The UK (2015) submitted to China on March 12 to join as an intended founding memberAsian Infrastructure Investment Bank(hereinafter referred to as the AIIB), formally applying to join the AIIB.The Ministry of Finance (China) said that the UK is expected to become an intended founding member next month (April 2015).At the time when the US and Japan "cold rejected" the AIIB, the UK's participation gave the institution more international financial institution colors.
Britain will become the 28th member state.
outbound investment
A major international capital exporter.In the first half of the 1980s, foreign investment was on a par with that of the United States and Japan. In the early 1990s, due to the economic recession, it fell sharply, and then gradually resumed its growth.In 2021, the amount of British foreign investment will be 61.7 billion pounds, a year-on-year decrease of 21.23%.
attract investment
The British government encourages attracting foreign capital.In 2021, the UK will attract 28 billion US dollars of foreign direct investment.Foreign investment projects in the UK mainly include computer software, information technology, Internet, e-commerce, electronics and communications, medicine and biotechnology, management industry, automobile, food and beverage, etc.Investment forms include acquisition, merger of existing enterprises, expansion of production scale, establishment of scientific research base or multinational companies.The United States is the largest investor in the UK, and China's investment in the UK is also growing.From 2011 to 2012, among the countries that invested in the UK, China jumped from the seventh place to the third, with an investment growth rate of 55%.In order to support the growth of this trend, the British government has set upUK Trade and Investment Agency(UK Trade&Investment) offices throughout China.The UK Trade and Investment Agency, formerly known as the UK General Administration of International Trade, was established by the UK government to provide all-round services to British companies engaged in trade and foreign companies investing in the UK. It changed its current name in October 2003.According to the latest statistical data in 2013,UKTI has 235 professional service teams and experts worldwide, and 1265 overseas staff.UK Trade Area Investment Office in BeijingBritish Embassy in ChinaThe British Consulates General in Shanghai, Guangzhou and Chongqing have offices that can provide a large number of professional free services for Chinese enterprises investing in the UK.[14]
foreign trade
pound
Pay attention to free trade, and the main trade partners are the European Union, the United States, China and Japan.In 2022, the total import and export of goods will be 1061.7 billion pounds, of which the export will be 415.9 billion pounds, a year-on-year increase of 28.5%, and the import will be 645.8 billion pounds, a year-on-year increase of 31.1%.[1][59]
foreign aid
According to the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, the UK has gradually changed its assistance to specific projects to direct assistance to national governments implementing poverty reduction strategies.In 2011, the UK stopped providing direct assistance to 16 countries, including Russia, China, Vietnam and Serbia, and concentrated its assistance on 27 least developed countries and regions, including Ethiopia, Bangladesh, Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Pakistan.In 2013, the UK became the first country in the Group of Seven to receive 0.7% of its gross national income in foreign aid.In 2022, British official development assistance will total 12.975 billion pounds, an increase of 1.373 billion pounds over 2021.In 2022, the amount of UK development assistance will account for 0.51% of national income.[1]
Culture
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language
Britain nominally does notOfficial languageIn fact, English is the main language.There are other official languages outside England, such asWelshAlso used in the northWelsh, which is still used in the northwest highlands of Scotland and parts of Northern IrelandGaelic。[1]People from all over the world who immigrate to Britain also speak their native languages, such asBengali, ChineseHindi、PunjabiandUrdu。Britain has the largest number of Hindi speakers outside India.[15]
Religion
In the UK, everyone enjoys religious freedom. Therefore, a variety of different religious beliefs have flourished in various central areas of the UK.There are two "official" churches in Britain: the Church of England (Anglican Church of England) and the Church of Scotland (Presbyterian Church). In addition, various religions and countless sects can find their own representatives in Britain.Most residents believe in ChristianityprotestantismIt is mainly divided into the Church of England (also known as the Anglican Church, whose members account for about 60% of British adults) and the Scottish Church (also known as the Presbyterian Church, with 590000 adult believers).have otherCatholicismandIslamism、hinduism、Sikhism、JudaismAnd Buddhism.
According to a survey conducted by the British Humanistic Association in 2011, two thirds of Britons do not consider themselves religious.
According to the United Kingdom《The Guardian》On September 4, 2017, it was reported that a survey showed that the number of young believers in the Anglican Church was declining significantly, and only 15% of British adults thought they were Anglicans,53% of adults have no religious beliefsAnd set a new record.[20]
Sports
rugby
In 1895, some football clubs in the north of England decided to turn their players to professional players, so there was a combination of football andUnion FootballA situation of confrontation.English clubs have achieved good results in the Heineken Cup, also known as the European Cup.The competition between the English Rugby Classic and the Celtic League is fierce, so the tickets are sold out every week.Six Nations Championship of Royal Bank of Scotland is held from January to February every year.The Rugby World Cup, which is held every four years, is the biggest event in rugby. The championship in 2007 was won by the South African team.
