synonymSukarno (Former Chairman of the Indonesian National Political Union) Generally refers to Ahmed Sukarno
Sukarno (June 6, 1901-June 21, 1970), Indonesian: Bung Sukarno, male, born in East JavaSurabaya（Surabaya）The aboriginal aristocratic family.Civil engineer degree, the father of Indonesia.
Sukarno is committed to the struggle for national independence. He has successively served as the chairman of the Indonesian National Political Alliance and the chairman of the Indonesian Party,Republic of IndonesiaPresident and other posts, known as "the father of Indonesia", have always advocated the implementation of a non aligned foreign policy against imperialism and colonialism, and promoted the unity and cooperation of the Asian and African people. 1965“Indonesia's September 30 Incident”The post president was deprived of his power by the military group.In March 1967, he was revoked the presidential power andhouse arrest。
On June 21, 1970, SukarnoJakartaHe died at the age of 69.
Bung Sukarno (1901-1970), born in Surabaya (Surabaya), East Java, on June 6, 1901, was an aboriginal noble family. His father wasPrimary school teachers。
In 1916, he studied in the Dutch Middle School in Surabaya.Graduated at the age of 24Bandung Institute of Technology, obtainedBachelor of Engineering 。During his schooling, he participated in the nationalist activities organized by the Islamic League, the Java Youth Association and other organizations, engaged in patriotic and democratic activities, and fought against Dutch colonial rule.
National Union
Sukarno in 1916
In July 1927, the Indonesian National Union was organized.In March 1928, the Indonesian National Union was reorganized intoPartai Nasional Indonesia He also served as the chairman, trying to win through "non cooperation"national independence。In December of the same year, the Indonesian National Party, the Islamic League, the Supreme Good Society, the Sunda Youth AssociationSumatraThe Alliance and Surabaya Research Association formed the Indonesian National Political Alliance and was elected as the chairman.In the struggle against Dutch colonial rule, he was arrested and exiled twiceFlores Island andBengkulu。He was arrested by the colonial authorities in December 1929.In 1930, he published a long defense speech of "Indonesia's Complaint" in Bandung Court, recounting the crimes of the colonists.After being released in 1932, he joined the Indonesian Party as its chairman.He was arrested again in 1933.
the president elect
In 1942, the Japanese army invaded Indonesia and gained freedom.During the Japanese occupation of Indonesia, he dreamed of relying onJapanRealize the national independence of Indonesia, and serve as the chairman of the "Popular Power Center" of the Japanese imperial organization, while secretly contacting the anti Japanese organization.On June 1, 1945, the "Five Principles for the Establishment of Indonesia" was issued, advocatingnationalism、humanitarianism, democracy, social justice and belief in Shinto.On August 17, 1945, the Declaration of Independence was issued, announcing thatRepublic of IndonesiaWas established and elected president.
Promoting Asian African Unity
During his administration, Sukarno pursued an independent foreign policy and opposed imperialist interferenceBandung Conference, promoting the unity of the Asian and African people and making important contributions.He's stillNon Aligned MovementOne of the sponsors of.After the Dutch colonists returned to Indonesia, Sukarno was arrested and exiled in December 1948Bangka Island。It was not until the Netherlands India (Nigeria) Round Table Conference recognized Indonesia's independence on 8 1949 that Indonesia was releasedYogyakarta。In December of the same year, he was re elected President of the Federal Republic of Indonesia.Actively advocated and participated in 1955Asian African Conference, delivered a famous opening speech at the conference, "This is the first intercontinental meeting of colored people in the history of mankind..."
Non Aligned Movement
Meet Castro in Cuba in 1960
In 1959, he also served as Prime Minister, and successively served as the President of the Supreme House of Representatives, the highest wartime power holder, and the President of the National Front.He has always advocated the implementation of a non aligned foreign policy against imperialism and colonialism, and promoted the unity and cooperation of the Asian and African peoples.After the 1950s, under the impetus of the domestic revolutionary forces and the international situation, Sukarno said that he would implement "socialism".
In 1961BelgradeAt the Conference of Non Aligned Countries held by the President of the People's Republic of China, there was such a thing: the representatives of all countries participating in the Conference had little contradiction in their views on a certain topic, but they could not form a unified plan because the representatives of Arab countries supported itNasser, representatives of some Asian countries tend toJawaharlal Nehru。It was Sukarno's turn to speak in Indonesia. Sukarno walked up to Nasser and Nehru in front of the audience and whispered to them for a while. Nasser and Nehru nodded repeatedly.Sukarno then came to the stage to propose Indonesia's plan, which was supported by the participants. Everyone believed that the plan proposed by Sukarno was just approved by Nasser and Nehru.In fact, Sukarno whispered to Nasser and Nehru to invite them to have lunch after the meeting.
