Eyjafjallajokull volcano is located 125 kilometers east of Reykjavik, Iceland, at an altitude of 1676 meters.
Eyjafjallajokull volcano erupted twice in succession from March to April 2010,volcanoThe eruption releases a large amount of gasashyestransport aviation、climateAnd human health.
Eyjafjallajokull volcano is formed by the deposition of volcanic ash, magma and rocks that have erupted for many times.
Location context
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Eruption of Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland, Figure 1
Eyjafjallajokull volcano is located 125 kilometers east of Reykjavik, Iceland[3]The geographical coordinates are 17 ° 37 ′ west longitude and 63 ° 37 ′ north latitude.
geographical environment
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landforms
The Eyjafjallajokull volcano is about 1676 meters above sea level. Its crater is 1.8 miles (2.90 kilometers) wide and 2.5 miles (4.02 kilometers) in diameter.[4]
geology
Eyjafjallajokull is a stratovolcano.
Volcano eruption
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On March 20, 2010, Eyjafjallajokull began its first eruption in 190 years.The eruption formed a 500 meter long crack and produced a lava eruption.Lava erupts and accumulates several volcanic rock hills full of foam along the crater. One lava flows to the northeast and flows into the Helena Jill Valley.[1]
The second eruption of Eyjafjallajokull volcano on April 14, 2010 was very quiet at the beginning.[1]
On April 16, 2010, the eruption of Eyjafjallajokull Volcano released more volcanic ash into the atmosphere. The greater question in the scientific community is how long the eruption will last, especially under the current intensity.This answer plays an important role in determining the long-term impact of volcanic eruptions on air transport, climate and human health.
From March to May 2010, about 3000 earthquakes occurred at the earthquake center of Ayafara volcano.The ash from the volcano rose to 55000 feet (16.76 kilometers), and the hot lava with a temperature of 1000 degrees Celsius was thrown to 400 feet (0.12 kilometers).[4]
Eruption omen
Before the large-scale eruption of Eyjafjallajokull volcano in 2010, there were some omens.Since early March, a series of earthquakes occurred.Over time, the earthquake caused the ground to rise continuously, and the ground near the volcano rose by at least 40 mm.All these imply that volcanic magma is moving upward under the ground.
The eruption of Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland, Figure 3
Previously, volcanic eruptions in the region had caused glaciers to melt and led to floods.However, the current volcanic eruption only melts the winter snow, not the permanent glaciers.In history, after the last few eruptions of Eyjafjallajokull, a larger eruption of the nearby Katla volcano often followed.However, there is no evidence of Katla volcanic activity.
According to the geophysicist Par Einesen of the Institute of Earth Sciences of the University of Iceland, the Icelandic authorities evacuated about 800 residents in the vicinity after they first found the signs of the second eruption, because they were worried about the volcanic eruption causing floods.Preliminary reports show that the melting of glaciers has caused the local river water level to rise by up to 10 feet (about 3 meters).It is reported that an important traffic artery has been closed,MeltwaterIt continued to flow into the nearby sea. As of April 14, 2010, there were no reports of casualties.The Icelandic Coast Guard sent planes to patrol over the volcano.The Associated Press reported that the pilot saw a two kilometer long crack on the surface of the ice sheet, and a large amount of smoke filled the sky.
This is the second volcanic eruption of the Eyjafjallajokull Ice Sheet in a month.The eruption may be caused by the melting of the glacier originally covered on the volcano, which reduces the pressure and makes the magma force unable to be suppressed.In addition, this is also related to the active sun, which makes the earth enter a period of high earthquakes and volcanoes.
Another volcano in the Eyjafjallajokull ice sheet area erupted, resulting in the emergency evacuation of 600 people.Local police spokesman Ren LunNeivaDuer Olavsson said that the volcanic eruption on the 14th was larger than that of last month.Some experts worry that this eruption will "wake up" Katla volcano.
Main impacts
Traffic impact
Due to the eruption of Eyjafjallaj ö kull, aircraft flying over the European continent were forced to land.
The decision to close the European aviation business has disrupted some commercial flights in Europe, and also disrupted some helicopter flights for offshore installation. In addition, intercontinental flights have also been affected.
Smoke and dust from Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland, Fig. 4
According to the latest information obtained from Met Office, Britain's National Air Traffic Control Service (NATS) should strictly enforce the flight plan in British airspace.At the same time, the installation work in the North Sea and Norwegian waters is almost stopped, but the production work has not stopped.
Statoil, Chevron, BP and Total are adjusting their work plans according to the situation, but these companies all said that it is unnecessary to implement emergency plans.
Many airports in Europe have been closed, and many passengers are stranded at the airport.The aviation ban has been implemented in Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Latvia, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Italy has closed the northern aviation sector and will consider re release on Monday. Spain has closed Barcelona and the northern airport.The Norwegian government has only imposed restrictions on Northern Airlines.
Greece, Portugal, Russia, Turkey and Ukraine have not been affected by Eyjafjallaj ö kull.
Volcanic ash impact
The smoke and dust from Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland, Fig. 5
According to the results measured by the global positioning system, the slight deformation of the surface of Eyjafjallajokull volcano shows that the gas is still accumulating below, and the magma will form bubbles, which will bulge the surface of the volcano.A more complicated factor is that the eruption took place under Ayafara Glacier.The melting of the bottom of the glacier triggered floods, forcing hundreds of residents around to be evacuated, and many bridges and roads were destroyed.However, Europe as a whole is more worried about the impact of melting ice water on volcanoes and the volcanic ash they generate.Durham University Colin Macpherson, a professor of the Department of Earth Sciences, said: "The fact that the volcanic eruption must have occurred under the glacier may have an impact on the explosiveness of the volcano." Professor Macpherson compared this situation to putting a hot pot under a kitchen faucet - the hot rock slurry meets cold water and will quickly generate steam.If there is steam in the rock, the pressure will gradually rise and local explosion will occur.
Dr. Gilbert said that the presence of water can also affect the characteristics of sand like volcanic ash.When the magma encounters cold water, it will cool rapidly and become glassy.Then, once the pressure accumulates to a certain extent, the volcano explodes, and this material will be decomposed into fine particles.She said: "This is somewhat similar to the crushing effect." The Health Protection Agency of the UK Ministry of Health warned that small particles floating in low altitude may fall to the ground, especially in northern Scotland - although it may not be visible to the naked eye.
The Icelandic Health Protection Agency suggested that the public, especially patients with respiratory diseases such as asthma and emphysema, should carry medicines with them, preferably staying at home. If they have to go out, they should pay attention to whether there are various signs of particles, such as dusty mist, the smell of rotten eggs, and symptoms such as stinging eyes, runny nose or dry cough.
Dr. Michael Clark, spokesman of the Health Protection Agency, said: "This will mainly affect people with lung problems. They will find that dust is tired of coping. Any volcanic rock is often irritating particles, which can trigger asthma reaction." He pointed out that volcanic ash also contains chemicals that can stimulate the respiratory tract, such assulfur dioxide。According to Dr. Clark, no evidence of an increase in emergency cases has been found so far, and the Health Protection Agency is not worried about long-term health problems caused by exposure to volcanic ash."We are talking about the initial acute response, not the long-term response," he said[1]
Tourism information
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The Eyjafjavik volcano is about 2.5 hours' drive from the capital Reykjavik.Tourists can cross the glacier and climb to the summit along the steep volcanic rocks.If you feel that climbing with the guide will be too much for your body, tourists may as well take a jeep to enjoy the magnificent scenery.[2]