Football
Britain isModern FootballThe birthplace of, major football events areEnglish Premier League、Scottish Premier League Etc.In 1848, the first written rule of modern football, the Cambridge Rules, was born.On December 1, 1863, a gangUniversity of CambridgeThe aristocratic vote of the 19th century finally led to the birth of modern football rules, and modern football then originated on the lawn of Cambridge University.Football is called football in British English and soccer in American English. It is one of the most popular recreational activities of British people.There are many football clubs in England with a history of more than 100 years.
Cricket
Cricketalso calledWooden ball, known as "the game of gentlemen", is a group sport in which 11 people from each team attack and defend alternately.Its modern form originated in Britain and prevailed in BritainAustralia、New Zealand, IndiaSri LankaEtc.The cricket season is mainly in spring and summer, just complementing football matches in autumn and winter.The origin of cricket can be traced back to the beginning of the 13th century. In the 18th century, cricket had the earliest competition rules and gradually became one of the main forms of men's sports.The game lasts for a long time. A cricket test match lasts for 6 hours or more every day and lasts for 5 days, with lunch and tea breaks in between.Cricket has a wide range of terms and very complex rules, which makes cricket laymen deeply troubled, but for fans, the game is full of passion and fun.
Movies
British film works include007Series《British patients》、《Four weddings and a funeral》、《Harry Potter》And《Tomb Raider》Etc.Every year, more than 90 films are produced in the UK, with a net output value of 800 million pounds.The continuous prosperity of film production projects at home and abroad depends on the excellent technology possessed by the UK.The stimulus of funds and taxes has attracted many domestic and foreign film producers to make films in the UK.Industry experts attribute the success of the British film industry to the following points: there are many talented actors;Skilled and professional technicians and production team;Top film studios, post production, visual effects and audio equipment;And it is easy to get permission to shoot on many occasions.[16]British films are well known for the Harry Potter series.British films in 2013 include《Twelve years in slavery》And《Gravity》And other works.[13]
festival
Windsor Castle Windsor Legoland
Major local holidays include New Year's Day (January 1 each year)Good Friday(Good Friday, the day from the end of March to the end of April every year)Easter(Easter, the day from the end of March to the end of April each year), Spring Bank Festival (the day at the beginning of May each year), Summer Bank Festival (the day at the end of August each year), Christmas (Christmas, mostly December 25, if it is Saturday or Sunday, it will be postponed to the next Monday) andBoxing Day(Boxing Day, the first day after Christmas, but if it is Saturday or Sunday, it will be postponed to the next Monday).[36]
Science Week began in 1994 and is held in March every year.
On New Year's Eve in England, people often take cakes and wine to visit. They don't knock at the door, they go straight into the homes of relatives and friends.The "New Year's Eve Ball" is another celebration.
Working five days a week, Saturday and Sunday are public holidays.[36]
delicious food
The British generally prefer the following cooking methods: stewing, barbecue, frying and deep frying.There are unique ways to cook meat, seafood and game;Have a special preference for beef, such as roast beef, which is not only accompanied with seasonal vegetables and baked potatoes, but also with a little mustard on the steak;In the use of condiments, he likes cream and wine;Like spicesnutmeg、cinnamonAnd other fresh spices.
British people are very particular about breakfast. British restaurants offer a wide variety of meals, including fruit juice, fruit, eggs, meat, porridge, bread, jam and coffee.Current popularafternoon tea(High tea) also comes from the UK. Its famous style is Victorian style, which includes all kinds of snacks, muffins, fruit tarts and sandwiches.Dinner is also the most important part of daily life for British people. They usually choose a late meal time and chat while eating and drinking to promote the friendship between diners. A dinner may take several hours for them.
roast beef
Yorkshire pudding
This is a masterpiece of British cuisine. It is made by putting large pieces of oily raw beef into the oven and baking it. Like frying beef steak, when ordering this dish, the waiter will ask whether you like it raw or cooked.The prepared beef can be dipped in western mustard sauce as an auxiliary dishYorkshire puddingIt is also famous.
Fried fish and chips
This is the British "McDonald's", which is a cheap and convenient food.Fried fish is mostlya soleorCodfish, with French fries dipped in salt or vinegar (many British people use both), very popular with ordinary people.