Died after the coup
1965“Indonesia's September 30 Incident”Later, its presidential power was gradually deprived by the military group.In March 1967, he was revoked his presidential power and placed under house arrest.On June 21, 1970JakartaDeath from illness.
member of family
Announce
edit
Fourth Lady Devi
Sukarno married four times in his life.Devi is his fourth wife, also known asMrs Devi, originallyImperial Hotel TokyoA waitress, formerly named Genqi Baozi.In June 1959, under the guidance of Japanese businessman Masao Kubao, Genqi Baozi met with Indonesian President Sukarno who was visiting Japan. On September 15 of the same year, Genqi Baozi went to Jakarta, Indonesia, and began to live with Indonesian President Sukarno.[4]
David
In her memoirs, Qibaozi described the day when she first entered the presidential palace: "From that night, Sukarno and I began to live together. A dark and silent corner of the presidential palace without electric lights has become the place for our long-term dating.For a long time, few people knew about this house... At the first night when we were alone, he said to me, 'I hope you can give me pleasure and strength!' "On June 6, 1962, Sukarno and Devi held a secret wedding ceremony in the mosque of the Presidential Palace.
On September 30, 1965, a military coup broke out in Indonesia, and Mrs. Dewey went into exile in France.During her stay in Europe, Mrs. Devi had many romances with French social circles and announced her engagement many times, but she did not remarry in the end.
In 1991, Mrs. Devi moved to New York, the United States, and soon chose to return to Japan to settle down. Later, Mrs. Devi became active in variety shows on various Japanese television stations.
In December 2008, Japan's declassified diplomatic archives revealed that in the 1960s, Dai Wei was a secret messenger between the then Japanese Prime Minister Yoshiro Ikeda and President Sukarno, helping the two sides carry out a number of "desktop transactions" on issues such as the former Japanese soldiers who stayed in Indonesia after World War II.[4]
According to Sina Sports, in 2017, anti China remarks were made on Asahi News's debate program on the event of the Apa Hotel for the Asian Winter Games.[5]
First wife Inggit
Sukarno's first wife, Ingit, was 12 years older than Sukarno. They got married in the late 1930s.Ingit is not only Sukarno's loyal partner, but also Sukarno's close comrade in arms who opposes Dutch colonial rule and strives for national independence.On August 15, 1945, Japanese imperialism announced its unconditional surrender. Sukarno immediately issued the August 17 Declaration of Independence, declaring the birth of the Republic of Indonesia. Sukarno, who had just turned 40, was elected president of the Republic.In order to let the new president of the Republic have a young and beautiful first lady, Ingrid, who is over 50 years old, took the initiative to divorce Sukarno, and promised his adopted daughter, Famavati, who is only 17 years old, to Sukarno.Later, the Dutch colonial army invaded the Republic of Indonesia. In the struggle against the Dutch invasion in 1948, Sukarno was captured by the Dutch invasion army and imprisoned in the north by the Dutch colonial authoritiessumatraIn the prison.At this time, Yingit, who was still out fighting against the Dutch, was passing the message to Sukarno in prison through Famawati, who washed clothes and delivered food for Sukarno.Yinggit is a woman with noble personality, simple feelings and a spirit of sacrifice. She has always been loyal to and supported Sukarno's cause and cared about Sukarno's safety.
When Sukarno died on June 21, 1970advanced in yearsIn the year of, Ingitt, despite dissuasion, went to Sukarno's coffin to mourn her ex husband.
Second Lady Fama Vatti
The second wife, Famavati, is a beautiful and intelligent woman.After she married Sukarno, she gave birth to a man and three women, former President of the Republic of IndonesiaMegawatiIt is the firstborn daughter of Famavati.
President Sukarno is a Javanese, while Famawati isSumatraOfmalay People, there are some differences in language and living habits between them;In addition, Famavati is stubborn, straightforward, has independent opinions, never follows others, and does not rely on power, so he has friction with Sukarno from time to time.In 1954, when she found that President Sukarno fell in love with Hattini, she left the Presidential Palace angrily and separated from Sukarno.Famawati participated in the independence struggle with Sukarno in his early years and made great contributions to the revolutionary cause of Indonesia.On August 17, 1945, when the Republic of Indonesia declared independenceJakartaThe first red and white national flag was sewn by Famavati himself.
