Alfalfa (scientific name:Medicago sativa50. ) is a perennial perennial herb of Leguminosae and Medicago, with upright, clustered or creeping stems, quadrangular shape and many branches;Stipules are large, ovate lanceolate, and lobules are obovate oblong;The flowers are racemes in groups;Its pedicel is shaped like a bell, and its corolla is purple;The fruit is spiral and brown when ripe;The seeds are small and smooth, yellow or brown.
It is cultivated or semi wild all over the country, and is widely planted in Eurasia and countries all over the world.Land edge, roadside, wilderness, grassland, river bank, valley and other places.
It is widely planted as fodder and pasture in various countries.
The origin of alfalfa is not in the Central Plains. It was introduced into the Central Plains from the "Western Regions" in the Han Dynasty.(During the Han Dynasty, the west of Yumen Pass and Yangguan Pass in Gansu Province, also in Xinjiang and beyond, was called the "Western Regions") Zhang Qian of the Western Han Dynasty went to the "Western Regions" twice in 138 BC and 119 BC respectively, strengthening economic and cultural exchanges between the mainland and the "Western Regions".It was at this time that alfalfa was introduced into the Central Plains.The original name of goldenrod is alfalfa, which belongs to leguminous plant.See Tao Hongjing's Record of Famous Doctors.There are both wild and cultivated areas.Suzhou, Jiangsu and other places pickle their young seedlings into vegetables, called cauliflower.
alfalfa
morphological character
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Perennial herb;Plant height 0.3-1 m;Stems erect, clustered or even lying flat, quadrangular, glabrous or slightly pilose;The leaves are feathery and triple;Stipules large, ovate lanceolate;Petiole shorter than leaflet;The leaflets are long ovate, oblong ovate or linear ovate, equal in size, or the terminal leaflets are slightly larger, 1-4 cm long, with more than 1/3 serrated edges, glabrous above, appressed pilose below, and 8-10 pairs of lateral veins;The terminal petiolule is slightly longer than the lateral petiolule;Inflorescence racemose or capitate, 1-2.5 cm long, with 5-10 flowers;Peduncle longer than leaf;Bracts linear conic, longer or equal to pedicel;Flower length 0.6-1.2 cm;Pedicel ca. 2 mm;Calyx campanulate, calyx teeth longer than calyx tube;The corolla is light yellow, dark blue or dark purple, the petals are all long petioles, the flag petal is oblong, obviously longer than the wing petal and keel petal, and the keel petal is slightly shorter than the wing petal;Ovary linear, pilose, style short and wide, stigma punctate, ovules numerous;The pod is spiral, tightly coiled 2-6 times, no hole or nearly no hole in the center, 5-9 mm in diameter, fine veins, unclear, 10-20 seeds;Seeds ovoid, smooth;Flowering from May to July, fruiting from June to August.[1]
Corolla colors: light yellow, dark blue to dark purple
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alfalfa
Alfalfa
Habitat
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It is cultivated or semi wild all over the country;Eurasia and the world;Fields, roadsides, wilderness, grasslands, river banks, valleys and other places.[1]
Cultivation technology
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Site selection
Alfalfa has wide adaptability and can grow in various terrains and soils.But the most suitable condition isSoil qualitySoft sandy loam, pH value is 6.5-7.5, winter temperature is about - 20 ℃,Annual precipitationIn 300-800mm, it is not suitable to plant in low-lying and waterlogged land.lightsaline-alkaliIt can be planted on the ground, but when the salt content in the soil exceeds 0.3%, salt pressure measures should be taken.In order to facilitate mechanized transportation and operation management, try to select the land with convenient transportation and large area of irrigation and drainage measures.
soil preparation
Alfalfa has small seeds, slow growth at seedling stage, and is susceptible toweedsThe soil must be carefully prepared before sowing.The best time for land preparation is in summer. Deep ploughing and harrowing should be carried out once to dig weeds into the deep layer.If there are many weeds before autumn sowing, it is necessary to dig deeply or rotate once, and then rake to meet the sowing requirements.
AlfalfaNodule, which can provide nitrogen nutrition for roots, and is not recommended under general soil conditionsnitrogenous fertilizer。According to relevant research, alfalfa applicationphosphate fertilizerThe effect of post production is obvious, and the effect of applying sufficient base fertilizer at one time is basically the same as that of applying fertilizer by stages later.Combined with site preparation before sowingOrganic fertilizer2-3m2/mu and 8-16kg/mu of pure phosphorus shall be applied at one time.Due to the large amount of potassium taken away by the stems and leaves during the growth of alfalfa, some can be properly applied where conditions permitpotash fertilizerIn order to maintain high yield, in order to prevent the occurrence of weeds in seedling stage, 48% trifluralin (100m1/mu) was sprayed into the soil before sowing, and combined with soil preparation, it was screwed into 5cm soil, with a validity period of 3-5 months.