Victoria sponge cake
Victoria sponge cake
British society has a famous tradition - afternoon tea party.Victoria sponge cakeIt is a classic necessity for English afternoon tea, becauseQueen VictoriaI like the way to eat sponge cake (one layer of cream and one layer of jam).
Bitter beer
Bitter beer is the most representative beer in Britain, which originated in the 18th century. At first, it was used as a substitute for traditional British malt liquor. The biggest feature is that the alcohol content is low, and it can be fermented in only a few days when it is supplied at the cellar temperature.In the 20th century, in order to enjoy greater discounts, many bars became franchised stores for specific wineries' products.With its rapid production cycle, Bitter Beer has undoubtedly become a magic prescription for brewery operators to improve beer supply efficiency.
Eton mess
Eton mess It is a dessert refined from strawberries, cream and meringue. It originated from the noble school in WindsorEton College 。It is said that in 1796, Eton and Winchester, an old rivalCricketThe game came across a narrow road, and Eaton Max, a dessert, appeared on the table of the game at that time.Another version is in 1920, on the campus open day of Eton Public SchoolThe Labrador RetrieverSitting on the owner's picnic blanket, he flattened the owner's strawberry cream protein cake and created Eaton Mace.Eaton Macs has become synonymous with English summer.
military
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national defense
Queen Elizabeth and Prince of Wales aircraft carrier formation
Ye Jianjun in the middle of the 17th century.The monarch is the nominal supreme commander of the British army.The highest military decision-making body is the "National Defense and Overseas Policy Committee", with the Prime Minister as the chairman and the ministers of defense, foreign affairs, home affairs and finance as members;When necessary, the Chiefs of the National Defense Staff and the Chiefs of Staff of the armed forces attend the meeting as nonvoting delegates.The Ministry of National Defense is the executive body of national defense, which is both the administrative department of the government and the highest military command.Britain isNATOThe founding and major member states of the Group are also one of the five major nuclear powers and have independent nuclear forces.
The core of Britain's national strategy is to actively participate in world affairs and maintain Britain's international status;Rely on and rely on NATO's collective defense forces to safeguard the security of Europe and Britain, and expand Britain's influence in Europe;Actively strengthen cooperation withCommonwealth countriesTo protect its extensive overseas interests.
On June 25, 2018, France, Germany, the United Kingdom and other nine EU defense ministersLuxembourgSignature“European Intervention Initiative”The letter of intent promised to form a European joint military intervention force.[17]
Britain is the founder and major member of the NATO Group. It has nuclear forces and takes NATO collective security as the basis of British security.The number of British troops is 183100, including 138100 regular troops in active service, 4060 mercenaries, and 32500 volunteers in the reserve, of which 75000 are in the army, 31900 are in the navy, and 31000 are in the air force (January 2024).The British military industry is developed, and some of its weapons, equipment and technology are among the world's advanced.In July 2016, the British Parliament passed a bill to spend 40 billion pounds to update four Trident ballistic missile nuclear submarines.In December 2017, the Navy's "Queen Elizabeth" aircraft carrier officially entered service.The UK is a major arms exporter in the world. Its main export categories include military aircraft, tactical missiles, combat ships and military electronic equipment.[1][57]
Royal NavyIt is composed of surface warships, naval aviation, marines and submarines, and has four fleets.It has 121 surface ships.On July 4, 2014, Queen Elizabeth, the largest active aircraft carrier in British naval history, was officially launched.[18]
British ArmyThey are often deployed overseas to participate in relevant operations of ground combat forces, multinational coalition forces, or United Nations peacekeeping forces.
RAFFounded on April 1, 1918, it has played an important role in British military history since thenthe Second World WarandIraq WarWait for the conflict to play an important role.The British Air Force has more than 450 aircraft and 200000 standing troops.
Military expenditure
Britain has the third largest military expenditure in the world.2010—2011fiscal yearThe defense budget of the Ministry of Defense is about 36.9 billion pounds (about 59 billion dollars). The government estimates that the Ministry of Defense will face a budget deficit of 38 billion pounds (60.8 billion dollars) in the next 10 years.
Arms
land force:British Army40 battalions, and the total number of personnel remains at 117000.The army is quick in deployment, flexible in action, and strong in combat effectiveness and resilience.
Air Force: Britain has about 300 tornado type air superiority fighters, 50 Jaguar ground attack aircraft, 60 Falcon type vertical takeoff and landing aircraft, 150 Falcon type attack aircraft, and 40 Falcon type vertical takeoff and landing aircraft for the British Navy, with a total of more than 600. Britain will introduce about 250 "European Joint Fighters" EFAs jointly developed with Germany and Spain.
