color

Art terminology

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Color can arouse our common Aesthetic pleasure The most sensitive formal elements. Color is the most expressiveness Because its nature directly affects people's feelings. The rich and varied colors can be divided into two categories Achromatic system And have color department. The color with saturation of 0 is achromatic.

stay Reproduction art In, the color truly reappears the object and creates the illusion space effect. Color research Scientific facts On the basis of, it requires precision and clear systematism. People will examine these basic characteristics of color relations to see how they can help create the form and meaning of the subject matter of works of art.

Chinese name: color
Foreign name: Color

Category: No color system and color system
Characteristics: Color, purity and brightness
Pinyin: sè cǎi

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seven Painting Color
▪ Color concept

type

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The rich and varied colors can be divided into two categories Achromatic system And color system:

Achromatic system

Black and white gray

Colorless refers to white, black and various shades of gray formed by blending white and black. No color can be arranged in a series according to a certain change rule, from white to light gray, medium gray, dark gray to black, Chromaticity This is called black and white series. For the change from white to black in the black and white series, you can use one vertical axis It means that one end is white, one end is black, and there are various shades of gray in the middle. Pure white is an ideal completely reflective object, and pure black is ideal Complete absorption Object. But in real life, there are no pure white and black objects Zinc white and Lead white It can only be close to pure white, and coal black can only be close to pure black. The color without color system has only one basic property - lightness. They have no hue and purity, that is, their hue and purity are theoretically equal to zero. The brightness of color can be expressed in black and white. The closer to white, the higher the brightness; The closer to black, the lower the brightness. Black and white can be adjusted as pigments Object color Of reflectivity To increase or decrease the brightness of the object color.

With color system

Colored

Color refers to red, orange, yellow, green, green, blue, purple and other colors. Red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue and purple tones with different lightness and purity belong to the color system. Color is determined by the frequency of light and amplitude Determined, frequency determines hue, amplitude determines light intensity 。

characteristic

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Color ring, hue, temperature, lightness, contrast

Color with color system has three basic characteristics: hue, purity (also known as Chroma 、 saturation ）, lightness. stay Chromatics It is also called the three elements of color or the three attributes of color.^[1]

Hue

Hue is the biggest feature of color. The so-called hue refers to the name that can accurately represent a certain color. as Rose , orange Lemon yellow 、 Cobalt blue 、 ultramarine , emerald green...... From the perspective of optical physics, all kinds of color phases are determined by the spectral composition of the light emitted into the human eye. about Monochromatic light For example, the appearance of hue depends entirely on the frequency of the light; about Mixed color For light, it depends on the relative amount of light at various frequencies. The color of an object is determined by the spectral composition of the light source and the reflection (or transmission) characteristics of the object surface.

purity

The purity of color refers to the purity of color, which represents the proportion of colored components contained in color. The larger the proportion of color components, the higher the purity of color, and the smaller the proportion of color components, the lower the purity of color. Visible spectrum A variety of monochromatic light is the purest color, which is the ultimate purity. When a color is mixed with black, white or other colors, the purity changes. When the color involved reaches a large proportion, the original color will lose its original luster and become a mixed color in the eyes. Of course, this does not mean that there is no original pigment in the mixed color, but that the original pigment is assimilated due to a large number of other colors, which can no longer be felt by human eyes.

Color purity of colored objects and their surface structure of If the surface of the object is rough diffuse reflection The function will reduce the purity of color; If the surface of the object is smooth, then, total reflection The function will make the color more bright.

Lightness

Brightness refers to the brightness of color. Various colored objects due to their reflection Amount of light The difference between light and dark produces the intensity of color. There are two kinds of lightness of color: one is the same hue with different lightness. The same color appears bright under strong light, and gray and fuzzy under weak light; Same color plus black Or plus After being mixed with white, different levels of light and shade can also be produced. The other is the different lightness of various colors. Each Solid color All have their corresponding brightness. White has the highest lightness, black has the lowest lightness, and red, gray, green and blue are the middle lightness. The brightness change of color often affects the purity. For example, the brightness and purity of red are reduced after adding black; If red is added with white, the brightness is increased, but the purity is reduced.

