The Republic of the Sudan (Arabic:AfricaNortheastCrimson SeaCoastalsahara desertEast end.With a land area of 1882000 square kilometers, it is the third largest country in Africa and the 15th largest country in the world.capitalKhartoum There are 18 states in China,The population is about 49.14 million (2023),[11]The main ethnic groups include Arabs, Beja, Ful, Nuba and black people, among which Arabs account for 70%.[1]
Sudan has a long historyNubianFor generations.[1]2800-1000 BCAncient EgyptPart ofEgyptRule independently, establishKushi KingdomAnd once ruled Egypt in its most powerful period.7th centuryarabMassive immigration, appearing in the 15th centuryFinji Kingdom，[1]seventeenth centuryFul peopleBuild the Kingdom of Kordofan and the Sultanate of Darfur.In the 1870s, British power expanded from Egypt to Sudan.1899 byAnglo-Egyptian Sudan 。The joint management was abolished in 1951.It became independent as the Republic of Sudan on January 1, 1956.Renamed in 1969Democratic Republic of SudanIn 1985, it was renamed the Republic of Sudan again.[1]
Sudan was announced by the United NationsThe world's least developed countriesFirst, the economic structure is single, the foundation is weak, the industry is backward, and the dependence on the natural environment and foreign aid is strong.2022, Sudangross domestic product(GDP) US $46.7 billion,GDP per capitaUS $592.[1]
On the morning of September 21, a military coup broke out in Sudan. About 40 soldiers led by Major General Osman of the armored force suddenly attacked the enemy, trying to occupy the radio station, block roads, close ports, and interrupt oil production to create chaos and seize power.However, compared with the coup in Guinea in early September, this coup in Sudan was completely defeated by the Transitional Government.... Details
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Chinese name
Republic of Sudan[1]
Foreign name
جمهورية السودان(Arabic) Republic of the Sudan[1](English) Sudan
Around the first century,MiroeThe kingdom prospered.Meroe is located in the transportation hub and trade hub of East AfricaEthiopia、India、west AsiaAnd other places have trade relations.The Chinese bronze tripod unearthed in Meroe shows that there were cultural exchanges between the Kingdom of Meroe and China at that time.
In the 4th century, the rulers of Malloy fought against each other, weakened the national defense force, and were once strengthenedAksumThe country was conquered.
In the middle of the 6th century, Christianity was introduced from Egypt and became the official religion of the country of Meroe.Before long, Meroe split into two Christian countries: Mukura and Arroya.The former usesDonggulaIt is also called the capitalDonggula Kingdom；The latter was founded in Soba.Later, Mukura was incorporated into Egypt, and Aloa remained independent for the time being.
As early as around the A.D., some Arabs entered Nubia from Ethiopia to establish colonies.arabAfter the conquest of Egypt, he invaded Nubia in the middle of the 8th century, and finally conquered the whole territory of Nubia until the 13th century.Since then, Arab culture and Islam have been widely popular in Nubia;Islam gradually rejected Christianity.Nubia is increasingly Islamized and Arabized.
Islam spread rapidly in the 13th century when Arabs conquered Sudan
In the 15th century, the Islamic kingdoms of Finji and Fur appeared.
In the 16th century, it was incorporated into theOttoman EmpireScope of influence.[1]
Modern times
In the 1870s, Britain began to expand to Sudan.
In 1881, Mohammed Ahmed, the religious leader of Sudan, led the masses in the anti British struggle.
In 1885, Mohammed Ahmed foundedmahdi (i.e. "savior") Kingdom.
In 1899, Sudan became the co governing country of Britain and Egypt.[1]
Modern period
In 1953, the Sudan established an autonomous government.
On January 1, 1956, it declared independence and established the Republic.
On May 25, 1969, Nimeiri came to power from a military coup and changed its name to the Democratic Republic of the Sudan.
On April 6, 1985, the Dahab military coup came to power, and the country was renamed the Republic of Sudan.
On July 9, 2011, the Republic of South Sudan was officially established.[1]
geographical environment
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Regional location
Sudan is located in the northeast of Africa, bordering the Red Sea, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan and Central Africa to the south, Chad and Libya to the west, and Egypt to the north, covering an area of 1.882 million square kilometers.[4]
Sudan
topographic features
Sudan is high around and low in the middle, with the Red Sea Mountains in the northeast, the Mur Mountains in the west and the Nuba Mountains in the south.[4]
Climatic characteristics
Sudan, located between 8.45 degrees north latitude and the Tropic of Cancer, is one of the hottest countries in the world, and its climate is characterized by drought and heat.Sudan has a vast territory, and the temperature varies greatly.The country can be divided into two climate zones: the southern part is a tropical grassland climate zone with hot and rainy summers and warm and dry winters, and the northern part is a tropical desert climate zone with high temperature and little rain. The climate is dry and windy.
Khartoum, the capital, is known as the "world stove". The annual average temperature is above 30 ℃. April July is the hottest season. The daytime temperature is generally above 40 ℃, the temperature in the hot season can reach 50 ℃, and the maximum surface temperature can reach 70 ℃.However, in some high altitude areas, the temperature can also be as low as about 0 ℃.[4]
Water system distribution
The main rivers in Sudan arethe Nile, crossing the whole territory from south to north.
natural resources
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Sudan has a vast territory and rich resources.In May 2011, the proven recoverable oil reserves of Sudan were about 4.5 billion barrels, but 75% of them went to the south after the north-south split in July.It is estimated that the current annual oil production of Sudan is about 24 million barrels, and the reserves are about 1.3 billion tons.Sudan also has gold, silver, iron, chromium, copper, manganese, lead, zinc and other mineral resources. More than 150 gold deposits have been found, with 970 tons of proven gold reserves, 1.25 billion tons of proven iron ore reserves, and more than 100 million tons of chromium ore reserves.Sudan's animal husbandry resources rank first among Arab countries and second among African countries.According to the estimation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Sudan, the stock of cattle, sheep, camels and other livestock exceeds 100 million head/head, and poultry is nearly 50 million.[4]
The Republic of the Sudan (Arabic: ج م ه و ي و و ن English: Republic of the Sudan). The name of the country originates from the Arabic "Bilad al Sudan", which literally means "black land".[1]
national flag
Flag of the Republic of Sudan
Sudan flagIt is a horizontal rectangle, and the ratio of length to width is 2:1.One side near the flagpole is a green isosceles triangle, and the right side is three parallel wide strips of equal width, red, white and black from top to bottom.Red symbolizes revolution and progress, white symbolizes peace, and black symbolizes AfricaBlack race(Note: the southern region became independent on July 9, 2011 and established the Republic of South Sudan)IslamismAnd prosperity and happiness.[1]
national emblem
National Emblem of the Republic of the Sudan
Sudan National EmblemThe design is simple and the lines are bright. The central design is a desert heron eagle unique to Sudan on the left.The eagle's wings and body just turned into the six administrative regions of Sudan.The national emblem is painted with a white ribbon above and below, and the words "Victory belongs to us" and "Democratic Republic of Sudan" are written in Arabic respectively (in April 1985, after the overthrow of the Nimeiri regime, the country name was changed to "Republic of Sudan" again).Sudanese who are willing to endure all hardships and sacrifice their lives for honor will surely make the country prosperous through the ages with their hands, courage and confidence.[1]
We are the soldiers of Allah and the motherland. We are fearless and brave to sacrifice.Be willing to endure all hardships, and sacrifice life for honor.I wish Sudan, the motherland, eternal prosperity, and a weekly trip to all countries.The sons and daughters of Sudan stand up and shoulder the mission of defending the motherland.[1]
Khartoum , onWhite NileandBlue NileInterchange, from KhartoumNorth KhartoumandOmdurman Khartoum Province, composed of three towns, was formed in the 15th century and is the political, economic and transportation center of Sudan.By 2022, the population will be 7 million.[1]
Population and nationality
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In 2022, the population of Sudan will be about 46.68 million.[1]
Sudan is a region of multi-ethnic convergence, with the main ethnic groups including Arabs, Beja, Fur, Nuba and black people, of which 70% are Arabs.Arabs mainly live in the central, northern and northeastern parts of Sudan, and play a leading role in the political, economic and social life of Sudan. The Beja people mainly live in the eastern part of Sudan, the Fur people live in Darfur, and the black people mainly live in the southern and northwestern parts of Sudan.[4]
Politics
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political situation
After Bashir came to power in June 1989, the parliament, cabinet and local government were dissolved;Banning all political parties and ceasing all activities of unofficial news organizations;Since 1991, Islamic law has been practiced throughout the country (except for some southern provinces), and the Koran and Hadith have been used as guidelines for formulating political, economic and social life guidelines and policies.In March 1996, Sudan held its first presidential and parliamentary elections. Bashir was elected president, and the former leader of the National Islamic Front, Tulabi, was elected speaker of the parliament.In June 1998, the Soviet Union promulgated a new constitution, which clearly stipulated the principles of freedom of speech, association and political consultation, recognized religious equality and freedom of belief, and established a foreign policy of independence, openness and non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries.At the end of the same year, the government formulated and passed the Organic Law of Political Associations, and about 30 parties registered as legal parties.At the end of 1999, President Bashir announced the dissolution of Parliament, and then Turabi announced to withdraw from the ruling National Congress Party and form the opposition People's Congress Party.