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Seed selection: selecting suitable varieties is the first step to success in planting alfalfa.Because alfalfa isPerennial plantAfter one sowing, it will be used for 2-3 years at least and 4-5 years at most. Once wrong selection is made, it will be damaged for several years.The domestic varieties with good performance areBaodingAlfalfa, Gannong No. l hybrid alfalfaXinjiangBig leaf alfalfa, Aohan alfalfa, Zhonglu No.1 salt tolerant alfalfa, etc.The good ones introduced from abroad areU.S.AEmpress of Japan, WL323.WL320. Anstar, Bailu, and Liruoye and Beiruoye alfalfa in Japan.The varieties introduced from abroad have good verticality, which is conducive to mechanized harvesting.
Seed treatment: There are many impurities in domestic seeds,qualityIt can't be guaranteed, so it must be cleaned to make the cleanliness more than 90%germination percentage85% or more, and the purity is more than 98%.The seeds should be pelleted before sowing.According to the formula of 500kg seed+150kg coating material+1.5kg adhesive+75kg water+1.5kg ammonium molybdate, the seeds will not be affected byDiseases and pests, weeds, etc.
Sowing time: autumn sowing is generally adopted in northern areas with two crops a year.soil moisture Sufficient, suitable temperature, less weeds and pests.stayShaanxi、Hebei、Henan、Shanxi、ShandongIn the region, autumn sowing is the best, and the sowing time is from August 10 to September 10.Too late affects normal overwintering.
Sowing method and sowing amount: most areas are dominated by drilling, with row spacing of 30cm, which is conducive to ventilation, light transmission and field management.The seeding amount is generally about 1kg/mu, and the amount of seed collection is less,Saline alkali landIt can be more appropriately, and the seeding amount is too large and the seedlings are weak.The sowing depth is the key to the quality of seedling emergence. Generally, the sowing depth is too deep, and the optimal depth is 0.5-1cm.
weed
Weed removal is a major part of alfalfa field managementSeedling stageOn the other hand, after harvest in summer, due to the weak growth potential of alfalfa in these two periods, it is more seriously damaged by weeds, especially after harvest in summer, weeds grow quickly in the same time with water and heat. No matter what method is adopted, it must be standardized in time.choiceherbicideBe careful to avoid poisoning livestock.
Irrigation and drainage
Alfalfa consumes a lot of water, and 800L of water is needed for producing 1kg dry matter.Watering shall be carried out before winter, after turning green and during drought.coastalPay attention to low injectionrainy seasonDrainage, the alfalfa will die after flooding for 24 hours.
Disease and insect control
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When encountering diseases and pests during the growth period of alfalfa, it is necessary to prevent and control them in time, otherwise the yield and quality will be affected.GeneralFenitrothion、Dimethoate、FenvalerateEtc. spray, prevention and controlpest, if anyrust、Cercospora leaf spot、downy mildewControl with carbendazim, tobuzin and other chemicals.
Common alfalfa in ChinadiseaseMainly including rustdowny mildew、Cercospora leaf spot、powdery mildew, black stem disease in summer, black stem andleaf spot8 kinds, including macular disease and ring spot disease.Among them, rust is the most widely distributed disease, which occurs in 13 regions of China, from south to north, followed by downy mildew, brown spot, powdery mildew, etc.In the process of alfalfa production, full attention should be paid to the comprehensive control of alfalfa diseases,pesticidesThe application of is very limited.Therefore, the prevention and control of alfalfa diseases is more focused on "prevention" and more dependent on agricultural and livestock measures.Including land preparation (area, location, pre planting, seed bed, fertility), sowing (variety, seed qualitySeed treatmentSingle sowing, mixed sowing, sowing date, sowing amount, sowing depth), field management (fertilizerwater content, weed, disease monitoring, pest monitoring, field planting, stubble), utilization andharvest(Cutting, grazing, seed collection, utilization mode, utilization time, utilization sequence), storage (temperature, humidityoxygen, medicament).
Like all crops, alfalfa is subject to severe weather, disease andinsectThe most harmful ones includefreeze injury, bacterial wilt diseasealfalfa weevil , grasshopper, alfalfa aphidLeafhopperEtc.In wet or irrigated areas, alfalfa clumps growing for more than 3 years are often infected by the wilting disease pathogen Phytomonas insidiosum in the soil, and become sparse.
