Self Concept is a person's experience of his own existence.It involves a person gradually deepening his understanding of himself through experience, reflection and feedback from others.Self concept is an organic cognitive organization, which consists of attitude, emotion, belief andsense of worthThey run through the whole experience and action, and organize various specific habits, abilities, thoughts, opinions, etc. displayed by individuals.There are two views on the interpretation of self-concept: first, self-concept is an organic unity of personality into a coherent and comprehensive systemprocess；Second, self-concept is the object of perception.The role of self-concept includes self guidance, self explanation, self expectation and self attribution.
Historically, self-concept has various meanings, mainly because it originates from various disciplines.Philosophy and theology emphasize that self isMoral choiceAnd a place of responsibility;Clinical Psychology andHumanistic psychologyEmphasize that self is the source of individual uniqueness and neurosis;SociologyEmphasizing the interaction between language and society isself-realizationAnd can be maintained;Experimental Social PsychologyEmphasize that self is the source of cognitive organization, impression processing and motivation stimulation.
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Self concept is composed of reflection evaluation, social comparison and self perception
The structure of academic self-concept proposed by Shawson et al
1. Reflective evaluation is what people get from others about themselvesinformation。
If you get a positive evaluation when you are young, you will have a good self-concept.If this assessment is negative, your self-concept may feel bad.For example, at the beginning of the semester, ifteacherSay to a student, if you can, you will become a good student.After listening to this, the student will respond by studying hard;If the teacher says you have no future development.You may be negative about this. Anyway, you can't do it yourself. It doesn't matter if you are lazy.
2. Social comparison. In life and work, people often compare with others to determine their own standards, which is called social comparison.
For example, in school, when you get down the exam paper, you can ask your deskmate what the score is and your friend what the score is;get toSociologyOn the other hand, compared with their colleagues, they are richer and better off than themselves;When they have children, they are better than their own children or others' children;When a leader manages a unit, he will compare with other units and so on.No matter who is born to grow upfamilyTo society, from study to work, we develop and enrich our self-concept in social comparison.
3. Self feeling, when you were young, most of your understanding of yourself came from people's reaction to you.However, at some point in life, you begin to look at yourself in your own way. This way of looking at yourself is called self feeling.
If you gain confidence from successful experiences, you will feel better about yourself and your self-concept will improve.For example, if you install and debug a computer through your own ability, you will feel very good about yourself, that is, you will feel better about the function improvement
Two viewpoints
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There are two views on the interpretation of self-concept: (1) self-concept is an organism that unifies personality into a coherent and comprehensive systemprocess, including defense mechanisms, perceptual habits and attitudes (2) self-concept is the object of perception, that is, what individuals can feel in their conscious experience.Later, people called the former self system and the latter self concept.In fact, when discussing self-concept, it is difficult to distinguish the two.
The first time to discuss self-concept from the perspective of self existence experience was in the 17th centuryphilosopher50. Descartes used the word "Cognito" to describe the self-concept, which means "self existence consciousness", and regarded it as the core of human existence.S. Freud and the earlyPsychoanalytic theoryThe household ego (ego) represents the self-concept, which means an organic aspect of personalityPsychoanalystFollowing this practice, in psychoanalytic theory, the concept of superego includes self-evaluation, self judgment and self-esteem.In particular, self-esteem involves some aspects of self perception, which are related to the extent to which individuals like or dislike what they perceive in themselves.As psychologist M. Sharif said, "In many ways, self-concept is synonymous with ego. Although psychologists like to use the latter termsociologistI prefer to use the former term ".
A slight difference is that WJamesHowever, Self is used to express self-concept, and this practice has been followed up to now.In 1890, James distinguished himself into me as the object of experience and I as the active actor in the environment.As the object of experience, I includes three different forms: (1) spiritual I, which is composed of personal goals, ambitions and beliefs;(2) The material self refers to an individual's body and its attributes;(3) The social self is what others see.
britainThe theorist C. H. Cooley understands self-concept from the relationship between self and society, and believes that the concepts of self and society are interrelated and difficult to separate.In 1922, Cooley put forward the concept of "mirror self" and pointed out that "the content of self perception is mainly obtained through the mirror of interaction with others. Through this mirror, a person plays the role of others and looks back at himself".That is to say, self-concept is the reflection of others' judgments.What is emphasized here is that my views on myself reflect others' views on me.From this, children and adolescents' self-concept is mostly formed and developed through "mirror self" in their interactions with "important others" (such as parents, brothers and sisters, other relatives, neighbors, relatives and friends, teachers and classmates).