There are three characteristics of color: hue, purity and lightness. These three factors must be taken into account when applying.

International color system

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Commonly used internationally international standard Color system There are three, namely:

PCCS System of Japanese Research Institute

The PCCS (Practical Color Coordinate System) color system is developed by the Japanese Color Research Institute, and the tone series is based on it Organizational system 。 Its biggest feature is that the three attribute relationship of color is integrated into two concepts of hue and hue to form a hue series. Starting from the concept of hue, the plane shows the relationship between lightness and purity of each hue. From the position of each hue in the hue series, the component content of lightness and purity of excellent hue is clearly analyzed.

MUNSELL in the United States

Munsell Color system In 1898, American artist A Invented by Munsell, it is another commonly used color measurement system 。 Munsell aims to create a "reasonable way to describe color", using Decimal notation Ratio color Nomenclature Superiority. In 1905, he published a book Number of colors The standard book has been reprinted many times and still serves as colorimetry Standards.

Munsell system model It is a sphere and a ribbon on the equator. The value of the sphere axis is Neutral grey ， arctic It is white, and the South Pole is black. From sphere axial horizontal direction Extending out is the change of brightness at different levels, from neutral gray to full saturation. These three factors can be used to determine the color, and thousands of colors can be defined comprehensively. Munsell named these three factors (or quality) as: hue, lightness and chroma 。

OSTWALD in Germany

Ostwad Chromatic stereopsis Based on Herring's physiological four primary colors yellow, blue, red and green, the four colors are placed on four equal points around the circle to form two groups Complementary color yes. Then add orange Blue-green (Turquoise), purple, yellow green, a total of 8 colors, and then each color phase is divided into three colors, forming a color ring of 24 colors. Hue order Clockwise It is yellow, orange, red, purple, blue, blue-green, green, yellow green. The opposite two colors on the color taking phase ring turn to gray on the turntable, so the opposite two colors are Complementary color 。 And put 24 colors in the same color triangle Press Color ring Of Sequential arrangement Become a complex cone Body is Ostwald color solid.

China's COLORO system

The color system applied in China is China Apply Color Domain national standard , by China Textile Information Center (CTIC) R&D. COLORO compiles colors in the way that people see colors, based on the theory of visual equal color difference. COLORO color system is based on such a 3D model. The whole system consists of 160 color phases, 100 brightness levels, and 100 Chroma Grade composition, the three together build a color model that can define 1.6 million potential colors and even visual equal color differences.^[2]

Hue contrast

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Formed due to hue difference after combination of two or more colors Color contrast The effect is called Hue contrast 。 It is a fundamental aspect of color contrast Contrast strength The degree depends on whether the hue is Hue ring The smaller the distance (angle), the weaker the contrast; otherwise, the stronger the contrast.

Zero contrast

（1） Achromatic Contrast: achromatic contrast Although achromatic, their combination is very valuable in practical aspects. Such as black and white, black and grey, medium grey and light grey, or black and white and grey, black and dark grey and light grey, etc. The contrast effect is generous, solemn, elegant and modern, but it is also easy to produce a dull feeling.

(2) Achromatic and Colored Contrast: such as black and red, gray and purple, black and white and yellow, white and gray and blue, etc. The contrast effect is generous and lively, without color area Large time It is elegant and solemn, and its liveliness is enhanced when the color area is large.

（3） Homogeneous color Contrast: a difference in hue Lightness Or the contrast of different purity changes, commonly known as the same color combination. Such as blue and light blue (blue+white) Color contrast , green and pink green (green+white) and dark green (green+black). The contrast effect is unified, quiet elegant It is implicit and stable, but it is also prone to monotonous and inflexible problems.

(4) No color compared with similar colors: such as white and dark blue and light blue, black and orange and coffee By comparison, its effect combines the advantages of (2) and (3) types. It feels not only at a certain level, but also generous, lively and stable.

Harmonic contrast

(1) Proximity Hue Contrast: Adjacent two to three color contrast on the hue ring. The hue distance is about 30 degrees, which is a weak contrast type. Such as the contrast between red orange and orange and yellow orange. The effect feels soft, harmonious, elegant and quiet, but it also feels monotonous, vague, boring and powerless. You must adjust the brightness difference to enhance the effect.