Navy: with aircraft carriers as the core, destroyers escorting, nuclear submarines or submarines, it is called the Global Presence Navy (Ocean Navy) (the above data is the status in 2004).
military action
In March 2011, Britain, France and the United States joined forcesLibyaLaunch a military strike.In September 2014, the UK began to participate in the US led attackIraqDomestic“Islamic State”Military operations.In October, Britain ended inAfghanistanMilitary operations.In December 2015, the British Parliament authorized British air strikesSyriaThe goal of "Islamic State" in China.
traffic
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survey
UK Transport
Britain has complete transportation infrastructure.Land, railway, waterway and air transportation are relatively developed.London has a well-developed subway network.In 1994, the British French undersea tunnel was completed, connecting the railway system between Britain and the European continent.CameronAfter the government came into power, it launched a plan to build a high-speed railway. The British government plans to invest 32 billion pounds to build a connection between London andBirminghamTo the high-speed rail network in Northern England, it is expected to start construction in 2017 and complete in 2026.[1][36]
The privatization was completed in 1997.At the beginning of the 21st century, the total length of British railways was 16600 kilometers.In 2006, the total passenger volume of railways was 46.497 billion person kilometers;The total freight volume is 22.1 billion ton kilometers.The national railway and London Metro respectively bear 49% and 44% of the railway system transport volume, and the rest is borne by light rail.
Britain has developed rail transit. According to the 2020 data released by the British government, the total railway mileage is 15900 km, with 2567 stations, 6049 km of electrified railway lines, and the electrification rate is 38%.Considering that the epidemic factors lead to large fluctuations in traffic flow in 2020, using the data of fiscal year 2018/19 here, the UK has sent about 1.8 billion passengers, 17.37 billion ton kilometers of railway cargo turnover, and 47.59 million ton kilometers of daily average.adoptChannel TunnelThe British railway system is interconnected with the railway systems of European countries.
Only three cities in Britain have subways. London is the first city in the world to have subways. The underground transportation network is highly developed. Except London, onlyNewcastle(Newcastle) andGlasgow(Glasgow) These two cities have subways with short lines.Newcastle's subway system is limited to the city center, while Glasgow's subway system is a closed loop line built around the city center.
Measured by the high-speed train running at a speed of more than 250 km/h, the train running entirely in the UK cannot meet this standard. The railway line in the middle and east of the UK can reach a speed of 200 km/h, while the speed in the north and west is lower than this speed.The UK has an international high-speed railway line, namely the UK High Speed Rail Line 1 (HS1), which runs through the English Channel and connects the UK and the European mainland. The highest speed of Eurostar trains running on this line can reach 300 km/h.At present, the UK is building HS2 to connect London toBirmingham、ManchesterSuch as the central and northern cities, and the speed can reach 360 km/h.[36]
highway
British Highway
The total length of British roads is 397600 km.Expressways and Class A highways account for 65.4% of the highway transportation volume, and toll highways only account for 1% of the total mileage.There is no charge except for the M6 about 43km expressway in the north of Birmingham.In addition,Class A highway accounts for about 12% of the total mileage.Since the late 1980s, more than 60% of British goods have been transported by road.It is estimated that trucks picking up goods from the logistics center in the central area of the UK can deliver goods to any corner of the UK within 24 hours.[36]
By the end of June 2019, the total number of registered motor vehicles was 38.7 million, and 728000 new vehicles were added in the second quarter of 2019.[1]
water transport
British water transport
There are many ports in Britain, including 100 important commercial ports, 52 ports with an annual throughput of more than 1 million tons, and the ports with an annual throughput of 10 million tons include:Grimsby—BirminghamLondon, Tees Hartpur, Flowserve, Milford HavenSouthampton, Luvip, Salenwar, Felix StoweDover Etc.Shipping is responsible for 95% of foreign trade transportation from most British ports to major European seaports such asAmsterdam、Brussels、Paris、hamburgerThe goods can arrive in one dayMarseille、FrankfurtandMilanWe can arrive in two days.According to the 2020 Maritime Transport Review issued by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development,Dwt).Among European countries, the UK ranks behind Greece, Germany and Norway.There are 3200 kilometers of inland navigation, 620 kilometers of which are used for freight transportation.the ThamesIs the busiest inland canal, followed byFlowserve River。In 2018, the throughput of UK ports was 483 million tons, of which 54% were goods between the UK and the EU.[36]
air transport
British Air Transport
All British airlines and most airports are private enterprises.In 2007, there were more than 50 airlines with 952 aircraft in service, carrying 24.1 million passengers, 314 billion kilometers of passenger traffic, and 54.181 billion tons of freight traffic.British Airways(British Airways) is one of the largest airlines in the world, with more than 300 aircraft, and its routes cover about 220 cities in more than 90 countries and regions.There are 449 airports in the UK, of which 35 have an annual passenger flow of more than 100000.The largest airport in Britain isLondon Heathrow AirportIt is also one of the largest and busiest airports in Europe and the world, with 80.9 million passengers in 2019;Gatwick Airport It is the second largest airport in the UK, with 46.6 million passengers in 2019.On December 11, 2015, the British government postponed the decision on whether to build a new runway at Heathrow Airport. The construction of the third runway will also connect Britain with 40 new destinations.But the assessment report said that the new runway should reduce the environment and noise.