After 2004, Sudan pursued a policy of national reconciliation, actively seeking reconciliation and dialogue with the northern opposition and peace talks with the southern rebels.With the direct participation of the United States and the East African Intergovernmental Development Organization (IGAD), the peace talks between the Soviet government and the southern rebel Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) have made positive progress. The two sides signed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Nairobi on January 9, 2005.So far, the 22 year long civil war in Sudan has come to an end.Sudan entered a six-year transition period from July 9. During the transition period, the North and South will jointly govern. Bashir will continue to serve as President, and SPLM Chairman Garang will serve as the first Vice President of Sudan (Jia died in the crash on July 31, and his deputy Kiir will succeed him).In September, the Government of National Unity was established.In October, the autonomous government dominated by SPLM was established in the south, with Kiel as the chairman.
In April 2010, Sudan held national elections.Bashir and Kiir, the President of the Southern Autonomous Government, were elected for re-election.In January 2011, Southern Sudan held a referendum on independence.On February 7, the Southern Sudan Referendum Commission announced the final results of the referendum. In the effective voting, 98.83% of the voters chose separation and 1.17% chose unification.On July 9, the Republic of South Sudan became independent and Sudan recognized it.In April 2015, the Soviet Union held a general election. Bashir was re elected for the fourth time with 94.05% of the votes.In March and August 2016, the Sudanese government and the main domestic opposition and armed groups signed the "road map" agreement proposed by the AU to achieve domestic peace and stability.In April, the Darfur region successfully held a referendum on administrative status, maintaining the existing administrative division of the five states in Darfur.In December 2018, large-scale demonstrations continued to break out in Sudan.In February 2019, President Bashir declared a state of emergency.In April, the military dismissed President Bashir and established a military transitional committee to take over the power.In July, the military and the opposition "Freedom and Change Forces" reached a consensus on joint political transition and related power distribution.In August, the Sovereignty Committee of the Transitional Supreme Authority was established, and the former Chairman of the Military Transitional Council, Burhan, was appointed as the chairman.In September, the Soviet Transitional Government was established.In October 2020, the Sudan Transitional Government and the main opposition armed coalition, the Sudan Revolutionary Front, officially signed a comprehensive peace agreement in Juba, the capital of South Sudan.
On October 25, 2021, the Sudanese military detained Prime Minister Hamduk of the Transitional Government and other opposition party officials, and dissolved the political transitional authority.On October 27, Hamduk was released.On November 1, the military announced the establishment of a new sovereignty committee, and Bukhan continued to serve as chairman.On November 21, Bukhan signed a political agreement with Hamduk to restore the post of Prime Minister of Kazakhstan, and Kazakhstan formed a technocratic government.On January 2, 2022, Hamduk failed to form a cabinet and announced his resignation.On January 20, Bukhan appointed 15 ministers including Foreign Minister, and the positions of Prime Minister and some ministers were temporarily vacant.In April, the United Nations, the African Union and IGAD established a tripartite mechanism to promote dialogue within the Soviet Union.In May, Burhan announced the lifting of the state of emergency.In June, the Sudanese military held direct dialogue with relevant political parties under the tripartite mechanism.In July, the Sudanese military announced its withdrawal from the relevant dialogue of the tripartite mechanism.In December, the Sudanese military signed the Framework Political Agreement with some opposition parties.In January 2023, the Sudanese parties started negotiations on pending issues of the Framework Political Agreement.In April, armed conflicts broke out between the Sudanese Armed Forces and Rapid Support Forces in Khartoum, the capital, Darfur and other places.In May, with the promotion of Saudi Arabia and the United States, the two parties to the Soviet conflict held negotiations in Jeddah and signed the Jeddah Declaration and the ceasefire agreement, but they did not effectively implement them, and the two sides continued to exchange fire in Surdo.In December, the rapid support forces captured the capital of the Jezra State in the central part of the Soviet Union.Since 2024, the two sides have continued to exchange fire in Khartoum and other places.[11]
constitution
The first constitution was implemented in April 1973 and abolished in April 1985.The Transitional Constitution was promulgated in October of the same year and was repealed on June 30, 1989.On June 30, 1998, the Soviet Union promulgated and implemented a new constitution, which stipulates that Sudan is a multi-ethnic, multicultural and multi religious country, and the country implements a decentralized system based on the federal system;The President is the highest representative of national sovereignty, the supreme commander of the military, with the highest legislative, judicial and administrative adjudication power, elected by the whole people for a term of five years, and can be re elected for one term;Parliament is the legislative body;Judicial independence;Establish the principles of freedom of speech, association and political consultation;Freedom of religious belief, equal coexistence of all religions, and equal obligations of citizens in the north and south.In April 2002, the Consultative Conference of the National Congress Party made a decision on the issue of constitutional amendment, canceling the provision that the president can serve two terms of office and can be re elected.In July 2005, President Bashir signed the transitional constitution establishing the Sudanese National Unity Government.The transition period is six years. During the transition period, Sudan will maintain unity, implement "one country, two systems", and establish two sets of legislative systems in the north and south.An autonomous government was established in the south, and the government institutions based on Islamic law were maintained in the north. After the transition period, the south can exercise the right of national self-determination.In 2011, after the independence of South Sudan, Sudan followed the transitional constitution and studied and formulated a new constitution.In April 2019, the military announced the removal of President Bashir, the establishment of a military transitional committee to take over power and the suspension of the Constitution.[1]
parliament
According to the Constitution promulgated and implemented in 1998, the National Assembly is the national legislature of Sudan. 75% of its members are directly elected, 25% are indirectly elected by associations and organizations, and the Speaker is elected by the first Parliamentary Assembly. The term of office of each parliament is four years.In April 2019, the Sudan Military Transitional Council took over power and dissolved the parliament.[1]
government
In April 2019, the Sudan Military Transitional Council took over power and dissolved the original government.In August, Abdullah Hamduk became Prime Minister of the Transitional Government.In September, Hamduk announced the list of ministers of the transitional government, and the transitional government was established.In July 2020 and February 2021, the Soviet Transitional Government was reorganized twice.On January 20, 2022, the Chairman of the Sovereign Council of the Soviet Union, Burhan, appointed 15 ministers including Foreign Minister Ali Al Saddiq. The positions of Prime Minister and some ministers have remained vacant.In November 2023, Burhan, Chairman of the Sovereign Council of the Soviet Union, replaced several ministers of internal affairs and justice.In April 2024, the Soviet cabinet issued a decision to appoint Hussein Awad as the new Foreign Minister.[10-11]
party
As of October 2023, there are about 30 registered political parties in Sudan.Mainly:
(1) The People's Congress Party: the largest opposition party in Sudan.It was founded by Dr. Hassan Abdullah Al Turabi in June 2000.Dr. Turabi was the Speaker of the National Assembly of Sudan (1996-1999).In 1999, when the conflict between Tulabi and President Bashir intensified, Pakistan announced the dissolution of the parliament, and then announced to withdraw from the ruling National Congress Party and form the opposition People's Congress Party.In February 2001, the People's Congress Party and the rebel Sudan People's Liberation Army signed an agreement in Geneva to jointly overthrow the Bashir regime.In March 2004, Turabi was arrested and jailed on suspicion of a coup.In August 2007, the People's Congress Party announced the official resumption of dialogue with the National Congress.In March 2016, Turabi died.In March 2017, the People's Congress Party held its annual meeting, elected Ali Al Haji, the former Deputy Secretary, as the new General Secretary, deliberated and passed the resolution of conditional participation in the Sudanese National Reconciliation Government, and became the first opposition party to participate in political dialogue.In May 2017, the People's Congress Party joined the cabinet to participate in politics, and former General Secretary Senussi was appointed as the assistant to the President.After April 2019, the People's Congress Party did not participate in politics in the cabinet again.