(2) Similar hue contrast: the hue contrast distance is about 60 degrees, which is a weak contrast type, such as red and yellow orange contrast. The effect is rich and lively without losing the sense of unity, elegance and harmony.

(3) Moderate hue contrast: The hue contrast distance is about 90 degrees, which is a medium contrast type, such as yellow and green contrast. The effect is bright, lively, full, exciting, and interesting. The contrast is quite powerful, but it is not out of balance.

Strong contrast

（1） Contrast color Contrast: The color contrast distance is about 120 degrees, which is a strong contrast type, such as yellow green and red purple contrast. The effect is strong, eye-catching, powerful, lively and rich, but it is not easy to unify and feel messy, stimulating Visual fatigue 。 Generally, a variety of reconciliation means are needed to improve the contrast effect.

（2） Complementary contrast : The color contrast distance is 180 degrees, which is an extreme contrast type, such as red and blue-green, yellow and bluish purple. The effect is strong, dazzling, loud and extremely powerful, but if handled improperly, it is easy to produce childish, primitive, vulgar, unstable uncoordinated And other bad feelings.

Color vision

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The cold and warm feeling of color

The color itself has no temperature difference between cold and warm. It is the visual color that causes people's psychological association, and then produces the feeling of cold and warm.

Warm color : People see red, red orange, orange Yellow orange , yellow, brown and other colors will be associated with the sun flame , hot blood, etc visible image And create a feeling of warmth, enthusiasm, boldness and danger.

cool color : When you see green, blue, purple and other colors, you will associate them with the sky, snow, sea and other objects, resulting in cold, open, rational, calm and other feelings.

Neutral : Black, white and gray are neutral colors.

The warmth of color The feeling is not only reflected in the fixed hue, but also the relative Tendentiousness 。 It is appropriate to use rose red to paint the fresh and cold color of morning glow, while painting the sunset glow requires bright red with a strong sense of warmth. However, if compared with orange, the front two colors strengthen the cold feeling tendency.

People often use different words to express the feeling of color:

Warm colors - bold, sunny Opaque Large, enlarged, protruding, enthusiastic, enthusiastic, lively, strong, dense, deep, imminent, heavy, male, strong, dry, emotional, vigorous, etc.

Cold color - graceful, feminine, transparent, small, shrinking, sunken, calm, calm, elegant, weak, thin, light, open, light, feminine, weak, moist, rational, dreamy, etc.

Yellow green, blue, blue-green and other colors make people think of grass, trees and other plants, and create feelings of youth, life, peace and so on. Purple, blue purple and other colors remind people of rare and precious objects such as flowers and crystals, so it is easy to have a noble and dreamy feeling. As for yellow, it is generally considered as a warm color, because it reminds people of sunshine, wheat fields, etc., but some people also regard it as a neutral color. Of course, it belongs to the yellow phase, lemon yellow is obviously cold, while medium yellow is warm.

Light and heavy color

This is mainly related to the brightness of colors. The bright colors remind people of blue sky, white clouds, rosy clouds, many flowers, cotton, wool, etc. Produce a feeling of gentleness, floating, rising, etc. The color with low lightness is easy to associate with steel, marble and other items, which can create a feeling of heaviness, stability, and falling. In addition, at the same brightness, warm colors are usually heavier than cold colors.

Soft and hard color

The feeling mainly comes from the brightness of color, but also has a certain relationship with purity. The lower the purity, the softer the feeling. The higher the purity, the harder the feeling. Low purity colors have a soft feeling, and medium purity colors also have a soft feeling, because they easily remind people of the fur of many animals, such as camels, foxes, cats, dogs, and so on Woolen cloth , velvet fabric, etc. High purity colors are hard. If they are low in brightness, the hard feeling is more obvious. The hue has nothing to do with the soft and hard feeling of color.

Front and back feeling of color

By various colors of different frequencies in the human eye retina There are front and rear images, red, orange, yellow, etc Optical frequency Low colors are imaged on the inside and feel closer, while colors with high light frequencies such as green, blue and purple are imaged on the outside and feel more open within the same distance.