Before the outbreak, Edinburgh, Manchester and London, three cities in the north, middle and south of the UK, all opened direct flights with Chinese cities. Beijing can fly directly to Edinburgh, Manchester and London;London can fly directly to Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Changsha, Qingdao, Xi'an and other cities.Flights from Beijing, Shanghai and other places in China to London will land at Heathrow Airport, and the flight time is about 11-13 hours.[36]
Sociology
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science and technology
The UK is one of the important R&D bases for high-tech and high value-added industries in the world. With 1% of the world's population, the UK is engaged in 5% of the world's scientific research.The scientific research strength is strong and covers a wide range of fields.The published academic papers account for 9% of the global total, and the citation volume is 15.2%.The number of people who have won important international awards accounts for about 10% of the total. So far, more than 130 people have wonNobel Prize in ScienceItem.It has strong competitiveness in biopharmaceuticals, aviation, automobile engines and national defense industry.[36]
The central and local governments are respectively responsible for higher education and compulsory education.England, Wales and Scotland have a compulsory education system of 5 to 16 years old, while Northern Ireland has a compulsory education system of 4 to 16 years old.The national illiteracy rate is about 1%.Public primary and secondary schools are free, and students account for more than 90% of the total number;Private schools charge fees, and students account for about 7% of the total.About 40% of secondary school graduates receive higher education.
The scientific research strength is strong and covers a wide range of fields.The published academic papers account for 9% of the global total, and the citation volume is 13.4%.The number of people who have won important international awards accounts for about 10% of the total. So far, more than 130 people have won the Nobel Prize in Science.[1]
medical care
British National Health Service（NHS）In 1948the labor partyThe government was founded and has continued to provide free medical services for the whole people.
according toworld health organizationAccording to statistics, the total expenditure on health care in Britain accounted for 9.4% of GDP in 2011. According to PPP, the per capita expenditure on health care was 3364 dollars.From 2006 to 2013, there were 28 doctors, 89 nurses and midwives, 6 dentists and 7 pharmacists per 10000 people on average;From 2006 to 2012, there were 29 hospital beds per 10000 people on average.
The NHS provides free medical services for all.The NHS operates independently in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, but the main framework remains the same.In 2019, the average life expectancy in England was 79.9 years for men and 83.6 years for women.[36]
news media
The British press and publishing industry is developed. At present, there are more than 1300 newspapers, 8500 weekly magazines and magazines in the country, including 11 national daily newspapers and 11 newspapers issued every Sunday.Major newspapers and magazines include The Times, The Financial Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, The Independent, The Observer, The Sunday Times and The Economist.The Internet penetration rate is high.
There are mainly three news agencies: (1) Reuters: Founded in 1851, it is a collective joint venture and one of the world's important news agencies. Headquartered in London, it has more than 190 branches in 130 countries, with more than 25000 editors, journalists, photographers and various staff.(2) News Association: founded in 1868 by PA NewsPA SportsPA Search and PA Data Design are jointly operated by four companies to provide public relations and investment information for enterprises in the UK and Canada.(3) AFX News Co., Ltd.: jointly operated by Agence France Presse and the Financial Times, it provides information and services to the financial and business communities in Europe, and sets up branches in many European countries, the United States and Japan, with its headquarters in London.
There are five television stations in the UK that cover the whole country through terrestrial transmission, namely the BBC, ITV, Channel 4, FIVE and S4C, which is dedicated to Wales and uses Welsh.In addition, there are satellite TV and cable TV, such as Sky TV.