G．H．MeadHe put forward a view similar to that of Cooley, which he called "Symbolic Interaction Theory".Mead elaborated on the role of social feedback, thinking that those particularly important people and meaningful individuals are "important others", while people are "generalized others". The feedback of these two types of others is a social mirror, which determines the formation of self-concept.In Mead's view, the social group we belong to is a mirror for us to understand ourselves.We have the ability to imagine ourselves in the role of others, as others see us.Here, Mead's view on self-concept is based on human's ability to reflect, which is often considered the essence of human characteristics.Self reflection or self-awareness, that is, the ability of human beings to become both subject and object for themselves, can be conceptualized through the dialogue between the "subjective self" (as an experience of self) and the "objective self" (as an experience of self), that is, an internal conversation.This conceptualization appears with the emergence of language, whether at the level of ontogeny or phylogeny.Language requires us to assume the role of others with whom we interact, and in this process, language enables us to examine ourselves from the perspective of others.Generally, their own views on themselves are basically consistent with those of others, but they are not always consistent with the actual views of others on themselves.This is because our assumptions about others' views on ourselves affect our views on ourselves, and our assumptions about others' views are not necessarily correct.
M. Rosenberg further developed Mead's view and clearly pointed out that;The process of reflection involves self-concept;Self concept is the product of introspection.This product is specifically the individual's own, as aphysiologyThe concept of "human", "social", "moral" and "existential".Therefore, self-concept is the sum total of individuals' thoughts and feelings about themselves as objects.It includes the sense of continuity of personal identity in time and space, including the difference between the essential self and simple appearance and behaviorsense of worth, experience, as well as various evaluation components and emotional components (such as self-evaluation and self rebirth), so that individuals can determine themselves.
5. Giles describes self-concept from the perspective of identity.The concept of identity focuses on the meaning of the self as an object, endows the self concept with structure and content, and maintains the self in varioussocial system inIn general, identity involves who a person is or what kind of social identity he has, and various meanings of belonging to himself and others.Therefore, identity refers to the structural characteristics of the group members internalized and involved by individuals, such as varioussocial role, various memberships and various categories, also refer to various personality characteristics displayed by individuals, and others, according to thebehaviourAttribute these personality traits to the actor.In Giles' view, we can regard the structure of self-concept as the various layers of organizations of a person's identity, which to a large extent reflects the social and cultural system in which he lives.
theoretical research
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Most studies on self-concept focus on self respect, that is, the cause and effect of self respect and the relationship between self respect and personality and behavior.Now, other aspects of self-concept have also attracted people's attention.The most obvious ones are: the dynamics of self-expression, and impression control in naturalistic and experimental situations;The development of specific identity and its results, including sex, ethnic groups, behavioral abnormalities and age characteristics;The influence of history and social structure on the formation of self-concept, including war, economic depression, cultural change andorganizationThe complexity of;The influence of self-concept on social structure and social environment.
1. Research on the development and characteristics of self-concept of different groups
Marsh (1989) measured thousands of students with three self-designed SDQ scales, and found that the self-concept of students in grades 7 to 9 began to decline, and that in grades 9 to 11 began to rise, showing a U-shaped curve.
2. Gender differences in self-concept
Dusek and Flaperty (1981) found that boys have a higher level of self-concept in masculinity, achievement, leadership and other aspects, but a lower level in sociality and other aspects. The gender difference in academic self-concept is mainly manifested in that girls' Chinese self-concept is higher than boys', while boys' mathematical self-concept is higher than girls'.
3. The influence of social enlightenment on the development of self-concept
In terms of social enlightenment, many psychological researchers believe that the development of self-concept is deeply affected by social enlightenment.Hattie found that important others in life, such as parents, teachers and peers, have a great influence on the formation of self-concept.The formation of a person's self-concept comes not only from the summary of his own past experience, but also from the reaction and evaluation of others to himself. The influence of parents is particularly profound.
New developments
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In the 1940s, P. Lecky and CRogersElaborated self-concept.They focused on the perception of self-concept and the evaluative component of self-esteem.Rogers distinguishes between the self he actually feels (the real self) and the actidealThe ideal self.He believes that both can be measured, which is a useful concept with different characteristics.The real self is placed slightly lower than the ideal self. The difference between the real self and the ideal self indicates the individual's psychological adaptation index.The ideal self causes self esteem at an appropriate level and optimism about goal orientation, and stimulates a sense of achievement and social adaptation.Here, the true self emphasizes the psychological importance of personal subjective experience, soLogical positivismCompared with scientific empiricism, it is more consistent with the basic principles of existentialism and phenomenology.
stayFormer Soviet UnionIn social psychology, people divide self-concept into four categories: (1) the real self refers to the individual's view of the present self;(2) The ideal self refers to the person that I think I should be;(3) Motivated me refers to the person who makes great efforts to become;(4) Fantastic me refers to the person I hope to become if possible.
effect
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1. Maintain consistency of self perception (self guidance)
Individuals need to act in a way that maintains consistency in their own perceptions.Self concept plays an important role in guiding consistent behavior.The students with positive self-concept concept, achievement motivation, learning engagement and performance are significantly better than those with negative self-concept concept.The research on students with bad morality also proves that the self-concept of students about their reputation and moral status is directly related to the self-discipline characteristics of their behavior.When students think that they have a bad reputation and are considered as having bad morality by others, they will also relax their self-discipline on behavior, even break the jars.Obviously, by maintaining internal consistencymechanismSelf concept actually guidesPersonal behaviorRole of.In this sense, in the development process of children and adolescents, guiding them to form a positive self-concept is of great significance for "learning to behave".