Actually, this is Visual illusion It is a phenomenon of warm color, solid color, high brightness color, turbid color, strong color Contrast color , large area color, concentrated color, etc. have a sense of impending, on the contrary, cold color, light color, low brightness color, clear color, weak contrast color, small area color, scattered color, etc. have a sense of openness.

Large and small sense of color

Because colors have the feeling of front and back, and colors of different frequencies have different imaging sizes on the retina, warm colors, high brightness colors, etc. have the sense of expansion and expansion, and look larger, while cold colors, low brightness colors, etc. have the sense of shrinking and shrinking, and look smaller.

Bright and simple color

Three Elements of Color It has an impact on the beauty and simplicity, and purity is the most important. High brightness, high purity color, rich, strong contrast color feeling bright, strong. The colors with low lightness and purity are simple and elegant. However, no matter what color, if you wear color matching, you can get gorgeous effects.

Excitement and calmness of color

Warm colors Rich and colorful Color and strong contrast color feel excited, lively, energetic and vigorous, and cold color feels calm, lofty and open. The most obvious effect is the hue. Warm colors such as red, orange and yellow give people a sense of excitement, while green, blue and purple make people feel calm. Grey is neutral, without this feeling. Purity is also very important. High purity and bright colors have a sense of excitement, while low purity and soft colors have a sense of calm. Finally, brightness, high brightness and high purity colors are excited, while low brightness and low purity colors are calm.

Color matching principle

Cold color+cold color; Warm color+warm color; Cool+Medium Mesochromatic

Warm color+neutral color; Halftone+halftone; Solid+Solid

Clear color (Solid color)+Heather; Solid color+pattern

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Performance characteristics

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gules

Red has the lowest frequency and strong diffraction. It easily reminds people of the sun flame , blood, flowers, etc., feel warm, excited, lively, enthusiastic, active, bold, vigorous, hope, loyalty, health, enrichment, fullness, happiness, etc., but sometimes it is also considered as a symbol of blood, primitive, violence, danger, and vulgarity. Red has always been our traditional festive color.

Dark red and red with brown flavor give people a feeling of solemn, steady and warm colors, which are commonly used to welcome distinguished guests. The bright pink with white color has the feeling of tenderness, sweetness, dreaminess, happiness, and gentleness, almost becoming the special color for women.

orange

Orange and red belong to the same genus Warm color , with red and yellow Chromaticity , which reminds people of fire flame , Xiaguang orange Such images are the warmest, loudest and most exciting colors. I feel lively, bouncing, hot, warm, sweet and happy, but also have doubts, jealousy, hypocrisy and other negative feelings Tendentiousness expression.

Grey orange coffee The white orange becomes light orange, commonly known as blood tooth color. Both orange and orange are sweet colors commonly used in clothing, and are also favorite clothing colors of many consumers, especially women, children and young people.

yellow

Yellow is the warmest color of all colors, with the impression of warmth, liveliness, cheerfulness, harvest, fame, maturity, etc. However, yellow is easy to be mixed with its color, that is, it is easy to lose its original appearance, so it also has negative meanings such as frivolity, instability, volatility, indifference, etc.

Light yellow with white feels peaceful and gentle. Beige or white with a lot of light gray is a good natural color for leisure. Dark yellow has another noble and solemn feeling. Because yellow easily reminds people of the skin of many fruits, it can cause an acidic appetite.

Yellow is also used as Safety color , because it has a warning effect, such as Outdoor operation Of coverall 。

green

In nature, grass and leafy plants can be seen everywhere except the sky, rivers, oceans and green, which represent life, youth, peace, serenity and freshness. Green is most suitable for human eyes' gaze, and has the function of eliminating fatigue and adjusting. Yellow and green bring people the smell of spring, which is popular with children and young people. Blue-green Dark green is the color of ocean and forest, which has the meaning of flexibility, openness and wisdom. Grey green, such as earth green Olive green 、 Pickles Green, dark green and other colors give people a sense of maturity and sophistication. They are widely used by people and are prescribed by the military and police.

blue

Contrary to red and orange, it is typical Cold tint It means quiet, cold, agile, rational, profound, transparent and so on. With the continuous development of space industry, it has a strong modern sense of high-tech.