Founded in 1922, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is now one of the world's major media. It has more than 10 traditional and online radio stations, more than 10 traditional and digital interactive television channels, and broadcasts programs to countries around the world in more than 40 languages.[1]
International Relations
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foreign policy
UK isPermanent members of the United Nations Security Council, one of the world's several nuclear powersNATO、Commonwealth、Western European UnionAnd other important member states of 120 international organizations.He advocated strengthening relations with the United States and realizing common interests.We should attach importance to developing relations with other major countries and strive to improve relations with China, Russia, India and other major countries.Efforts should be made to maintain traditional ties with the Commonwealth countries, maintain and expanddeveloping countryImpact.Actively participate in global affairs, maintain a strong national defense force, and emphasizefree trade。Strengthen international cooperation on environmental protection, human rights, sustainable development and other issues.Taking human rights issues as itsforeign policyThe core of.
external relations
Relations with Europe
In January 1960, for confrontationEuropean Community, UK andAustria、Denmark、Norway、Portugal、Switzerland、SwedenThe six countries formally signed the European Free Trade Association Treaty.Due to the uneven economic level of member countries and loose intergovernmental cooperation, it is difficult for the Union to compete with the European Community.In 1961 and 1967, the United Kingdom applied to join the European Community twice, but was not approved.At the end of 1972, Britain withdrew from the Union.In 1973, Britain joined the European Community.However, the differences and differences between the UK and the European countries have not been truly resolved, and the UK's attitude towards the European Community is still full of uncertainty, laying a hidden danger for the subsequent outbreak of conflicts between the two sides.Outbreak in 2009European debt crisisIt has rewritten the external environment and internal pattern of Britain Europe relations, which not only makes Britain's suspicion of Europe grow rapidly, but also speeds up the pace of Britain's Brexit.[22]On June 23, 2016, the UK held a referendum, and 52% of the voters chose "Brexit".On January 31, 2020, the UK officially withdrew from the EU.[23]
Relations with the United States
U.S.AIt was a British colony before the founding of the People's Republic of ChinaAmerican Revolutionary WarBritain and the United States were at war;
During World War II, Britain and the United States formed an alliance. After World War II, both countries were members of NATONATOAlliances.[19]
Relations with Ireland
IrelandAnd the UK signed a landmark agreement on mutual exemption of short-term visas between the two countries on October 6, 2014, allowingChina、India、RussiaTourists and business personnel from non EU countries such as the EU can use one visa to travel through the two island countries without hindrance.
Relations with France
In November 2010, the British and French governments signed a military cooperation agreement, agreeing to create a joint force to shareAircraft carrierAnd jointly develop new nuclear test facilities.
In November 2022,Britain and France signed an agreement to expand cooperation to curbEnglish channelIllegal immigration.[41-42]
From October 19 to 23, 2015,Xi JinpingThe President made a speech to the UKstate visitThis is the first time that a Chinese president has paid a state visit to the UK in 10 years.[40]
Britain is China's third largest trading partner in Europe, the second largest investment destination and the third largest source of foreign capital. China is Britain's largest trading partner in Asia.In 2022, the bilateral trade volume between China and the UK will reach US $103.3 billion, including US $81.5 billion of China's exports to the UK and US $21.8 billion of imports from the UK.By the end of 2022, the two-way investment stock has reached US $51.02 billion, including US $29.17 billion invested by British enterprises in China and US $21.85 billion invested by Chinese enterprises in Britain.In 2023, the bilateral trade volume between China and the UK will be US $97.9 billion, including US $77.9 billion of China's exports to the UK and US $20 billion of imports from the UK.[58]
Chinese immigrants to Britain have a history of more than 200 years.At present, there are more than 700000 Chinese overseas Chinese in the UK, 70% of whom come fromHong KongMost of them are concentrated in London and other major cities, with the Greater London area accounting for about one-third of the total.
Since 2012, China and the UK have established a high-level people to people and cultural exchange mechanism. So far, five meetings have been held. The most recent meeting was held in London in December 2017.The two countries have signed intergovernmental agreements on scientific and technological cooperation and more than 20 counterpart agreements or memorandums on scientific and technological cooperation.In November 2018, the 9th meeting of the China UK Joint Committee on Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation was held in the UK.
The cultural exchanges between the two countries are active.During the 2015 China UK Cultural Exchange Year, the two sides successively held the "British Culture Season" with the theme of "New Generation" and the "Chinese Culture Season" with the theme of "Creative China" in the other country.In 2016, the two sides held a series of commemorative activities to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the death of Tang Xianzu and Shakespeare.In February 2018, the "Qin Shihuang and the Terracotta Warriors" exhibition was held at the National Museum in Liverpool, England.In 2019, China's National Peking Opera Theatre and others held theme performances in the UK for the 70th anniversary of the founding of New China.
The UK is one of the European countries that carried out educational cooperation and exchanges with China earlier and received the most Chinese students.In 2020, the UK will become the largest overseas destination for Chinese students.There are 30 Confucius Institutes and 164 Confucius Classrooms in the UK, ranking first among European countries.In April 2022, President Xi Jinping replied to the pupils of Francis Holland School in Britain on the issue of climate change.