(2) Umma Party: It was founded in January 1945 by Abdulrahman Mahdi, the second leader of the Islamic Ansa sect in Sudan.In 1956, he was in power jointly with the People's Democratic Party.Sadig Al Mahdi, the leader of the party, was the prime minister (1985-1989).In 1989, former President Bashir launched a military coup to overthrow the government led by the Uma Party.In December 1996, Sadik led some leaders of the Uma Party to flee to Eritrea and then to Egypt.In November 2000, Sadik ended his exile and returned to the Soviet Union, and began to participate in Soviet political affairs.At the end of 2011, his son Abdulrahman Mahdi was appointed as Assistant to the President.In May 2014, Sadik was arrested by the Soviet authorities and announced to withdraw from the National Dialogue and return to the opposition coalition after his release.In November 2020, Sadik died of COVID-19. Fadlallah Burma Nasser served as the Chairman of the Acting Party, and Al Wathig Al Berair served as the General Secretary.
(3) Democratic Union Party: Founded in 1967, it is composed of the National United Party and the People's Democratic Party.The current party chairman is Mohamed Othman Al Milghani.At the end of 2011, the NLD joined the cabinet to participate in politics, and Mohammed, the son of Milgani, was appointed as the first presidential assistant.After April 2019, the Democratic Alliance Party did not participate in politics in the cabinet again.[1]
judicial
The Sudan has a National High Judicial Commission.It has the Supreme Court and the General Procuratorate.The Chief Justice is vacant, Khalifa Ahmed Khalifa, Acting Attorney General.[1]
Economics
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overview
Sudan is one of the least developed countries in the world announced by the United Nations, with a single economic structure, weak foundation, backward industry and strong dependence on natural environment and foreign aid.Benefiting from a large number of oil exports and driven by high oil prices, Sudan's economy once became one of the fastest growing countries in Africa.The independence of South Sudan in 2011 had an impact on the Sudanese economy.In recent years, the domestic price of Sudan has risen, the currency has depreciated, and the fiscal revenue has declined sharply.In order to eliminate the negative impact, the Sudanese government, on the one hand, has gradually increased its investment in infrastructure such as water conservancy, roads, railways, power stations, as well as livelihood projects such as education and health;On the other hand, efforts should be made to change the situation that finance is heavily dependent on oil exports and take the development of agriculture as a long-term strategy.After the outbreak of armed conflict in Sudan in April 2023, the national economy suffered a serious blow, and various economic indicators deteriorated rapidly.
Main economic data (2023):
Gross domestic product (GDP): 25.7 billion US dollars
GDP per capita: 536 US dollars
Currency name: Sudan Pound (SDG)
Official exchange rate: 1 US dollar ≈ 1200 Sudanese pounds
Agriculture is the main pillar of the Soviet economy.The agricultural population accounts for 70% of the total population of the country.Grain crops mainly include sorghum, millet, corn and wheat.Economic crops play an important role in agricultural production, accounting for 66% of agricultural exports, mainly including cotton, peanuts, sesame and gum arabic, most of which are for export.The output of long staple cotton is second only to Egypt, ranking second in the world;The output of flowers ranks first in Arab countries, second only to the United States, India and Argentina in the world;The output of sesame occupies the first place in Arab and African countries, and the export volume accounts for about half of the world;The planting area of gum arabic is 5.04 million hectares, with an average annual output of about 60000 tons, accounting for 80% of the world's total output.
Sudan's livestock resources rank first among Arab countries and second among African countries.According to statistics, Sudan has about 108 million cattle, sheep, camels and other livestock on hand. In recent years, the average number of live cattle and sheep exported to Egypt, Saudi Arabia and other Gulf countries has reached 5 million, and the average number of raw hides produced is about 22 million.[4]
Industry
The industrial base of Sudan is weak. The main industries are textile, sugar, leather, food processing, hemp, tobacco and cement.In recent years, the Soviet government has actively adjusted the industrial structure, focusing on the development of petroleum, textile, sugar and other industries.In 1999, the Soviet Union made great progress in oil development and became an oil exporting country.After the independence of South Sudan in 2011, 75% of the oil reserves of the original Sudan were classified into the South, and the oil production of the former Sudan decreased significantly.[4]
mining
Mineral resources are the backbone of Sudan's economy.In 1995, Sudan officially exploited oil on a large scale. In 1999, Sudan became an oil exporter. In 2010, Sudan produced about 160 million barrels of crude oil, and its oil refining capacity exceeded 5 million tons.After the split between the North and the South, Sudan's oil production has declined sharply. Gold, silver, chromium, iron and other resources have attracted great attention as oil substitutes. The government has formulated a series of investment introduction measures.In recent years, Sudan's rich mineral resources and preferential investment policies have attracted the attention of the world. Enterprises from France, Canada, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, India and other countries have rushed in. There are 460 mining enterprises in Sudan, most of which are engaged in gold exploration and mining.According to incomplete statistics, more than 1000 tons of gold have been proved in the early survey of Sudan.[4]
Finance
There are 26 banks in Sudan.The Bank of Sudan was established in 1959 as the Central Bank of the Soviet Union.Others are commercial banks, of which the Double Nile Industrial Development Bank and Khartoum Bank are state-owned.[1]
There are 11 local insurance companies in Sudan, including 4 life insurance companies and 7 non life insurance companies, which can provide life insurance, property insurance, agricultural and livestock insurance, etc. The larger ones are Sudan Islamic Insurance Company, Shiekan Insurance and Reinsurance Company.[4]
foreign trade
Foreign trade plays an important role in Sudan's economy.In 2022, Sudan's total foreign trade will be 15.44 billion US dollars, including 4.35 billion US dollars in exports and 11.09 billion US dollars in imports.The United Arab Emirates, China, Saudi Arabia, India, Egypt and other countries as well as the European Union are its main trading partners.[4]
foreign capital
The Sudanese government has taken a series of preferential measures to improve the investment environment and attract foreign investment.According to the data released in the World Investment Report 2021, Sudan will absorb 717 million dollars of foreign capital in 2020;By the end of 2020, Sudan's stock of absorbing foreign investment was US $29.211 billion.[4]
Culture
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language
The official language of Sudan is Arabic, and its users account for 75% of the total population.In addition, English is the common language in Sudan, and Nubian and Fur languages are used in some areas.[4]
Religion
The national religion of Sudan is Islam. More than 85% of the residents believe in Islam, mostly Sunnis, and a few believe in Christianity.[4]
ceremony
Sudanese women
Sudanese are warm and hospitable, straightforward and kind, and dress neatly and appropriately in social occasions.When they meet, they clap their shoulders or hug each other. Women hug each other. There is generally no physical contact between men and women.It is considered impolite to use your right hand when shaking hands or delivering things.