Blue It is bright and full of youth, loved by young people, but it also feels immature. Dark blue is a cool and rational color, which is popular among middle-aged people. The warm green color is full of moving and profound charm, Navy blue It gives people the impression of generosity and dignity. indigo Pulanyin is widely used in the folk and seems to have become a symbol of national characteristics. Of course, blue also has its other side of character, such as rigid, indifferent, melancholy, unreachable and so on.

violet

It has a dreamy, noble, beautiful, solemn and luxurious temperament, including pale lavender or blue purple, but it has an elegant, dreamy, scientific and technological sense of the times similar to space and cosmic color, which is widely used in modern life.

black

Black is a colorless and pure color. It often makes people feel hidden, quiet, mysterious, serious, solemn and implicit. In addition, it is also easy to create negative impressions of sadness, terror, foreboding, silence, extinction, evil and so on. Nevertheless, the combination of black is extremely adaptable, no matter what color, especially bright Solid color Match it. Can achieve a pleasing effect. However, it cannot be used in a large area, otherwise, its charm will be greatly weakened, and on the contrary, it will produce a depressive and gloomy sense of terror.

white

White gives people the impression of cleanness, brightness, innocence, innocence, simplicity, hygiene and tranquility. In its background, other colors will appear more gorgeous and cheerful. Using more white may also produce a dull and tasteless sense of monotony and emptiness.

gray

Grey is Neutral Its outstanding character is soft, meticulous, smooth, simple and generous. It does not obviously affect other colors like black and white. Therefore, it is ideal as a background color. Any color can be mixed with gray Phase mixing The slightly colored gray can give people a sense of elegance, delicacy, implication, steadiness, refinement, civilization and quality. Of course, the abuse of gray is also easy to expose its boring, lonely, melancholy, no passion, no interest side.

Drab

Medium and low with certain gray Lightness Various colors, such as Earthy red , earth green, ripe brown, raw brown, earth yellow, coffee, pickles, bronze Camel hair , tea brown and other colors, the character is not too strong Affinity It is easy to cooperate with other colors, especially with fresh colors, and the effect is better.

It also reminds people of the golden autumn harvest season, so they are mature, modest, rich and easy-going.

Metallic

In addition to gold, silver and other precious metal colors, all colors with metallic colors have their own gorgeous characteristics. The golden color is magnificent, symbolizing glory, wealth, reputation and loyalty; Silver is elegant and noble, symbolizing purity and faith, and is milder than gold. They work well with other colors. It is almost universal. Small area embellishment has the effect of icing on the cake and refreshing, while large area use will cause excessive negative effect It seems flashy and loses its sense of stability. If skillfully used and properly decorated, it can not only play the role of drawing the finishing touches, but also produce a strong modern high-tech aesthetic feeling. Next is lightness, which is elegant with high brightness colors, and stable with low lightness and low purity colors

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Painting Color

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Color concept

A kind of visual psychological feeling caused by light reflected from objects to people's eyes. According to the literal meaning, color can be divided into color and color. The so-called color refers to the feeling of light entering the eyes and passing to the brain; Color means multi color, which means people's understanding of light changes.

Colour noun

1. Common color terms

Tricolor

The most basic colors in painting are red, yellow and blue, which are called primary colors. The three primary colors are pure, bright and strong, and the three primary colors themselves cannot be blended, but they can be blended into a variety of colors.

Mesochromatic

A color obtained by mixing two primary colors, such as yellow, blue, green, and blue, red, purple.

Multicolor

The color obtained by mixing two intermediate colors (such as orange and green, green and purple) or a primary color with the corresponding intermediate color (such as red and green, yellow and purple). The composite color contains the components of three primary colors, which become Color purity Lower gray color.

2. Other color terms

Contrast color

Any three colors in the hue ring that are separated by 120 degrees to 150 degrees.

Homogeneous color

The series of colors with different tendencies in the same color phase are called homogeneous colors. For example, yellow can be divided into lemon yellow, medium yellow Orange , earthy yellow, etc.