What kind of meaning a certain experience has for an individual is determined by the individual's self-concept.Each experience has a specific meaning for a specific individual.Different people may get exactly the same experience, but their interpretation of this experience may be very different.OnceexaminationStudents A and B got 95 points.Student A usually thinks that his ability is average, and he has some difficulties in learning this subject. He is glad to get 95 points in this exam, and encourages him to continue to strive for better results.Student B is very interested in this subject at ordinary times, has confidence in learning, and generally gets good results. However, because of carelessness, he only gets 95 points in this exam. He thinks it is a failure and frustration, and feels annoyed and depressed. He is determined to work harder and never test such results again.
This formula says that an individual's level of self satisfaction is not simply determined by how much success he has achieved, but also by his level of ambition and how he explains the meaning of success to himself.
Self concept formation is not onlyChild socializationIt is a predetermined educational orientation to guide children to form a positive self-concept at the beginning.Self concept is like a filter through which every perception entering the psychological world must pass.When perception passes through this filter, it will be given meaning, which is highly determined by the self concept formed by individuals.
3. Psychologist Burns, who determines people's expectations (the role of self expectations), pointed out in 1982 that children's expectations of themselves are developed on the basis of self-concept and consistent with self-concept, and their subsequent behavior is also determined by the nature of self-concept.
Students with positive self-concept have high self expectation.When he achieved good results, he thought it was expected, and good results were exactly what he expected.When a student with negative self-concept gets poor grades, he thinks that it is expected. If he occasionally gets a good result, he is overjoyed.On the contrary, his poor performance has strengthened his negative self-concept, forming a vicious circle.The negative self-concept not only causes the negativity of self expectation, but also determines that people can only expect negative evaluation and treatment from the external society, which determines that they have negative consequences for negative behavioracceptTheir preparation also determines that they are unwilling to study harder, that learning is no longer attractive to them, and that they lose confidence and interest.Since self-concept triggers expectations that are consistent with its nature or self supporting, and makes people tend to use behavior that can lead to the realization of such expectations, self-concept has the function of predicting self realization.
4. The role of guiding the attribution of success or failure (self attribution of success or failure)
Social psychologists Fritz Heider (1896 -) (1958) and Weiner (1972) proposed and established a set ofattribution theory。Winner's self attribution theory believes that motivation is not a personal character, but a mediation between the stimulus event and the behavior of individuals in dealing with the eventWhen an individual has dealt with a stimulus event, he/she will put forward six attribution explanations for his/her behavior consequences based on his/her experience of success or failure and everything he/she knows. These are:
(1) Ability - According to their own evaluation, whether the individual has enough ability to deal with this work.
(2) Effort - a person reflects on whether he has done his best in this work.
(3) Work difficulty - based on personal experience, it is difficult or easy to find this job.
(4) Luck - A person thinks whether the success or failure of this job is related to luck.
(5) Physical and mental condition - according to personal feelings, the mood and physical health at the time of work.
(6) Others' reaction - the attitude of others to their work performance at the time of work and later.
Among the six factors, (1), (2) and (5) belong to internal factors, and (3), (4) and (6) belong to external factors.The attribution orientation of success or failure in work will affect the motivation of individuals to engage in similar work in the future.A person has a positive self-concept, believes in his own efforts, and attributes his success or failure to his own efforts, his own carefulness or negligence. He has to bear the responsibility from the subjective point of viewreasonEverything depends on one's own subjective efforts, and the destiny is in one's own hands. The formation of positive control beliefs can improve one's ability to realize oneself.
measure
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1. Coopersmith, a measurement based on the one-dimensional stage theoretical model, believes that self-concept is an individual's overall evaluation of himself.Based on this understanding, he developed the Self Esteem Inventory (SEI), which is a single dimensional measurement questionnaire without internal structural dimensions. Coopersmith uses the single score of SEI to measure the individual's self-concept level.Similarly, Piers Harris' two scales of self-concept and Rosenberg's self-concept measurement questionnaire.
2. Shavelson (1976), a measurement based on the theoretical model of multidimensional stages, is the pioneer of multidimensional measurement of self-concept.Shavelson et al. developed a multidimensional self-concept model, which makes it possible to measure self-concept multidimensional.He divides self-concept into three layers, the first is general self-concept, and the second is academic self-concept and non academic self-concept.The third layer specifically divides academic self-concept into self-concept of specific subjects (including mathematics, English, history, science, etc.), and non academic self-concept into social self-concept (including peer relationships, meaningful others), emotional self-concept, and physical self-concept (including physical ability and appearance).Shavelson's theoretical model has had a tremendous impact on Marsh, Song, Hattie, etc.