When receiving invitations to attend weddings and other activities, you must attend. If you cannot attend for some reason, you must inform the host in advance. Otherwise, it will be considered rude.When visiting, you must make an agreement in advance and get the owner's consent before entering.The Sudanese have a weak sense of time.[4]
diet
The Arabs in Sudan mainly eat sorghum, corn, wheat, beef and mutton. They maintain their Islamic tradition, and do not eat pork, strange shaped food, red stewed dishes with juice, or alcohol.
Nubians in Sudan like to eat sorghum pancakes baked on iron plates.The non-staple food is mainly okra leaves, medicinal beans and beef and mutton.They like to drink beer made from sorghum, wheat or dates.
Southern blacks mainly eat sorghum, peanuts, okra pods, medicinal beans and potatoes, and also eat beef, mutton, game, fish and honey.Black people usually eat porridge with sorghum noodles mixed with milk, gravy or cooked meat.They like to drink beer and soju made from sorghum.
The Beja people in Sudan like to drink "milk porridge" made of fresh milk or condensed milk mixed with sorghum noodles, and they also like to eat boiled meat and roast meat, but they don't like vegetables, fish, eggs and birds.Milk and beer made from sorghum are their main drinks.[4]
taboo
Sudan is a taboo country, and outsiders should try to be familiar with and respect it.Belu people avoid calling women's names directly.Women of this ethnic group have a higher status than men. If someone calls his wife's name in front of a Belu man, he will be furious on the spot, which will make both the guest and the host very unhappy.The Beja people in Sudan have some special taboos: in daily life, they should not beat or scold children.
The boy shall not mention the names of his mother and sister;Children over 7 years old are not allowed to sleep with their mothers, and girls must live with their grandmother;Married men are not allowed to stay at home during the day in order to avoid their mother-in-law;The couple's pillow must not be placed in the wrong position, otherwise, it means that the couple's feelings are not harmonious.[5]
Foreigners in Sudan should not wear shorts shorter than the knee, and women should not wear clothes with sleeves and long skirts.Women are not allowed to participate in activities with men in public places (except universities). When meeting weddings and funerals, men and women should sit separately.
Sudanese abstain from alcohol, pork, dogs, donkeys and other animals, scaleless fish, raw onions, garlic and other smelly things.When eating, use a knife and fork, or grab food with your right hand.[4]
festival
festival
S/N
Holiday Name
vacation
Gregorian calendar
Yili
Days off
one
Islamic New Year
-
January 1st
one
two
Sacrament
-
March 12th
one
three
Sky Climbing Festival
-
July 27th
one
four
Eid al Fitr
-
October 1st
three
five
Eid al Adha
-
December 10th
three
six
Independence Day
January 1st
-
one
7-
Easter
April 22nd
-
one
eight
Huifeng Festival
April 24th
-
one
nine
National Salvation Revolution Day
June 30th
-
one
ten
Christmas
December 25th
-
one
reference material:[4]
military
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military strength
The armed forces were established under British colonial rule.After independence, the army was sudanized.August 14 is the Army Day.The compulsory military service system stipulates that Sudanese aged 18-30 must have two years of service.The armed forces have a total force of about 200000, consisting of three services: land, sea and air.The rapid support force is a military force independent of the armed forces, with a force of about 100000.[1]
military academy
Sudan's military academies mainly include the Supreme Military Academy, the Staff Command Academy and the Military Academy.[1]
Transportation
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Railway
The total length of Sudan railway is 7300km (up to 2022).It has the second longest railway mileage in Africa, covering all of Sudan.Due to the war damage and flood scouring, the railway has been severely damaged. It can not form a network and can only be used for sections.Atbara is a railway hub in Sudan. It leads north to Wadi Halfa on the Egyptian border, east to Port Sudan, south to Khartoum and Sennar, and then to Darfur and Blue Nile State.There is a railway from Babanusa in South Kordofan State to Wau in South Sudan.[4]
highway
The flow of goods and personnel in Sudan depends mostly on road transportation, with the national road mileage reaching 31000 kilometers (by 2022).A road network is basically formed between major cities, but the road grade is relatively low, mainly asphalt roads and earth rock roads.There are roads in the capital of Sudan directly connecting to Juba, the capital of South Sudan. The western section of the Western Salvation Road under construction has been completed, but it has not yet connected to the Chadian border.[4]
water transport
Sudan has two main ports: Port Sudan and Port Savagin, both located in the Red Sea State in eastern Sudan.Port Sudan is the largest port. Founded in 1905, it has 21 berths and a 100000 ton oil wharf. The water depth is 12-16 meters. The annual cargo throughput is about 8.5 million tons, accounting for 95% of the national port throughput.Port Sudan has a superior geographical location, only 158 nautical miles away from Jeddah Port in Saudi Arabia. There are passenger and freight ships shuttling between it.
As the Nile runs through the north and south, Sudan is rich in river transport resources, but after decades of civil war, the damage is serious, the navigation mileage is 1723 kilometers, and the transportation volume is small, mainly distributed in the Nile section.Before the north-south split, inland waterway transportation linked the two sides of Sudan, with political significance greater than economic significance.[4]
air transport
Air transportation plays an important role in Sudan transportation. 90% of the transportation in Sudan is carried out by air transportation.The Civil Aviation Administration of Sudan has more than 10 large jet airliners, and there are 67 airports in the country. Khartoum, Port Sudan, Kassala and Geneina airports are international airports.[4]
Pipeline transportation
There is an oil pipeline from Port Sudan to Khartoum, with a total length of 815 km and an annual oil transportation capacity of 800000 tons.In 1999, the 1640km oil pipeline from the oil fields in central and southern Sudan to Port Sudan via Khartoum was put into use.After the independence of South Sudan, the two sides had great differences on the distribution of oil interests such as pipeline transportation fees. South Sudan shut in wells in January 2012 and suspended the use of the southern oil pipeline.After hard negotiations between North and South Sudan, South Sudan oil resumed production in April 2013 and the pipeline resumed operation.The oil pipeline agreement has expired in March 2022, and Sudan and South Sudan are negotiating a new oil transportation agreement.
Sudan's scientific and technological level is low, and its ability to transform into productivity is weak.Its agricultural production mainly depends on the weather, and only a small number of modern farms begin to use large-scale sprinkler irrigation equipment;The manufacturing industry is technologically backward, mainly producing primary products, and the industrial finished products, electrical products, and transportation equipment are mainly imported;In the mining industry, large-scale mining equipment coexists with people's mining and gold panning, causing serious waste of resources;The communication industry has developed rapidly, and mobile phone signals and wireless networks cover most of the country.[4]
education
Sudan has long implemented free compulsory education. In June 1988, the Sudanese Ministry of Education decided to cancel the provision of free secondary and higher education, and primary education is still free.There are more than 13000 primary and secondary schools, 6 comprehensive universities, 14 independent colleges and 23 junior colleges in China.There are about 5 million students in school, including about 250000 college students and about 130000 teachers.Khartoum University, founded in 1902, is the earliest institution of higher learning in Sudan.The Islamic University of Ntuman was founded in 1912.[4]
media
The main newspapers are Concern Daily and Sultan Daily, which are Arabic daily newspapers.Brown Earth is an English weekly newspaper.
The official news agency is Sudan News Agency, which was established in May 1971 and has branches in Nairobi, Mogadishu, N'Djamena, Cairo and Djibouti.It has established business contacts with the news agencies in France, Germany, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Morocco, Syria and other countries, as well as the Middle East News Agency, Tass News Agency, Xinhua News Agency, etc.There are journalists in India, the United States and the United Nations.
Sudan National Radio, located in Ntuman, north of Khartoum, was founded in 1940 and broadcasts in Arabic, English, French, Somali and other languages at home and abroad.There are nine transmitting stations in China, which broadcast programs for three and a half hours in English, French and other languages in addition to 19 hours in Arabic every day.