Complementary color

The colors in the hue ring that are 180 degrees apart are called Complementary color 。 For example, red and green, blue and orange, yellow and purple complement each other. When complementary colors are subtracted (for example, two complementary colors are painted on the same point of white paper during color matching exercises), they become black; When complementary colors are juxtaposed, it will cause strong contrast Color vision You will feel that the red is redder and the green is greener. If you reduce the saturation of the complementary color, it will tend to be harmonious.

Basic factors of color

Light source color

Light from various light sources (indoor light, outdoor light Artificial light ）Different light frequency, intensity and proportion form different Chromatic light , called light source color. It is generally presented on objects.

Solid colored

The color of objects in natural light is called solid color. But under certain light and surrounding environment Under the influence of, the inherent color will change, so beginners should pay special attention to this. Solid color generally appears in the gray part of the object.

Ambient color

The color of the object's surrounding environment is due to Reflection of light The function that causes the change of object color is called environmental color. Especially objects shadows The reflective part of.

Three elements of color

Hue

Hue refers to the appearance of color, the most significant feature of color, and the result of different frequency of color being felt. The red, orange, yellow, green, green, blue and purple in the spectrum are seven different basic colors.

Lightness

Brightness refers to the difference between the brightness, darkness and depth of colors, which depends on the intensity of reflected light. It includes two meanings: one is the brightness and darkness of a color itself, and the other is that there are differences between brightness and darkness in different colors.

purity

Also called chroma Gaudiness , concentration and saturation refer to the purity of color.

Color harmony

Light source tone and

Under the influence of the obvious light source color, the color harmony formed by dyeing the light source color is unified.

Keynote harmony

The harmony formed by the dominant elements of the color of certain objects.

Neutral tone and

Black, white, grey, gold and silver are neutral colors. No matter between them and any color, they can independently assume the role of buffer and complementary balance between colors. Between any uncoordinated colors, as long as a black line or a neutral line such as silver is separated, the color of the whole painting can be unified immediately

Color contrast relationship

Hue contrast

A contrast formed by differences in hue. When the main color phase is determined, the relationship between other colors and the main color phase, the content and effect to be displayed, etc. must be considered to enhance its expressiveness 。

Lightness contrast

A contrast formed by differences in lightness. White has high brightness, black has low brightness, and red, gray, green and blue belong to medium brightness.

Purity comparison

When one color is compared with another more bright color, it will feel less bright, but when compared with a less bright color, it will appear bright. This color contrast becomes purity contrast.

Cold and warm contrast

because The warmth of color The color contrast formed by difference is called cold warm contrast. Red, orange and yellow make people feel warm; Green, blue and purple make people feel cold; Black, white and gray lie between them. In addition, the contrast between cold and warm colors is also affected by brightness and purity. White light reflects high and feels cold. Black absorptivity High and warm.

Complementary contrast

Complementary contrast refers to the juxtaposition of red and green, yellow and purple, blue and orange and other complementary colors to make the color feel more distinctive and the purity increase.

tone

Tone refers to the overall tendency of the color of the picture in a painting, which is a big color effect. In nature, we often see such a phenomenon: objects of different colors are shrouded in a piece of golden sunlight, or are shrouded in a piece of gauze like mist Light blue In the moonlight; Or be enveloped by the charming golden color of autumn; Or be unified in the silver white world in winter. This kind of color phenomenon is that objects with different colors are covered with a certain color, which makes objects with different colors have the same color tendency. Hue is the picture Color composition The overall effect of.

Tone is also formed after the painter organizes, processes and adjusts the color of the object on the screen from the aspects of hue, lightness, purity and area size distribution in the process of sketching subjectivity It is not a copy of the objective object.

The role of hue and its significance to color

Today College Entrance Examination of Fine Arts In color, tone is the essence. A good tonal work is the key step to get a high score. Color composition pair Modern Design And painting plays a huge role such as interior decoration, clothing, Chinese painting and so on.

1. Factors affecting tone

Light source color

Color is unstable. It will change due to the change of light Smooth surface It has a complementary relationship with the color of the backlight surface, which is also a basic feature of the landscape color under the sun. The color of the scenery is generally biased under the indoor natural light cool color However, if illuminated by colored lights, the color of the light source determines the temperature of the still life.