In 2019, China's first stop was 771200 tourists to the UK, a record high.The number of British tourists to China is 608000.The UK has launched a number of visa facilitation measures in China.In January 2016, both parties announced that they would issue visas of corresponding categories valid for two years and with multiple entries to citizens of the other country who are engaged in business, tourism and other activities and meet the conditions.
The two countries have concluded 69 pairs of sister city (province, county and district) relations.China has three consulates general in the UK (Manchester, Edinburgh, Belfast), and the UK has five consulates general in China (Hong Kong, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chongqing, Wuhan).[57]
China and the UK have maintained good cooperation in health, climate change, sustainable development and other fields.During British Prime Minister Gordon Brown's visit to China in January 2008, the two sides decided to launch the China UK Health Innovation Partnership Action Plan and develop a cooperation plan for the 2012 Olympic Games, and signed the Joint Statement of the Chinese and British Governments on Climate Change and the Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation between the Chinese and British Governments on Sustainable Cities.In September 2010 and December 2013, the health departments of China and the UK signed two memorandums of understanding on health cooperation.In November 2010, the two sides renewed the Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation between the Chinese and British Governments on Sustainable Cities.In June 2014, the two countries issued《China UK Joint Statement on Climate Change》。[44]
Relations with Belarus
In April 2022,BelarusThe document published by the National Law Internet Portal said: "The list of countries that have taken unfriendly actions against legal entities and individuals in Belarus has been determined." The list includes the United Kingdom.[27]
Relations with India
In April 2022, British Prime MinisterJohnsonHe said that the UK and India agreed to establish a new defense and security partnership.[28]
Relations with Japan
On June 28, 2022Group of SevenDuring the G7 Summit, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson and Japanese Prime MinisterTakeo KishidaDuring the talks, it was confirmed that the UK would withdraw its targetFukushima Residual restriction measures for food.Johnson told Kishida that the UK Japan relationship is "getting stronger".[31]
Relations with South Korea
On November 22, 2023 local time, President of the Republic of KoreaYin XiyueAnd the British Prime MinisterRichie SunakSigned at the Prime Minister's Office at No. 10 Downing Street《Downing Street Agreement》(Downing Street Accord) to upgrade the bilateral relationship to a "global strategic partnership".[49]
Relations with Canada
On January 25, 2024 local time, the spokesman of Canada's Trade Minister said that, at the initiative of the British government, Canada and the United Kingdom suspended negotiations on a free trade agreement.[50]
Relations with Australia
On March 20, 2024, Australia and the United Kingdom signed a new defense and security cooperation agreement in Canberra.[53]
Relations with Kazakhstan
On April 24, 2024 local time,KazakhstanDeputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Nurtlieu and British Foreign Development Secretary Cameron signed a strategic partnership agreement in Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan.[56]
specialty
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Scotch Whisky
britainScotch Whiskyhave a long history,Scottish HighlandsThe special water quality and extremely strict brewing technology ofWhiskyIt is known as "liquid gold".
teddy bear
teddy bear
Teddy Bear has a round and plump body and limbs, and is fluffy and warmAngolaWool, simple materials and embroidery thread, simple and honest expression, and 100% manual sewing and stuffing operation.
silver
British silverware is very gorgeous, sophisticated and complex, which is popular with tourists from all over the world. In particular, there are many kinds of silver Christmas tableware, ranging from candlesticks to knives and forks to plates, in addition to beautiful ones. The production of such silverware is also a traditional British handicraft.
Leather products
British leather products have a long history, fromThe rudiments of capitalismFrom the small hand workshop in the period to the mechanized mass production in the early 21st century, the contemporary style has been formed through refinement and improvement of previous dynasties.British leather products always want to be stable and refinedgentlemanTemperament.
Weizhi live ceramic ware
The demand for British art ceramics is strong. The UK is an early European country producing ceramics, and ceramics are widely used in the UK.In addition to its own large export of ceramics, Britain also imports a large number of ceramics.Bone ChinaThe most famous porcelain in the UK and the world's top ten porcelain (bone china) are all in the UK, focusing on the durability of products.Weizhihuo porcelain has experienced different endurance tests, including the world record set in September 1988. Four Weizhihuo bone china coffee cups carry a truck weighing 50 tons, which shows its firmness.
Sherry
ShirleyIt is a transliteration of Sherry in English, and also translated into Xieli, Sherry, etc.This kind of wine is called Jirezi in Spain. Because the British people love it very much, it is called Sherry (meaning prince) in its similar English transliteration.Many countries in the world have imitated sherry.