Sudan National Television, located in Ntuman, north of Khartoum, was founded in December 1963. It broadcasts programs in Arabic and English for about 15 hours every day. It has business exchanges with Arab countries and some foreign television stations, and receives about 10 million viewers.[4]
medical care
The medical infrastructure in Sudan is backward, there is a serious shortage of doctors and medicines, medical resources are scarce and unevenly distributed, and the public health system is fragile (especially in remote areas), which puts great pressure on the prevention and treatment of infectious and non infectious diseases.Sudan implements a decentralized health system management model, which is mainly composed of the Federal Ministry of Health, the State Ministry of Health and the local government. The public health prevention and control system also adopts a three-level management model.In general, Sudan has formulated a long-term national health sector strategy and a hierarchical health care program, and has established a public health prevention and control system covering the whole country. However, constrained by resource shortage, talent shortage, backward technology and other factors, Sudan is still at a low level in response to public health emergencies.In addition, Sudan follows the British medical management system, and has strict regulations on the registration, import, approval and supervision of drugs. It mainly refers to the British, American and European Pharmacopoeia, and implements management in accordance with the relevant management measures of the World Health Organization. Drugs and medical devices are largely imported, and traditional herbs are popular with ordinary people.
According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, the neonatal mortality rate in Sudan will reach 31.79 ‰ in 2019, and the mortality rate of children under 5 years old will reach 68.21 ‰.In 2016, Sudan's national recurrent medical and health expenditure accounted for 7.2% of GDP. According to PPP, the per capita recurrent medical and health expenditure was 152 dollars;The life expectancy at birth in Sudan is 63-67 years.According to the 2016 Sudan Health Statistics Report, there are 503 hospitals, 30300 beds and 9175 doctors in the country, with an average of 1.3 hospitals, 76.5 beds and 23 doctors per 100000 people.The main infectious diseases in Sudan include malaria, tuberculosis, measles, leprosy, cholera, yellow fever and AIDS.
China is the first country to cooperate with Sudan in the field of health care.China Soviet medical cooperation began in April 1971 when the Chinese government sent the first support Soviet medical team to Sudan. By 2021, 36 batches of medical teams had been sent to Sudan, totaling 1065 people.In January 2021, the 36th batch of medical teams to assist the Soviet Union arrived in Sudan, with 42 members from various specialties including internal medicine, surgery, neurosurgery, urology, ophthalmology, gynecology, orthopaedics, traditional Chinese medicine, anesthesiology, stomatology, rehabilitation medicine and ultrasound, all of whom came from Grade III Grade A hospitals in Shaanxi Province.[4]
power
Sudan used to be short of electricity, but after years of development, especially after the construction of Merowe Dam, Roseires Dam and Upper Atbara Hydro junction with the participation of Chinese enterprises, the situation of power shortage has been greatly improved.The total installed capacity of the country is about 3.5 million kilowatts, and the power supply still cannot meet the needs of the country's industrial and agricultural development.At the end of 2019, Sudan will be connected to the Egyptian power grid in stages and discuss electric power cooperation with Ethiopia.[4]
communication
By 2021, Sudan will have 20000 fixed line telephones, 33 million mobile phone users and 15 million Internet users.The main telecom operators are Zain, Sudatel, MTN, etc. Mobile phone signals can cover almost all occupied areas. The three main operators have provided 4G network services.There are few fixed broadband users (0.077 users/100 people), most of which are concentrated in the capital Khartoum.[4]
People's livelihood
The population growth rate of Sudan is 2.4%, the average life expectancy is about 66 years old, and the population under 14 years old accounts for 40% of the total population.The basic living expenses of ordinary families account for 66.52% of the salary, and the housing accounts for 12.36%.We will provide free medical care for all.
International Relations
Announce
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foreign policy
Sudan pursues an independent foreign policy, upholds national sovereignty and unity, opposes western power politics, advocates strengthening Arab solidarity, close cooperation with African countries, and attaches importance to developing friendly and cooperative relations with China and other countries.The Soviet Union has diplomatic relations with nearly 100 countries in the world.[1]
external relations
Attitudes towards major international issues
On the international situation: I believe that the world today is in a state of imbalance in politics, strategy, economy, society and culture.New contradictions and conflicts keep cropping up, the world situation is very restless, and the world has no sense of security.The world economy is developing in the direction of large-scale economic conglomeration, advocating that Arab and African regions concentrate their own resources, establish a solid regional economic union and common market, and take the road of integration.
Regarding the establishment of a new international order: it advocates the establishment of a new international order based on the broad participation of the international family and the United Nations Charter as the norm, in order to maintain world security and stability and eradicate unequal political and economic relations.
On combating terrorism: reject and condemn terrorism, and believe that the international community must adopt a unified position on terrorism.We call on the international community to clearly define the concept of terrorism, oppose linking terrorism with a specific civilization, and implement double standards on counter-terrorism.It is emphasized that the international war on terrorism should be based on international law.
On the reform of the Security Council: support the reform of the Security Council, believe that the reform of the Security Council should be carried out within the general framework of the reform of the United Nations, and should be decided by consensus.Su Yuan supported on principleAUWe are united in our position and advocate that African countries should be included as permanent members of the Security Council.The work of the Security Council should be more transparent and democratic, adhere to the principles of fairness and objectivity, criticize the practice of settling disputes by sanctions, and oppose double standards.
With regard to human rights: it advocates that all countries should objectively explore and solve human rights issues through cooperation, and opposes the practice of double standards on human rights issues.It emphasizes that all countries have the right to choose their own development paths and models, and opposes some countries' pressure on other countries and interference in their internal affairs under the pretext of human rights.
aboutThe Middle East issue: AcknowledgementState of PalestineHe believes that the Palestinian people enjoy the right to self-determination and statehood.We firmly oppose the establishment of the separation wall by Israel and advocate that Israel should withdraw from all occupied Arab territories.He urged the international community and the Security Council to put pressure on Israel to implement the relevant resolutions of the Security Council and achieve regional peace and stability.
On the Iraq issue: we oppose the use of force by the United States and Britain against Iraq, emphasize the authority of international law, and advocate the settlement of the current Iraq issue through peaceful means within the framework of the United Nations.Calls for ensuring Iraq's territorial integrity, resolving the deteriorating security and humanitarian situation in Iraq as soon as possible and resuming its exercise of sovereignty.[6]
Relations with China
China and Sudan established diplomatic relations on February 4, 1959, and the two countries have long been friendly.The Sudanese government firmly supports China on issues related to Taiwan, Tibet and Xinjiang.The economic and trade relations between the two countries have developed smoothly.Since 1970, China has provided a certain amount of economic assistance to the Soviet Union.In recent years, the economic and trade relations between China and the Soviet Union have developed steadily. The economic and technical cooperation between the two countries covers a wide range, including oil, geological and mineral exploration, construction, roads and bridges, agriculture, textiles, medical care and education.Affected by the unrest in the Soviet Union, the bilateral trade volume in 2023 will be US $21.7, down 24.3% year on year.
Sino Soviet oil cooperation began in 1995. The Chinese partner is China National Petroleum Corporation, whose business integrates oil and gas exploration, development, production, pipeline, refining and chemical industry and sales, covering all the industrial chains of the petroleum industry.CNPC has one upstream investment project and two midstream and downstream projects in Sudan.After the Soviet armed conflict, relevant projects were temporarily suspended.
There is a Sino Soviet cooperation and coordination working group between the Chinese and Soviet governments, which has held three meetings so far.
