In Ainu language, "Ainu" means "person".Many Ainu people want people to call them "Hutahu" (Japanese Roman Pinyin: Utari, meaning "partner" in Ainu).In the official literature, "Ainu" and "Utari" are both called.In JapanDaiwa familyThrough intermarriage and assimilation, the pure Ainu nationality basically disappeared.[1]The official estimate is that the population is about 25000, and the unofficial figure is more than 200000.
Many Chinese documents directly use the ones that once appeared in Japanese historyXiayi ManIt is controversial to call the Ainu people the same ethnic group (for example, the Investment Business Department of the Ministry of Economy).Historically, Ainu people also lived in northern Honshu, Japan.According to the survey conducted by the Hokkaido government in 1984HokkaidoThere are 24381 Ainu people.However, many Ainu people tend to hide their ethnic identity, or do not know their ethnic origin at all. Therefore, it is difficult to know the more accurate population of the existing Ainu people.Russian EmpireIn the 1897 census, 1446 people used Ainu as their mother tongue in the Russian Empire, and 1434 people on Sakhalin Island.
MongolianandEuropaThe mixed type of (white people) has dark skin and features typical of the European race.
stayAinuIn Chinese, "Ainu" means "person".Many Ainu people do not like the name "Ainu", but hope that people will call them "Douta" (Japanese Romantic Pinyin: Utari, sound "Utari", meaning "partner" in Ainu).In the official literature, both the names "Ainu" and "Utari" can be found.
In Ainu culture, the most typical are the Anistic faith, Ainu language and oral tradition.
The word "Ainu" means "person" in the language of the ethnic group.Paleolithic AgeIt was widely distributed inJapanese archipelago。In Kamchatka before the 18th century and in Kamchatka before the 20th centurySakhalin IslandSouthKuril IslandsIt was also distributed in the northern part of the state, and was forced to retreat to the residence.From the 17th to the 18th century, most of the Ainu were eliminated and the population gradually decreased, with only 24000 people (1980) remaining.belong toMongolianandEuropaMixed type.Stature ratioAnd familySlightly short, with light brown skin, wavy black hair, a European face, and well-developed body hair.Over the years, he has intermarried with the He ethnic group, and the descendants of pure blood have decreased year by year.useAinu, the pedigree is unknown.branchoral language, elegant language.Folktales and narrative poems that can be told in elegant language are now only passed down among the elderly.Generally, both young and middle-aged people speak Japanese.Believing in animism and polytheism, worshipping ancestors.Previously, grand“Bear sacrifice”And "trout sacrifice".Women were more than tattoos around the mouth, front wrist and back of hand.He has been engaged in fishing and hunting for a long time. In recent years, he has mostly switched to farming.In ancient times, clothes were made of bird feathers, animal skins and fish skins;It mainly eats birds, animals and fish.He is good at making and driving canoes.There is a unique wooden frame hut.Clothes, food, housing and transportation are no different from that of the He people.
National history
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Ainu people
Some people believe that their ancestors wereNeolithicIn the early period (about six or seven thousand years ago)Southeast AsiaMove to Japan.Some scholars believe that,Ainu The clansmen arearabMigrants, who controlled a large area of the Far East at a certain timeHonshu IslandAnd other islands.As some Japanese tribes gradually migrate to the north, their territory is shrinking.[1]
From the second half of the seventh century AD, the Ainu people were known as“the Ainu people”, meaning Yi Di, which is the name given to them by other Japanese nations and rulers[1]。About from A.Dfourteenth centurySince the middle period, it has gradually changed its name to Ainu people.The word "Ainu" means "person" in the language of the ethnic group.From A.Dsixteenth centurySome Ainu people have migrated to Sakhalin.In the 17th and 18th centuries, most of the Ainu were eliminated, leaving less than 20000 people, most of whom moved to liveHokkaido IslandThe sun height in the middle and northAsakawa, Kushiro and other places, a few of them moved to Sakhalin Island andKuril IslandsSome of them are scattered in some parts of the state.[1]
Historically, Japan has always tended to emphasize that its country is a "single nation". Ainu people are regarded as "barbarians" and are discriminated against and oppressed by Japan's dominant nation, the Daiwa.In 1899, the Japanese government promulgated the Hokkaido Old Man Protection Law, declaring that the Ainu people were the "branch" of the Daiwa nation, and forced them to move into the so-called "grant land" for control.After World War II, Japan revised the law and adopted some policies to improve the treatment of Ainu people, but the social and cultural heritage of Ainu people is still considered not to be respected and protected enough.In 1997, the Ainu Culture Promotion Law promulgated by the Japanese government ended the forced assimilation of Ainu people initiated by the Hokkaido Old Man Protection Law promulgated in 1899.[2]
Custom culture
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Ainu people have their own festivals and sacrificial activities, most famous of which are“Bear sacrifice”They like to use chisels to carve animals on skinned logs, especiallyThe bearJapan calls it "Ainu Carving".Ainu people have rich cultural heritage, are good at embroidery and love dancing.They wrote many poems and passed them down from generation to generation by memory.Some of them have been handed down from historyAinuA long narrative poem with rich content needs a long time to recite once.
Ainu people have their own language——Ainu, belongs to embracing language.This is an independent language belonging to Malaysia -polynesiaLanguage family.
Apart from Ainu people, onlyEskimoAnd American Indians use this language.Many of the place names in northeastern Japan are derived from Ainu language.For example, "Sapporo" originally means "big valley";"Otaru" originally means "Shachuan";"Mingji" originally means "the city where crows haunt", etc.Ainu nationalityJapanese archipelagoThe development, including cultural development, has made contributions.
In recent years, a special institute has been set up in Japan to study the Ainu language, and many ancient books representing the Ainu national culture have been published.In addition, the study of Ainu history is also one of the important research topics of Far East archaeologists.They often hold international meetings and scientific investigations on this issue.However, few people are engaged in research on the Ainu issue in Japan, so the ancient culture of the Ainu is still threatened by extinction.[1]
On April 19, 2019,Japanese ParliamentThe plenary session of the Senate passed the new law "Ainu Ethnic Support Law" by a majority vote, which for the first time specified that Ainu people are "indigenous peoples" in the law, and created a subsidy system aimed at maintaining and revitalizing their unique culture.This law has become a law, which is the first time that the Japanese government has recognized the Ainu people's "aboriginal" status in legal form[2]。