English Tea
English Tea It has become an important drink for British people.In the past, aristocratic afternoon tea was always very particular. In a large manor house, it was always difficult to gather family members to drink black tea on time. So they waved exquisite bells and told their families with the sound of bells that it was time for afternoon tea.
A large number of castles and country mansions are the historical witness that British land and real estate have been owned by noble families for a long time.A large number of precious ancient buildings have been preserved intact, including those still used by peopleDuke of MarlboroughOfBlenheim Palace、Duke of DevonCzatsworth and Longlet House of the Marquis of Baththe tudors 、House of Hanover 、Windsor DynastyThe private manors and mansions built in other historical periods areBritish historyA typical representative of architecture.Many private manors and mansions scattered in towns and villages, as well as ancient city walls, towers, unique buildings and other monumental buildings, have been actively protected as Britain's historical heritage. The protected historical buildings also include the ancient mining towerindustrial revolutionThe mill and factory of the period, the iron bridge and other bridges built by Thomas Telford, the masterpiece of iron and steel construction - Fox Bridge, and the beautiful Clifton suspension bridge, etc.painterGao HezhiapplicationChinese ink paintingStowe Old Stone in Scotland reflects the fusion of Chinese landscape painting language in the face of exotic scenery.
gardens
In English, traditional gardens are calledGardenorPark。From the 14th and 15th centuries to the middle of the 19th century, the content and scope of western gardens have been greatly expanded. Garden design has expanded from the design of the main private gardens in history to the design of both parks and private gardens.The function of gardens is no longer just the extension of family life, but is to improve the urban environment and provide places for citizens to rest, communicate and enjoy.
The British National Trust and the Scottish National Trust take care of about 240 gardens in the UK and develop them for the public.The British Heritage Protection Organization is also the guardian of some of the most important scenic spots in Britain. The gardens under its care includeKentCharles Darwin's Garden in DownhouseEssexThe 18th century landscape garden of Audrey Manor designed by the versatile Brown, the Walmul Castle in Kent, and the Queen Mother Elizabeth garden designed by Bonnilop Hobkhos.In addition, there are also the south moat gardens designed by Isabel von Gronenegen for Eltham Palace in south LondonOsborne ManorThe flower and fruit garden with wall designed by Rupert Golby andIsle of WightQueen VictoriaFamily garden, etc.
The major cities in Britain, especially London, are famous for their beautiful and well protected parks.includeHyde Park、St. James ' ParkandGreen Park The Royal Gardens in London represent the highest level of European garden artGreater LondonEverywhere, you can see gardens with beautiful shapes and proper care for public entertainment and leisure use.The Royal Botanical Garden, located in Kew, southwest London, has collected a large number of existing and protected trees, seeds and plants. The Botanical Garden itself is an encyclopedia of the plant kingdom, and also becomes the scientific center of global botanical research.stayCornwall The Millennium Commission has provided a fund of 40 million pounds to transform an abandoned clay pit into a new and unique garden in the world, known as the Eden Project.
EnglandThere are 7national park，WelshThere are three national parks, each of which has a large area of natural beauty, most of which are privately owned.1688Glorious Revolution EstablishedConstitutional monarchyFrom the 1860s to the 1830s, it became the first one in the worldindustrial revolutionCountry of[2]The national strength has grown rapidly.From the 18th century to the early 20th century, the territory ruled by Britain crossed the globeSeven continents, the most powerful country and the largest colonial empire in the world at that timecolonyThe area is 111 times of the local area[3], known asThe sun never sets。TwiceWorld WarBoth China and Beijing have won the victory, but their national strength has been seriously damaged.By the second half of the 20th centuryBritish EmpireDisintegration, the hegemonic position of the capitalist world wasU.S.Areplace.However, Britain is still a great power with great influence in the world.[2]
according tobbc(BBC) reported on February 22, 2022,JohnsonAnnounced on the same day,Sanctions will be imposed on five Russian banks and three high net worth individuals.[26]
comprehensiveAFPandReutersIn London, it was announced on May 8, 2022 local time that Russia andBelarusImplement new sanctions, including imposing import tariffs on precious metals and imposing export bans.
The UK Department of International Trade issued a statement saying that the UK will improve itsRussiaandBelarusImportedplatinumandpalladiumThe import tariff of a series of products will be increased by 35 percentage points. At the same time, the export of chemicals, plastics, rubber, machinery and other goods with a total value of 250 million pounds to Russia will also be prohibited.
The UK said that the government would legislate for new sanctions in due course.
The report pointed out that the new sanctions of the United Kingdom made the total value of Russian products subject to comprehensive or partial import and export sanctions exceed 4 billion pounds.[30]