The two countries have a long history of cultural exchanges.In the 1970s, the China Wuhan Acrobatic Troupe helped Su cultivate a large number of acrobatic talents and helped to set up the Sudan Acrobatic Troupe.The art troupe is called "the flower of friendship between the Sudan and China" by the Sudanese people and has a great influence in Africa.In August 1970, the two countries signed the Sino Soviet Agreement on Cooperation in Science, Technology and Culture. Since then, they have signed 10 implementation plans for cultural agreements.China has sent 37 medical teams to Sudan since 1971.In recent years, Sino Soviet educational cooperation has developed steadily, and China receives a certain number of Sudanese scholarship students every year.In October 2008, Hanban and the University of Khartoum signed an official agreement on the cooperative construction of the Confucius Institute, and the unveiling ceremony was held in November 2009.[3][12]
Relations with the United States
In 1952, the United States set up a liaison office in Khartoum, and the Soviet Union became an embassy after independence.In 1967, the Soviet Union broke off diplomatic relations with the United States to protest the support of the United States for Israel's war of aggression against Arab countries.He resumed diplomatic relations in 1972.After Bashir coup came to power in 1989, bilateral relations deteriorated sharply.In 1993, the United States included the Soviet Union in the blacklist of countries that support terrorism, and in 1996, the United States pushed the Security Council to adopt a resolution imposing diplomatic and aviation sanctions on the Soviet Union.In 1997, the United States unilaterally imposed economic sanctions on the Soviet Union.In August 1998, the United States accused the Soviet Union of being involved in the bombing of the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya, and blew up the pharmaceutical factory in the Sudan on the grounds that it produced illegal chemical weapons, which seriously worsened the relations between the Soviet Union and the United States.After the "September 11" incident, the Soviet government cooperated with the United States on counter-terrorism issues, and the relationship between the two countries has eased.From 2007 to 2008, Soviet diplomats had many contacts with the United States and expressed their willingness to improve relations with the United States, but the United States insisted on linking the improvement of US Soviet relations with the implementation of the North South Comprehensive Peace Agreement and the settlement of the Darfur issue by the Soviet Union.In October 2009, the United States announced its new policy towards the Soviet Union, which changed from blindly putting pressure on the Soviet Union in the past to paying equal attention to maintaining pressure and contacts, and said that it would maintain dialogue with the Soviet Union and give rewards and punishments according to its performance.In February 2011, Soviet Foreign Minister Kurti visited the United States. The United States said that if the Soviet Union recognized the independence of the South, it would start the process of removing the Soviet Union from the list of countries supporting terrorism.However, after the independence of South Sudan, the United States has not yet removed the Soviet Union from the list of countries supporting terrorism, while maintaining sanctions against the Soviet Union.Since 2015, Soviet US relations have gradually improved.In October 2017, the United States announced the lifting of economic sanctions against the Soviet Union.Since then, exchanges between the two sides have increased in politics, economy and trade, oil, education and other fields.In September 2019, after the establishment of the Soviet Transitional Government, the United States immediately congratulated the Soviet Union.In December, the United States announced that the Soviet Union would be removed from the list of countries violating religious freedom.In August 2020, U.S. Secretary of State Pong Peiao visited the Soviet Union, focusing on the normalization of Soviet Israeli (Israel) relations, the Soviet democratic transition process, peace negotiations and other issues.In October, the leaders of the United States, the Soviet Union and Israel issued a joint statement, announcing that the Soviet Union and Israel agreed to normalize relations. The United States subsequently removed the Soviet Union from the terrorist list, and completed the administrative and legislative procedures related to delisting in December.In February 2021, the US Secretary of State Bulin held telephone conversations with the Chairman of the Sovereign Council of the Soviet Union Burhan and the Prime Minister of the Transitional Government Hamduk.In March, the United States provided US $1.15 billion in temporary loans to help Soviet Union repay its arrears to the World Bank.In June, the US government decided to fully resume the normalization of US Soviet diplomatic relations.In June and August, U.S. Secretary of State Bulin held two telephone conversations with Prime Minister Hamduk of the Soviet Transitional Government.On October 25, after the change of the situation in the Soviet Union, the US Secretary of State Bulin held several phone calls with the Chairman of the Sovereign Council of the Soviet Union Burhan and the Prime Minister of the Transitional Government Hamduk, urging the Soviet military to restore the Transitional Government.In January 2022, Molly Fey, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs of the United States Department of State, and Sartfeld, Special Envoy of the Horn of Africa, jointly visited the Soviet Union and met with Burhan, Chairman of the Sovereignty Commission.In February, the US Special Envoy for the Horn of Africa, Sartfield, visited the Soviet Union.In June, Molly Fey, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs of the United States Department of State, visited the Soviet Union to promote all parties in the Soviet Union to participate in the dialogue of the United Nations African Union IGAD tripartite mechanism.In August, American Ambassador to the Soviet Union Godfrey arrived in the Soviet Union to perform his duties, which was the first American ambassador to the Soviet Union in 25 years.In May 2023, the United States and Saudi Arabia promoted the two parties to the Soviet conflict to hold negotiations in Jeddah and sign the Jeddah Declaration and the ceasefire agreement.In February 2024, the US Ambassador to the Soviet Union Godfrey ended his term of office, and the US State Department appointed Perilo as the US Special Envoy for Sudan.In March, Special Envoy Perilo visited Egypt, Ethiopia and other regional countries to mediate the Soviet conflict.[11]
Relations with Egypt
Sudan and Egypt are neighbors of each other. The relationship between the two countries has a long history. Egypt has occupied or co managed Sudan with Britain for nearly a century.After the independence of the Soviet Union in 1956, the relationship between the two countries was tight and slow, and there was a territorial dispute in the Haleyib area on the border.When Mubarak was President of Egypt, the Soviet Union supported the Emu Brotherhood, and the bilateral relations fell into a low ebb.In early October 2016, the two countries established a comprehensive strategic partnership.On the issue of Nile water resources, the Soviet Union was once relatively neutral, but as an upstream country, there were also differences with Egypt on the allocation of Nile water resources.Since 2017, the two countries have experienced constant friction.In May, the Soviet Union accused Egypt of providing support to the rebels in the north and east of Darfur, causing tension between the two sides.The Soviet Union announced a ban on the import of Egyptian agricultural and livestock products.From June to August, the foreign ministers of the two countries exchanged visits and the relationship was eased.Since November, the two countries have intensified their differences on issues such as the construction of the dam and the territorial dispute in the Haleyib region.In January 2018, the Soviet Union urgently recalled its ambassador to Egypt.At the end of January, President Bashir and President Sisi met in Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, and agreed to properly resolve the differences between the two countries.In 2019, after the situation in the Soviet Union changed, Egypt issued a statement supporting the Soviet military leadership in promoting political transition.In April, Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al Sisi, in his capacity as the rotating chairman of the AU, held a special meeting to promote the AU to relax the deadline for the transfer of power from the Soviet Transitional Commission to the civilian government.In May, Burhan, Chairman of the Soviet Military Transitional Council, visited Egypt.In October 2020, Egyptian Prime Minister Madbury attended the signing ceremony of the Juba Peace Agreement between the Soviet Transitional Government and the main opposition forces in Juba, the capital of South Sudan.Since Ethiopia completed the first stage impoundment of the Renaissance Dam in July 2020, the Soviet side has become increasingly concerned about the issue of the Renaissance Dam. In February 2021, the Soviet side proposed to establish a four party mechanism consisting of the African Union, the European Union, the United States and the United Nations to solve the problem, which was supported by Ethiopia.In March, Egyptian President Abdel Sisi visited the Soviet Union and Prime Minister Hamduk of the Soviet Transitional Government visited Egypt.In June, the foreign ministers of the Soviet Union and Egypt sent letters to the United Nations Security Council, firmly opposing Ethiopia's unilateral impoundment, and asked the Council to convene an emergency meeting to discuss the issue as soon as possible.In the same month, the two countries issued a joint statement reiterating relevant positions.In September, the United Nations Security Council adopted a presidential statement on dam rehabilitation, urging Sudan, Egypt and Ethiopia to resume negotiations under the leadership of the African Union.In March, September and December 2022, Burhan, Chairman of the Sovereign Council of the Soviet Union, paid three visits to Egypt, met with President Abdel Sisi of Egypt, and exchanged views on bilateral relations, dam rehabilitation and other issues.In July 2023, Egypt hosted the Sudan Neighbourhood Summit to discuss the settlement of the Soviet conflict.In August, Burhan, Chairman of the Sovereign Council of the Soviet Union, visited Egypt and held talks with Egyptian President Abdel Fattah Sisi.In February 2024, Burhan, Chairman of the Sovereign Council of the Soviet Union, paid a visit to Egypt. Egyptian President Abdel Fattah Sisi expressed his firm support for the stable reunification of the Soviet Union.[1][11]