After leaving Sukarno, Famawati continued to engage in political activities and served as the president of the Indonesian National Women's Association, becoming active in the political arena for a while.Because of her high prestige among the people, she has been honored as the "Mother of the Nation" and the "First Lady" although she has broken up with Sukarno, the founding father and president for many years.
Third Lady Hattie
Hattie isJavanese Before she married Sukarno, she was the wife of an officer of Mobil Oil Company and had five children.Hatini is more beautiful than Famavati, the "mother of the country".She is elegant, gentle and sentimental.Hattie often goes out wearing a gauze. At this time, she is like a jasmine in bud. She is both beautiful and fragrant.
Sukarno especially liked her charming appearance.It is said that when Sukarno married Hattini, there was a nationwide public outcry, most of which were grievances against Famavati. The political enemies even attacked and abused him for no reason. The people around him also had some criticism, but Sukarno took it calmly.At the moment when "the dark clouds are pressing the city and the city is about to be destroyed", the elegant and eloquent President Sukarno made a radio speech to the Chinese people: "I am a devout Muslim and always abide by the rules of Islam. Since God allows Muslims to marry four wives at the same time, then my union with Hatini is naturally legal and reasonable. God wishes me and Hatini happiness!",An uproar against the "father of the country bigamy" came to an abrupt end.Hattie never shows up in public, and always lives in seclusionBogorIn the Presidential Villa.Hattie and Sukarno had two more boys after their marriage.Hattini has the title of Indonesia's second lady.
Sukarno is handsome, handsome, elegant, romantic, uninhibited in private life, often accompanied by beautiful women, even when visiting abroad, she also needs foreign girls to wait on her.TunisiaIn his memoirs, President Bourguiba said that when Sukarno visited Tunisia and the heads of the two countries met, there were many important issues to be discussed, but the first request Sukarno made to Bourguiba was "I want a woman". Bourguiba was stunned and bewildered.It is said that Sukarno has married at least six times, with numerous girlfriends and mistresses.
Character evaluation
Announce
edit
Nixon commented on Sukarno
revolution
Sukarno and Indonesia Independence[1]
imageGhanaOfKwami NkrumahSimilarly, Sukarno in Indonesia is also a charismatic leader who successfully led a struggle for independence.However, Sukarno is also likeKwame Nkrumah Similarly, once independence is consolidated, it becomes a disaster.Both of them can only destroy, not build.
Sukarno is very handsome.He himself was aware of this, and he was confident to the point of arrogance;He also has an exciting demeanor that enchants the masses.However, he was also a revolutionary leader who allowed the revolution to develop into religion.This revolution is not a means to achieve a certain goal.
During the 1930s, Sukarno was repeatedly imprisoned and exiled by the Dutch.This experience made him very angry.Even after the Republic of Indonesia was established and established, he also passed theNetherlands New GuineaBy creating chaos, he continued to carry out his own revolution against the former colonialists.
In 1953, I saw Sukarno for the first time.Most of the time we met, he did not talk about the headache of his own country, but talked about his territorial claim to the Netherlands New Guinea, which Indonesia called West Ilian.I'm not surprised about that.It is well known that Sukarno is bitter about Ilian.Just a few days before this meeting, the Prime Minister of AustraliaRobert Menzies Once inCanberraI was warned that when I arrived in Indonesia, I should prepare for a lecture on this issue.
Mao Zedong and Ahmed Sukarno
I always wanted to bring Sukarno and I back to their own political and economic issues, but he didn't talk about it. Instead, he wanted to teach me a lesson on Vietnam and French injustice.When I asked him what we should do in Vietnam, he answered straightforwardly: "Don't do anything. Because you don't supportHo Chi Minh, which has destroyed the matter. "
In the early 1960s, Sukarno ordered a surprise attack on Netherlands New Guinea and finally occupied it.However, his "brilliant victory" was a victory that paid too much.A few years later, he stepped down.
While he was shouting and busy about the Ilian issue, the Indonesian Communists became more and more powerful.Domestic poverty and turmoil, the development of friendly relations between Indonesia and mainland China, and Sukarno's willingness to accept Communists into his government all encouraged the CPC National Congress.