Key values
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edible
It is widely planted as fodder and pasture in various countries.[1]Alfalfa is known as "the king of forage". It is not only high in yield, but also good in quality. All kinds of livestock and poultry are fond of eating it.The planting area of alfalfa in China is about 1.33 million hm ^ 2.With the development of commodity economy, the scale of alfalfa industrialization has developed rapidly, and the planting area of alfalfa is expanding.In order to plant alfalfa more scientifically and improve the quality and yield of alfalfa products, the key points of alfalfa cultivation and cultivation management technology are introduced as follows:
The primary roots of alfalfa can go deep into the ground.When the plant has grown for more than 20 years, ifSubsoilIf the root is porous, the taproot can be more than 15 meters (50 feet) deep, so alfalfa has a strong tolerance to drought.The roots of seedlings can reach 90cm deep into the soil when they grow for 2 months, and reach 180cm (6ft) when they grow for 5 months.This is a common situation: newly planted alfalfa can withstand severe summer drought while other leguminous plants with shallow roots and more branches die due to drought intolerance.
A large number of new stems can be regenerated quickly after harvesting alfalfa stems and branches, so hay can be harvested once to 13 times in each growing season.The number of harvestable times and the total yield in each growing season mainly depend on the length of the growing season, adaptability to the soil, sufficient sunshine, especially the amount and distribution of rainfall and irrigation in the growing season.Alfalfa hay with green leaves is rich in nutrition and is loved by livestock. It contains about 16% protein and 8% minerals, and is also rich invitamin A, E, D and K.
Alfalfa contains a lot of crude protein, rich carbohydrates, B vitamins, vitamins C, E and ironMicronutrientsIt can not only be used for livestock breeding, but also one of the oldest food for human beings.People mainly eat the sprouts of alfalfa when it turns green in early spring. The alfalfa sprouts are high in nutrients, rich in dietary fiber, few sugars, very low in calories, and a good high fiberLow calorie food。
medical
[Alfalfa bleeding prevention]: all bleeding symptoms, such as nosebleed, gingival bleeding, hematemesis, hemoptysis, hematocheziaUterine bleeding、Anal bleeding。When vitamin K is used in new drugs, it is considered that there is coagulationblood vesselFunctional therapy.In fact, the most abundant vitamin K in food is "alfalfa".
Medicago sativa is used to prevent bleeding syndrome. The experimental results show that the effect is very high. It can prevent all kinds of small bleeding, as well as lung stomach and duodenum bleeding.
Of course, the best way to eat alfalfa is fresh, and the taste is also delicious. Because fresh alfalfa can be found all the year round, even in cold seasons, it can also be produced. However, due to the relationship between climate and land, sometimes the product is very tender, sometimes very old. Patients may wish to use this diet to prevent bleeding."Pickled cauliflower" made with salt,effectequal.
[Alfalfa QingInternal heat】: Alfalfa is a cool vegetable. After eating, it can really eliminate internal fire, especially in the hot and dry season. It is more effective than watercress when used as a food supplement.
Alfalfa is fried in oil and eaten hot. It tastes delicious.After cooling, the taste of the food is also good. The juice has a feeling of refreshing the heart and spleen. In the dry season, if you feel dry lips and tongue, it can be used as a top food to maintain health.
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Besides raising livestock, alfalfa can also be used aswater and soil conservationAnd slope protection plants, which are mostly used as greening grass seeds and landscape wild flower grass seeds in saline alkali land and barren land in gardens.
toxicity
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Alfalfa sprouts (purple alfalfa sprouts) are very nutritious, but they containnaturalThe toxic ingredient is L-Canavaline sulfate, which is toxicBasic amino acid, which may cause autoimmune diseases in mammalsimmune systemLose the function of regulation, mistakenly regard the cells in your body as antigens, and produce antibodies to fight against them, destroying your body and causing diseases.Monkeys may have similar systemic symptoms after long-term ingestion of alfalfa sprouts or alfalfa sprout seedsLupus erythematosus(SLE).It may be related to the concanavalin amino acid contained in alfalfa sprouts.Concanavalin amino acids may cause abnormal effects of immune T cells in the body, leading to a series of abnormal immune reactions and systemic lupus erythematosus.Therefore, normal people eat a lot of alfalfa sprouts or alfalfa sprout seeds for a long time, and should pay attention to whether the symptoms of lupus erythematosus lesions appear.Patients with lupus erythematosus should avoid eating alfalfa sprouts.Alfalfa can make monkeys ill, and may also make SLE patients worse.Eating a large amount of alfalfa sprouts may damage human beingsBlood cellCells, reduce the number of various blood cells, such as anemia or lack of autologous cellsplateletRare.The patient is prone to infection and bleeding.Some may have arthralgia and photosensitive reactions, which should be recovered after stopping eating.
