Corolla is the general name of all petals in a flowercalyxThey are arranged in one or more circles above or inside the flowers, and most of them have bright colors. Before the flowers bloom, they protect the internal structure of the flowers. After the flowers bloom, they are attracted by beautiful colorsinsectcomepollination。Because it looks like a crown, it is called "corolla".
Corolla[2]）AndsepalRelatively thin ratio, structure and[1]Pieces similar but lackingchloroplast。The bright colors of petals mainly come from theChromophoreAndvacuoleInanthocyaninChromoid（flavonoid）。WithChromophoreThe petals are often yellow, orange or orange red;The petals containing anthocyanins often show red, blue, purple and other colors (mainly from the vacuolesCytosolOfPHDetermined).The combination of the two makesangiospermThe flowers are colorful, and the petals are white when neither of them exists.PetalousEpidermal cellIt often containsvolatile oilAnd make the flowers emit various special fragrance.Usually at the base of petalsNectaryIt can secrete honey to attract insects.
Some plant petals differentiate intoCornice(lamb) andClawed claw(claw) Two parts, namely, the upper part of the petal expands to form the eaves, and the base of the petal narrows to form the claw, such asdianthus, flowers of rape.
Sometimes the petals will become special honey leaves and lose their original forms, such asAconitumThe petals of a plant.
In some plants, there is an additional petal like or coronal accessory structure between the petals and stamens, which is calledAccessory corolla(corona), for examplemilkweed、narcissuThe flower of.
sepal
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Similarly, the petals may also be separated from or united with each otherPetal flower(choripetalousflower)，asroseAngelica sinensis;A flower scale with united petalsValvate flowerThe united part is called corolla tube, and the upper part separated is called lobes, such as morning glory, salvia miltiorrhiza, etc.
The difference in the shape, arrangement and association of petals often causes the corolla to form a variety of specific shapes, which is an obvious feature of some taxa and has a distinguishing significance.
form
The general name of petals.It often presents various bright colors and is the most prominent part of a flower. It is composed of several petalscalyxThe inner layer or upper layer of, arranged in one or more rounds.The petals of the corolla are separated from each otherDetached corolla；Combined in whole or in part, calledValvate corolla。
effect
Corolla
In petal cellsCytosolContained inAnthocyaninandChromophoreContained inCaroteneandxanthophyllAnd so on, which is the main reason why flowers show many colors.There is often secretion at the base of corollaHoney juiceGlands of.Petal cells of many plants can secretevolatile oils , producing special fragrance.The corolla can protect femalestamenIts color, fragranceNectaryThe honey it secretes is attractiveinsectconductpollinationRole of.
Common types
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Classification basis
Corolla
The classification of plant corolla is mainly based on the number, shape and clutch state of petals, andCorolla tubeLengthCorolla lobesAnd other characteristics.
The shape, size, number and association of the petals that make up the corolla vary from plant to plant and are often used as an important basis for plant classification. Common corolla types includeLabiate corolla(e.gSage）、roseCorolla (such as rose)Cruciform corolla(such as cabbage)Funnel-shaped corolla(e.gMorning Glory）、campanulate corolla (e.gChinese bellflower）。Some plants have flowers on the corolla or between corolla and stamenAccessory corollaOr accessory of the accessory crown, such asnarcissuThe yellow cup in the perianthlychnisApicalFlaky protuberance, are corollas.Most corollas have bright colors and fragrance to adapt to insect pollination.
Butterfly corolla(papilionaceous）, 5 petals,ImbricateArranged, the top piece is the largest, called the flag petal;The two pieces on the side are usually smaller than the flag petal and different from the flag petal in shape. They are calledPterygoid flap；The lower edges of the bottom two pieces are slightly combined, shaped like keels, calledKeel flap。Common inleguminousPlants, such asAstragalus membranaceus, liquorice, sophora flavescens, etc.
Labiate corolla
Labiate corolla(labiate）The lower part of the corolla forms a tube, and the upper part opens to one side, likelipsThe upper lip is often 2-cleft, and the lower lip is often 3-cleft.Common inLabiataePlants such as,Mint、Baikal Skullcap, Salvia miltiorrhiza, etc.
Tall saucer corolla
High legDished shapeCorolla（salverform）The lower part of the corolla combines to form a long and narrow cylinder, and the upper part suddenly expands horizontally like a dish.Common inPrimulaceae、OleaceaePlants, such as primrosesJasmineEtc.
The lower part of the corolla is united to form a short tube, and the lobes extend from the base to the surrounding, likespoke。Common inSolanaceaePlants, such asTomatoes, potatoesPepper, eggplantChinese wolfberryEtc.Also known asWhorl corolla。
Anthocyanins areWater solubility。It is distributed in cell fluid.The color of these pigments changes with the acidity and alkalinity of the cell fluid.Anthocyanins are blue in alkaline solution, red in acidic solution, andNeutral solutionMedium purple.Therefore, the color of petals containing a lot of anthocyanins varies between red, blue and purple.The black petals also contain anthocyanins. When the cell fluid is strongly alkaline, anthocyanins will appear blue black orPurplish black。
Corolla
There are more than 80 kinds of carotenoidsLiposolubilitySubstance, distributed in the chromosomes of cells, yellow, orangeOrange, mainly formed by this kind of pigment.asYellow RoseIf it contains carotene, it will be yellow,marigoldIt contains another kind of carotene, which makes the corolla plum yellowtulipsCarotenoids in flowers make the corolla appear beautiful orange red.Cells containflavonePigment or yellow oil droplets can also make petals yellow.The cell fluid contains a large amount ofchlorophyllThe color is green.
The white petals are because the cells do not contain any pigment, but there are manyAir compositionOfMicrobubble, it can reflect all the light, so the petals are white.
MulticolorThere are different kinds of pigments in the flowers of A.The petals are inlaid with cells containing different pigments, which makes a flower show a variety of different colors, thus making the flower colorful.The color of some common flowers is changing from flowering to decline, such asMorning GloryThe flower is red at the beginning of blooming and turns purple at the end of withering, which is also related to the changes of pH and temperature of the cell fluid in the petals.