Sukarno once claimed that he himself was anti Communist.In the mid-1950s, when he visited Washington, he also boasted to me: "I am not worried about the Communists. I have enough strength to deal with them." However, the Indonesian Communists made a coup attempt in 1965, which was brutally suppressed by the military.The soldiers seized all power from Sukarno and put him under house arrest in 1966.
Four years later, he died.
interior
Bung Sukarno [2]
Among the revolutionary leaders I know, Sukarno is the best example of being able to skillfully destroy a system but unable to concentrate on rebuilding the country.The obvious fact is that Indonesia is the most populous country in the non communist world, second only to India and the United States, and has more natural resources than any other country in Southeast Asia, but it lacks appropriate leadership.Sukarno temporarily charmed his people and made them ignore their own problems;He himself never tried to solve these problems.
Although Indonesia has fertile land, the people of Sukarno are very poor.He did not use material prosperity, but what he called "symbolic utopian prosperity" to support his people.His 5110 page economic plan, which had never been put into practice, was divided into eight volumes, 17 chapters and 1945 articles.But it was only formulated to commemorate Indonesia's independence from the Netherlands on August 17, 1945.Besides, he's likeKwame Nkrumah Similarly, arbitrarily and foolishly squander the country's money.As a result, Indonesia's inflation rate ranked first in the post-war world.
Third World CountriesOne of the main problems is the lack of a large middle class.Therefore, prosperity and extreme poverty often coexist.However, I have never seen the disparity between rich and poor as serious as that in Jakarta, Sukarno.
In 1953, when we drove through the city from the airport, we saw that the ground was full of open sewers and miles of shabby huts.Sukarno himself lived in a palace in a verdant garden covering hundreds of acres.When we arrived at the gate of his official residence, he greeted us on the steps in front of the door, wearing a white suit that was eye-catching and well tailored.His palace is also pure white, shining in the bright sun.If we look at it directly, we will stab our eyes.
Sukarno is a noble and distinguished master, and there is no way that many leaders of small countries welcome big country representatives with the kind of flattery they often have.Unlike them, he has no inferiority complex under any circumstances.On the contrary, he gives people the impression that he should not only be equal to others, but also be superior.He speaks authentic English. When he accompanied us to visit his palace full of priceless Indonesian art and beautiful Indonesian women, he even showed a sense of narcissistic superiority.The banquet that night was also very elegant.We dined beside a wide artificial lake, surrounded by more than 1000 torches. The sparkling lake was full of white lotus flowers.All the tableware for this dinner party is made of gold.
With the masses
The political passion and physical indulgence exhausted Sukarno.When I visited him in 1953, he seemed to talk about hisJakartaLike the beauty of the palace, she talked about the revolution in a nutty way.He regards revolution as a spasm of a country's emotional catharsis, and believes that although it may cause damage, it is a good thing in itself;He also believed that the revolution should be repeated indefinitely.He once said: I am fascinated by the revolution.The revolution strongly attracted me.Romanticism drives me crazy and crazy.The revolution is like a wave, surging in almost every corner of the earth, sending out lightning and thunder.Come on, brothers and sisters, let's constantly stir up the flame of joy!Let us become firewood, so that the flames of the revolution will burn more and more vigorously!
During my visit to Indonesia, I witnessed Sukarno's speech at a mass meeting attended by thousands of people.He enthralled the audience for more than an hour.Finally, he ended his speech by chanting "Mandaga" as if holding a ceremony - the word is a battle slogan for impressing the Nicene revolution, and also a symbol of freedom, dignity and independence.The crowd also echoed, "Mandaga!" in an almost unbelievable frenzy.I glanced at Sukarno: his excitement was obvious, his face glowing with satisfaction.
Sukarno is a very handsome person. He knows that he has a magnet like charm that attracts people.Among the most provocative political speakers I have ever met, some of them are quiet and even shy when talking in private. Therefore, I have a feeling that their moving and extraordinary charm exists only for occasions where such quality is needed.However, Sukarno is the same from the outside to the inside, without any traces of sophistication and deliberation.For him, the passion of the masses is the pillar of his survival, as important as food and water.This revolution unleashed people's passion and made people act recklessly. Sukarno will continue his revolutionary supremacy.I am hereKhrushchevI read in my memoirs that when Indonesia first asked for assistance from the Soviet Union, Sukarno immediately asked Khrushchev to provide funds to build the stadium. I am not surprised.At that time, the Prime Minister of the Soviet Union was puzzled. He originally estimated that Sukarno would ask for food or provide weapons.But what Sukarno wanted was a place where he could continue to hold mass gatherings.