Theme color determines the trend of picture color

Color of main body

The main color is the main color that determines the color trend of the picture. It may be the color with the largest area of the picture, or the color with the highest purity and most eye-catching. The main feature of the main color is that other colors of the screen should be centered on it, and adjust their own colors according to the purity and brightness of the main color to form a unified and harmonious color of the screen.

Personal color habits

How personal color habits and color feelings affect color? Painters have their own habits. The determination of the color of the picture has a direct relationship with personal color habits. For example, Van Gogh likes to use colors with high purity. The contrast is large, forming a visual effect full of vitality. Some painters prefer simple and implicit colors, such as Vial He likes to use khaki Ochre 、 Ripe brown A kind of color that is close to each other. It is he who pursues the slight difference between colors Color language Characteristics of.

Everyone's color perception is very different. For people with acute color perception, rich and varied colors can be taken from nature. Color masters like Monet have this innate talent and are difficult to imitate. For people or beginners who don't feel good about color, they can make the color relationship conform to the law through rational use of technology and rational control of color.

2. Classification of hue

Hues can be classified from the following four aspects:

(1) Classified by lightness: bright tone, gray tone Undertone 。

(2) Classified by purity: fresh tone, medium purity tone and grey tone.

(3) Classified by color: cold color warm tones And neutral tones.

(4) Classification by hue: red, orange, yellow, green, green, blue, purple.

3. Relationship between hue and color

The relationship between hue and color is inseparable. The color relationship is orderly and reasonable, and the color sense of the picture is strong; If the color relationship is disordered, the picture lacks the sense of hue. In other words, in order to obtain the overall color of the picture, it is necessary to establish a harmonious and unified picture color relationship, examine the purity and brightness of the color, and properly summarize and summarize the color. To summarize and summarize the colors of reality, or to accurately grasp the overall color relationship of a picture, is to complete a work necessary condition 。 If the overall color of the object can be clearly displayed before writing, then the local color will also become clear and easy to grasp, and the overall relationship of colors will not appear big deviation. At this time, color has become an effective means for painters to summarize and summarize the colorful natural colors.

4. General color relationship in hue

Color relationship: the relationship between two or more, front and back, left and right, top and bottom, or between the object itself, such as temperature, lightness, and purity.

Brightness: bright in front and gray in back

Purity: front purity and rear ash

Cold and warm: under warm light, the light receiving part is warm, and the dark part is cold. Cold light The light receiving part is cold and the dark part is warm.

With the same hue, we will look for the changes between objects from brightness, cold and warm.

5. Color relationship in contrast tone

The beauty of harmony

The principle of harmony refers to the visual effect that colors in color works coordinate with each other and tend to be consistent in differences. The principle of harmony is one of the key points in constructing the picture atmosphere.

Contrast change

Contrast is formed by a piece of work Basic conditions Contrast is an art Expressive technique 。 The difference in hue, purity and lightness of a work's color, and Color block The size, straightness, falseness and reality, movement and stillness, strength and weakness, clearness and turbidity, coldness and warmth, convergence and dispersion, discontinuity, yin and yang, simplicity and complexity, density, etc. are all important contrastive relations of art. Proper application Contrast technique , strengthen the contrast effect, can improve Artistic expressiveness And appeal.

Principle of primary and secondary

There are primary and secondary colors in the picture, forming Picture tone The color of is the main color, such as the large area of blue in the blue tone, the background color and the embellishment color are secondary colors, which do not play a decisive role in the color of the picture. Through contrast, they can achieve the role of enriching the picture.

Principle of balance

The balance of the picture includes two meanings, one is the picture Sense of weight The other is the relative stability of color contrast Picture equalization Unification, we must avoid one-sided or top heavy situations. The balanced picture is based on the center of the picture, up and down, left and right or diagonal The stable color relationship, which is adjusted by weight, makes the picture have a comfortable and elegant visual effect, which is the expression of the beauty of color.

Rhythmic principle

The color configuration in the works is rich rhythm Only in this way can we create a sense of beauty with changes in unity. If there are extreme colors in the picture, such as bright red Mauve If it does, it will make people upset; If the picture is all gray, it will appear depressed and lifeless; Only by reasonably matching the solid color, neutral color and gray, carefully managing the position, and carefully considering the color, can we obtain a rhythmic picture effect.