Relations with Ethiopia
Sudan and Ethiopia had long been hostile because they supported each other's opposition.In July 1996, during the 32nd OAU Summit, President Bashir met with President Meles of Ethiopia. Both sides expressed their willingness to coexist peacefully and resolve the border dispute peacefully.Since the second half of 2017, the two heads of state have interacted frequently and achieved mutual visits.In January 2018, President Bashir of the Soviet Union, Prime Minister Hailemariam of Ethiopia and President Sisi of Egypt met during the AU Summit, and decided to establish a committee composed of foreign ministers and heads of intelligence departments of the three countries to maintain communication on trilateral relations.A technical committee composed of the ministers of water resources of the three countries was set up to discuss and solve the problems faced in the construction of the dam.In October 2020, Ethiopian President Sahel Walker attended the signing ceremony of the Juba Peace Agreement between the Soviet Transitional Government and the main opposition forces in Juba, the capital of South Sudan.In November, the Ethiopian government took law enforcement action against Tigray State, and the Soviet Union seized the opportunity to occupy the disputed Soviet Egyptian border area of Fashka, resulting in border conflict between the two countries.In May 2021, the Ethiopian militia, with the cooperation of the government army, launched a military operation in Fashka, and the Sudanese army fought back.In September, the two countries exchanged fire again in the Fashka region.In June 2022, Ethiopian militia raided Fashka, causing casualties of Soviet soldiers and civilians.In July, the Chairman of the Sovereign Council of the Soviet Union Boehan met with Prime Minister Abi of Ethiopia during the IGAD Special Summit and agreed to solve the problem peacefully through dialogue.In August, the Ethiopian Air Force announced that it had shot down a plane from Soviet airspace carrying weapons for the Tigray People's Liberation Front.In October, the Chairman of the Sovereign Council of the Soviet Union, Bukhan, met with Ethiopian Prime Minister Abi in Addis Ababa, and the two sides agreed to properly resolve the border dispute between the two countries and other issues.In January 2023, the Chairman of the Sovereign Committee of the Soviet Union, Bukhan, met with visiting Ethiopian Prime Minister Abi, and the two sides agreed to peacefully resolve issues such as the dam rehabilitation and border disputes through dialogue.In July, the IGAD four country mechanism on Sudan (Kenya, South Sudan, Ethiopia and Djibouti) held a high-level meeting in Addis Ababa to discuss the settlement of the Soviet conflict.In the same month, Agar, Vice Chairman of the Sovereign Council of the Soviet Union, visited Ethiopia.In November, Burhan, Chairman of the Sovereign Council of the Soviet Union, visited Ethiopia and met with Ethiopian Prime Minister Abi and African Union Commission Chairman Faki.
Relations with Eritrea
The Soviet Union had long supported the independence movement of Ecuador, but after the independence of Ecuador in 1993, the two countries turned against each other and often had border conflicts.
In 1994, Ecuador announced that it had broken off diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union.[1]
In 1999, President Bashir and President EcuadorIsaiasThey met twice, signed a reconciliation agreement and decided to resume diplomatic relations between the two countries.Sudan and Eritrea accuse each other of supporting their own anti-government forces, and bilateral relations remain tense.
In May 2005, Sudanese President Bashir and Eritrean President Isaias held a meeting in Tripoli.In October, Outdai Foreign Minister Omar visited the Soviet Union and proposed to improve bilateral relations.In December, First Vice President Kiir of the Soviet Union, Foreign Minister Ajavini, and Advisor to the President of the Soviet Unionsaladin Successive visits to Eritrea have shown a positive momentum of improvement in bilateral relations.[1]
Relations with Uganda
The Soviet Union and Ukraine had long been hostile to each other because they supported each other's rebel forces, which led to the breaking of diplomatic relations in 1995.
In 1999, President Bashir and President Museveni met in Nairobi and signed an agreement on the restoration of diplomatic relations between the two countries, the non use of force to resolve disputes and the cessation of support for each other's anti-government forces.
In September 2000, through mediation by Egypt and Libya, the relations between the Soviet Union and Ukraine were basically normalized.
In May 2005, the Minister of National Defense of Uzbekistan visited the Soviet Union.[1]
Relations with Kenya
There is a territorial dispute between the Soviet Union and Kenya, and Kenya has long sympathized with and supported the anti government forces in southern Jiangsu.
After Bashir came to power, he reached an understanding with Kenya on the current situation of the border areas between the two countries and signed a security agreement, which significantly improved the bilateral relations.Kenya, together with Ethiopia, Eritrea and Uganda, formed an IGAD mediation committee to mediate the settlement of the southern Jiangsu issue.[1]
Under Kenya's active mediation, since September 2003, the First Vice President of the Soviet Union Taha and SPLA leader Garang have held several rounds of political negotiations in Kenya, and signed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Kenya in January 2005.
In May 2005, Sudan and Kenya signed an agreement on the relationship between their armed forces.[1]
Relations with Libya
During the Nimeiri period, the relations between the two countries were tense.
In 1975 and 1976, Sudan broke off diplomatic relations with Libya after two attempted coups with Libyan background.
In 1978, the two countries resumed diplomatic relations.
In 1981, the Soviet Union broke off relations with Liberia again because of the Chad problem.
In 1985, the Soviet Union had a coup, and the interest rate first recognized the new regime of Sudan.[1]
In 1989, after Bashir came to power, the two countries officially signed an integration agreement to achieve comprehensive unification in politics, economy, education, culture, society, security and ideology, but there was no substantive progress.The Soviet Union objected to the US sanctions against Libya through the Lockerbie incident.
After 1997, Liberia actively mediated relations between the Soviet Union and Egypt, Uganda, Eritrea and other countries, and also conducted good offices between the Soviet government and the opposition.
In May 2001, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi visited the Soviet Union.Lee actively supports the efforts of the Soviet government to achieve peace in the Soviet Union.The foreign ministers of the two countries exchange visits frequently.
In March 2002, President Bashir went to Liberia to attendSahel - Summit of the Commonwealth of Saharan States.In October, Assistant President Mubarak of the Soviet Union went to Liberia to attend the meeting of the Supreme Council of Integration of the two countries to strengthen bilateral economic and trade cooperation.
In November 2004, President Bashir visited Liberia.After the Darfur issue, Liberia actively mediated and hosted two small African summits on Darfur in October 2004 and May 2005.
In February 2006, a small African summit meeting was held in Liberia to solve the problems of Sudan and Chad.[1]
Relations with Saudi Arabia
When Nimeiri came to power, the two countries had close relations, and Saudi Arabia was the country that provided the most aid to the Soviet Union among Arab countries.During Sadik's administration, Saudi Arabia was dissatisfied with the development of relations between the Soviet Union and Libya and Iran, and frozen its economic aid to the Soviet Union.[1]
After 1989, Bashir visited Saudi Arabia twice to improve and develop relations with Saudi Arabia.In the Gulf War, the Soviet Union offended Saudi ArabiaKuwaitAnd other Gulf countries. In addition, the Soviet Union once supported the Saudi oppositionBin LadenSha Duan will give all the assistance from the Soviet Union.
After 1995, the Soviet Union took the initiative to repair the relationship with Saudi Arabia.
Since 1996, Saudi Arabia has resumed providing a small amount of economic assistance to the Soviet Union.