However, Sukarno also cares about smaller things.He told me that in the guest's bathroom, there was both a new shower and an old bucket.He said that he preferred the latter.Despite his extravagant life, he still maintains a "heart to heart connection" with the poorest people.Throughout his political career, he always liked to let the car stop at the roadside to shake hands and talk with people.Some of the leaders I have met in other countries, as well as many of our expatriates - especially in Asia - believe that this is beneath dignity.
But Sukarno doesn't think so.When we visited rural areas in Indonesia, we found that these villages were better than oursJakartaThe region sees more poverty.We stopped at a farmer's house and saw him frying sweet potatoes for lunch.We also visited a village cafe and chatted with the shopkeeper.People seemed a little surprised to see an American vice president with them, but when they saw their own president, they did not show surprise.Sukarno made regular visits to the countryside, mingled with his people and spent the night in dilapidated cottages.
Sukarno's moving and extraordinary charm attracts not only Indonesians but also Americans.I accompanied him on his state visit to the United States in 1956.As part of the welcoming ceremony, we went to the Special Zone Building of the Capital City Hall, where Sukarno received the key to the city. He was wearing a khaki uniform, a Muslim skullcap, and a walking stick inlaid with ivory. He was polite, happy, and acted energetic.Suddenly, the situation that surprised our security team but excited the masses appeared: he squeezed through the warning line, shook hands with men, talked actively with children, and kissed women, making most of them scream with joy.
With women
While being politically self indulgent, Sukarno is also sensual.I mentioned Sukarno to President Habib Bourguiba of Tunisia.Habib Bourguiba I am also a revolutionary leader of the same era and a builder of the country.When I said that Sukarno was a great revolutionary leader, he frowned, shook his head and said: No.First, he insisted that Sukarno was supported by the Japanese.In the Second World War, he colluded with the Japanese as a means to drive the Dutch out of Indonesia.Then Bulziba added another reason against my view, saying: "I remember very clearly that when Sukarno came to Tunisia, we had many important things to discuss, and the first thing he asked me to do was to find him a woman."
Sukarno has been married at least six times.During the whole period when he was in power, his sexual ability and desire were the subject of countless legends and stories.Before my visit in 1953, I received a briefing from the State Council, which emphasized this aspect of his character and pointed out that he liked people to flatter him in this respect.Obviously, sex and revolution have satisfied his need for others to admire him and make sacrifices for him.Unfortunately, a competent leader of a developing country needs the opposite character.For Sukarno, the supreme thing should be the massive and urgent needs of the people, not his own needs.
However, he regarded the government as a place to show off masculinity politically and physically.NetherlandsColonialism had humiliated him personally and challenged his masculinity.During his twenty years in power, Sukarno showed his spirit by his unrestrained private life and threats to the Netherlands New Guinea.
These manias finally consumed him.Sukarno andKwame Nkrumah At the same time, it proves a lamentable truth about leadership: those who are best at approaching the people emotionally are often the worst in their programs.Demagogic behavior still works.Because such people lack a sense of responsibility, they can freely choose the most infectious words to touch the most basic senses of the audience.Fear and hatred are powerful forces.Demagogic politicians can use these forces;Hope is also a powerful force.Therefore, demagogic politicians are good at throwing out false hopes, tricking people who are very willing to believe in such hopes, so that they can place their hopes for the future on fantasy.
General comments
Sukarno had a program - freedom from colonial rule.He shaped his image around this program.In addition, his rule meant only a disaster for the Indonesian people.
However, he still held them in his own hands.One reason is that the slogan of "Mandaga" has exciting power;The second reason is that he himself has a vibrant appeal and the temperament of a speaker, and the third reason is that his boasting is easily infected by those who worship heroes.
At the end of colonialism, it may not be a coincidence that so many new leaders in emerging countries were basically demagogues.Getting rid of colonial rule is a one-on-one movement.It provides a suitable place for demagogic propaganda;
The propaganda of demagogues is especially suitable for this kind of movement.It requires considerable power to arouse people's feelings.In fact, it has turned a country into a country where all the people are fighting, at least creating a threat that may lead to a situation where all the people are fighting.It does not require a prudent, intricate balance at all.This balance is the basic factor for the success of democratic politics.This kind of movement only demands to turn the people into a force that is enough to threatensuzerainIt feels that it will be dangerous and useless to keep control[3]。