6. Method of organizing hue

Main color Matching method

The main color is the basic color that forms the tone of the picture, and its role is decisive, so the main color should be the most striking in the picture.

generalization Induction

To put it simply, the generalization and induction method is not to simplify the color, but to summarize the natural color according to the overall characteristics. The key to mastering the generalization method is to accurately observe the color. In painting, observation is also a kind of thinking. The result of thinking is to extract the characteristic color that best reflects the essence of things.

Millisecond method

To put it simply, the difference is that the transition and contrast are weak and not obvious. Tiny difference can create a sense of harmony and unity. The application of this kind of millisecond effect needs to focus on the central part of the picture, and guide the color relationship of the picture to the rich direction.

The use of microsecond involves both the main color and the decorative color Area comparison If the big tone has been determined, even if there is a small area of color in the local area that forms a large contrast with the main tone, it will not affect Main tone On the contrary, proper contrast will make the color of the picture more tense.

basse-taille

The transparent method is a tonal organization method with strong sense of production. The painting steps are as follows: Thin coating A primary color, and then apply color to the primary color. The color is not covered in a large area, but the bottom color is exposed properly to form two or more layers of color Sense of level For ventilation.

Introduction to tools

Pigment

Gouache pigment There are two types: tin tube and box. The tin tube is convenient to carry, and is an ideal choice for examinations or going out sketching; The box is large, economical, and suitable for painting training at ordinary times. Pay attention to selecting products with good reputation in the market, such as purity, plasticity Covering power All are relatively good, easy to mix satisfactory colors.

paint brush

The brush is Expression techniques The widely popular brushes in the market are a writing brush , Wolf Hair gouache And section Oils 。 The performance of various pens is different, and the strokes and picture feeling are also different.

Brush is generally divided into 1-12 numbers 4 Paper opening Generally, No. 11 pen is used at most, 8 Paper opening Use No. 10.

Take 8 paper cutting as an example:

Tick Draft : No. 3-5; Large color: 8-10;

Local adjustment: No. 5-8; Detail processing: No. 1-4.

Yanghao (gouache pen): moderate elasticity, soft strokes, and thick pigments. (Suitable)

Wolf hair (Water brush): strong elasticity, sharp strokes, thick paint. (Very suitable)

pig 's bristles (Oil painting brush): It has strong elasticity, sharp strokes and general pigment content. (Suitable)

Nylon（ Nylon pen ）: Strong elasticity, stiff strokes, thin pigments. (Not suitable)

Drawing paper

Paint gouache has specific Gouache paper Generally, it is better to use more than 150g, with a certain thickness, and the color is not easy to wrinkle. At the same time, according to Personal preferences Use sketch paper, paper jam Watercolor paper it's fine too. The feeling of painting on different paper is different, but basic principle The paper with certain pigment absorption performance is selected.

When a beginner draws a single still life, the paper can be opened 8 times, and the painting combination can be opened 4 to 8 times. The painting training can use small color drafts of 32 to 16 Kai, because small pictures are easier to control.

Color mixing box

The common 24 and 36 boxes on the market are OK. According to personal preference, the box cover can Color Use (special painting can also be used Palette ）It is better to squeeze more colors at a time and use sponge to moisturize, otherwise it will dry quickly.

It shall be placed according to the color and temperature. The warm colors of yellow and red are put together, and the cool colors of green and blue are put together. Then, among the red and yellow ones, they are classified according to brightness, such as bright yellow, medium yellow and grayish yellow; The inside of red is divided into bright red, grayish red and heavy red; Cold green, green is divided into Bright green , medium green, grey green; Blue points Brilliant blue , grey blue and heavy blue basically follow this rule.

Drawing board

When selecting wood drawing boards, it is very important to be flat when painting, and at the same time, it is more environmentally friendly.

Watering can

When painting in dry weather, spray water on the paint to keep it wet.

bucket

Pen washing and Tinting 。

Small blade

Digging box of pigment

Transparent adhesive 、 thumbtack 、 Clip

Fixed paper

Paper cutter

Special for paper cutting and segmentation