In 2000, President Bashir visited Saudi Arabia, and relations between the two countries returned to normal.[1]
In 2002, after Saudi Arabia put forward a new initiative for Middle East peace, the Soviet Union expressed its support.In June, President Bashir visited Saudi Arabia.In June and December, the foreign ministers of the Soviet Union and Saudi Arabia exchanged visits, established a ministerial level mixed committee, and signed a framework agreement on political and economic cooperation. Saudi Arabia supported the peace efforts of the Soviet government and actively invested in the Soviet UnionMerowe Dam The project provides a loan of 150 million dollars,
In March 2005, Saudi Arabia's Interior Minister Abdul Aziz visited the Soviet Union, and the two countries signed an agreement on anti drug smuggling and security cooperation.In September, President Bashir visited Saudi Arabia and held talks with King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, further strengthening bilateral relations.[1]
Relations with South Sudan
On July 9, 2011, South Sudan became independent and Sudan was peacefully divided.However, due to the serious differences between the two sides on major issues such as border demarcation, oil interests distribution, and the ownership of Abyei, the progress of relevant negotiations was slow, and the two countries were constantly in discord, and fierce border conflicts broke out.In April 2012, the AU proposed a "road map" to solve the two Soviet problems.Subsequently, the two Soviet Union conducted several rounds of negotiations under the auspices of the African Union.On September 27, the heads of state of the two Soviet Union signed a series of agreements in Addis Ababa on bilateral cooperation, border security, economy, citizenship and other issues.However, the two sides still have differences on the boundary demarcation and the ownership of the Abyei region.Under the active mediation of the AU, in March 2013, the two Soviet Union reached an agreement in Addis Ababa on the implementation of the border security agreement and the timetable proposed by the AU for the implementation of the agreement reached.In April, South Korean oil production resumed. In September and October, South Korean President Kiir and former President Bashir of the Soviet Union exchanged visits, and the relations between the two countries tended to ease.After the conflict broke out in South Africa at the end of 2013, the Soviet Union actively participated in the mediation efforts of the East African Intergovernmental Development Organization (IGAD).Since 2014, the two heads of state have exchanged visits for many times, and the bilateral relations have generally eased, but there are still differences on some outstanding issues.Since 2017, the relationship between the two countries has shown a momentum of improvement, and the two countries have reached a consensus on the issue of oil transit fees.The Soviet Union has opened multiple land and water routes to transport humanitarian relief supplies provided by United Nations agencies to the south.In 2018, Bashir personally mediated the signing of a comprehensive peace agreement between Chengdu and Yugoslavia.After Bashir stepped down in April 2019, the Soviet side continued to actively mediate on the South Korean issue.In September, Hamadani, a member of the Sovereign Council of the Soviet Union, discussed the implementation of the peace process with Machar, the leader of the main opposition in South Africa, and President Kiir of South Africa.In October 2020, President Kiir of South Sudan attended the signing ceremony of the Juba Peace Agreement between the Transitional Government of the Soviet Union and the main opposition forces in the southern capital Juba.In March 2021, the Chairman of the Sovereign Council of the Soviet Union, Bukhan, visited South Africa and thanked President Kiir for presiding over the peace negotiations between the Soviet Government and the armed factions and for promoting the Juba Peace Agreement.In August, Prime Minister Hamduk of Sudan's Transitional Government visited South Sudan.In March and August 2022, Burhan, Chairman of the Sovereign Council of the Soviet Union, visited South Korea twice.In January 2023, Burhan, Chairman of the Sovereign Council of the Soviet Union, visited South Africa and reiterated their support for each other's development with President Kiir of South Africa.In February 2023, President Burhan of the Sovereign Council of the Soviet Union went to Juba, the southern capital, to attend the signing ceremony of the Juba Peace Agreement (upgraded version), and held talks with President Kiir of the South.In May, Agar, Vice Chairman of the Sovereign Council of the Soviet Union, visited South Sudan and met with President Kiir of South Sudan. The two sides exchanged views on the internal conflict in the Soviet Union.In September, Burhan, Chairman of the Sovereign Council of the Soviet Union, visited South Africa and held talks with President Kiir of South Africa.In April 2024, Agar, Vice Chairman of the Sovereign Council of the Soviet Union, visited South Africa, met with President Kiir of South Africa, and discussed the internal conflict of the Soviet Union, oil cooperation between the two countries and other issues.[1][11]
Relations with Chad
The relations between Sudan and Chad have been strained several times due to the Darfur issue.In May 2008, the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), a rebel in the Darfur region of the Soviet Union, attacked Khartoum, the capital of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union accused Chad of participating in the planning and implementation of this attack, and announced that it would break off relations with Chad.In August, under Libya's mediation, Suriname and Chad agreed to resume diplomatic relations.In May 2009, with the efforts of Qatar, Libya and other countries, the Sudan and Chad signed a peace agreement in Doha, the capital of Qatar.Since then, Zha accused the Soviet Union of supporting the rebel forces in Zhai. At the same time, he repeatedly carried out air raids on the Darfur region and sent ground troops into the Soviet territory to hunt down the rebels.Sue denied this and exercised restraint.After that, both sides intended to improve their relations and promised not to support the rebels of the other side.In 2010, the presidents of the two countries exchanged visits and normalized bilateral relations.Since 2014, the presidents of the two countries have exchanged visits for many times, the bilateral relations have gradually improved, and the two countries have carried out a number of cooperation in economic, security, border trade and other fields.In 2019, after the situation in the Soviet Union changed, Chadian President Deby expressed support to the Soviet Military Transitional Council.In October 2020, President Deby of Chad attended the signing ceremony of the Juba Peace Agreement between the Transitional Government of the Soviet Union and the main opposition forces in Juba, the capital of South Sudan.In April 2021, Burhan, Chairman of the Sovereign Council of the Soviet Union, attended the funeral of President Deby of Chad.In January 2023, Burhan, Chairman of the Sovereign Council of the Soviet Union, visited Chad and met with Mohamed, President of Chad. Both sides agreed to deepen bilateral relations and work together to address border security challenges.In June, President Burhan of the Sovereign Council of the Soviet Union and President Mohamed of Chad exchanged views on border security.In August, Chad held the first foreign ministers' meeting of neighboring countries on the Soviet question.In December, the Chadian government announced the expulsion of four diplomatic personnel from the Soviet Embassy in Chad.
Relations with Iran
On October 9, 2023 local time, the Iranian Foreign Ministry issued a joint statement between Iran and Sudan.The statement said that after several months of meetings and contacts between senior officials of Iran and Sudan, the two sides decided to resume diplomatic relations to serve the two countriesSame interests.[8]
Relations with the African Union
In February 2024, the 37th Summit of the African Union was held, at which AU officials reaffirmed that the AU has zero tolerance for unconstitutional government changes in African countries.Sudan has been suspended from membership by the African Union.[9]
Sudan is one of the countries with the richest tourism investment value, such as African wildlife, birds and Nile natural scenery.The climate of Sudan presents various climatic conditions, and the climate of the Red Sea area is moderate for adults, especially in highlands similar to Erkwiet summer tourist destination.
Sudan has more than 700 kilometers of Red Sea coast, especially represented by many tourism projects, such as boat rowing, water rowing, diving, underwater photography, etc.
Sudan also enjoys the heritage of ancient civilization, which has attracted many domestic and foreign tourists.These heritages are concentrated in the north, including Al Musawarat, Karima, Merowie, Al Berkal, Dongola and other places in Al Nag.The remains of pyramids and temples still unearthed in these areas and other places also prove the ancient civilization here.
Central Sudan includes Sennar and Sinja, where there is the site of ancient Al Funj King.In the capital, Mahdi Island in the east and west has many ancient relics.The ancient relics in other regions that are worthy of foreign tourists to understand the history of this country reflect the glory and history of the Sudanese people.In the eastern Sawakin area, the Red Sea, there are a large number of ancient relics, indicating the existence of major historical stages in Sudan.[7]
