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Friedrich Wilhelm III

King of Prussia

synonym Friedrich Wilhelm III (Prussian king) generally refers to Friedrich William III

Frederick William III, Kingdom of Prussia king (From November 16, 1797 to June 7, 1840), rule During this period, he led the Kingdom of Prussia to participate Europe Anti French alliance and resistance napoleon i Of Warfare China, founded the future on March 10, 1813 Germany honor Symbol of Iron Cross This tradition.

Chinese name: Friedrich Wilhelm III
Foreign name: Frederick William III
Nationality: Kingdom of Prussia
Ethnic groups: germanic people
date of birth: August 3, 1770
Date of death: June 7, 1840
Occupation: King of Prussia

Key achievements: Lead Prussia to Europe Anti French Alliance
Join the Holy Alliance and create the Iron Cross
one's native heath: Potsdam
Belief: Lutheran Church
Dynasty: Hohensorum Dynasty
In office time: November 16, 1797~June 7, 1840
Father: Friedrich Wilhelm II
successor: Friedrich William IV

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five member of family

Early life

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Friedrich Wilhelm III

Friedrich William III was King of Prussia Friedrich Wilhelm II And Grand Duchy of Hesse princess Frederick Louise His eldest son was born in Potsdam on August 3, 1770. When he was young, his father was having a hot fight with his mistress Wilhelmine Enke, Grä fin von Lichtenau, and gave little Friedrich William to a tutor to raise. He often Friedrich II The veteran of the era, Hans Graf von Blumenthal, lived in Parez, his territory, and grew up with Hans' son. Friedrich William was so happy in Parez that he bought the land when he grew up. Friedrich William is a melancholy man, with an indecisive personality and a pious and faithful personality.

Friedrich William joined the Prussian army in his youth, became a lieutenant in 1784, and was promoted to colonel in 1790. He participated in the Anti French War 。

On November 16, 1797, Friedrich William II died and became King of Prussia.

Participation

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Napoleonic Wars

remain neutral

Alexander I, Franz II, Friedrich William III

After becoming king, Friedrich William III The Second Anti French Alliance China remained neutral, and Prussia's prestige in Europe declined. In 1803, Prussia's neutral position made her obtain the parishes of Hildesheim and Paderborn, a part of Minster parish, Aishisfield and Erfurt in Kurmeinz, etc. On August 24, 1805, Friedrich William III and the French emperor Napoleon When the treaty is signed, France will Hanover Give it to Prussia, and Prussia will remain neutral in the future war. Russia once persuaded Prussia to join Anti French Alliance However, Friedrich William III did not send troops because of his fear of Napoleon and the temptation of Hanover. Battle of Austerlitz After, Holy Roman Empire Napoleon established the The Federation of Rhine This threatened the interests of Prussia and caused anxiety in Prussia.

As Napoleon expressed the idea of returning Hannover to Britain in peace talks with Britain, the Prussian court felt cheated and anti French sentiment rose. On July 25, 1806, Prussia signed a treaty with Russia, The Fourth Anti French Alliance Formation. In October 1806 Jena -In the Battle of Oerstadt, the Prussian army was almost annihilated due to backward weapons, conservative tactics and slow movements. The commander in chief of the company Prussian army, Duke Brunswick Wolfenbittle Charles William Ferdinand It is also a glorious sacrifice. On October 27, Napoleon entered Berlin and the Prussian royal family fled East Prussia , received by the Russian tsar Alexander I Protection of.

After the Battle of Friedland

Friedrich Wilhelm III

June 1807 Battle of Friedland Later, the French army occupied the whole area Prussia Territory. Signed on July 9 Treaty of Tilsit Prussia ceded 160000 square kilometers of land, including most of the territory of Poland (the income from the second and third partition of Poland, and First Partition of Poland And all the territories west of the Elbe River. Only "old Prussia" Brandenburg 、 Pomerania and Silesia Four provinces. The territory west of the Elbe River was integrated by Napoleon into Westphalia Kingdom, his brother Jerome became king; Universal Poland became Principality of Warsaw 。

In 1812, Prussia sent 20000 troops to help France invade Russia. At the end of the same year, France suffered a disastrous defeat in Russia. Prussia and Russia signed an armistice agreement. In March of the next year, Prussia began a war against France. Russia, Prussia, Britain, Sweden, Spain, Portugal The Sixth Anti French Alliance 。 General Prussia Gebhard von Blucher Played an important role in the war. Battle of Leipzig After the victory of the Allied Forces, the Prussian Army directly pointed to Paris. After several defeats, the Allied Army entered Paris on March 31, 1814. After Napoleon's restoration in a hundred days the next year, the countries formed The Seventh Anti French Alliance 。 Blucher With the British commander, the Duke of Wellington Arthur Wellesley stay Battle of Waterloo Defeat napoleon completely.

congress of vienna

It enabled Prussia to regain the territory lost in the Napoleonic War, but when it divided Saxony, it had differences with other powers, almost fought with Britain, France and Austria, and later reached a compromise. Prussia gained two-thirds of Saxony territory and land along the Rhine River, while Poland was ceded to Russia. The Kingdom of Prussia became German Confederation It is a powerful country with German speaking residents and one of the European powers.

Reform

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Political reform

Friedrich Wilhelm III

After Prussia's disastrous defeat in Jena and Oerstadt in 1806, the Prime Minister of Prussia Carl Stein The baron (Heinrich Friedrich Karl Reichsfreiherr von und zum Stein) began to carry out reforms, and its measures included letting citizens participate in politics to awaken their nationalist feelings; Release serfs; Implement local autonomy; Reorganization of central government institutions.

After Stein was dismissed under the pressure of Napoleon, Karl Auguste von Hardenberg marquis Karl August F ü rst von Hardenberg inherited his reform career in 1810. He declared the freedom of industry and commerce, abolished the privileges of the guild, etc. in addition Gerhard von Scharnhorst (Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst) began to reform the Prussian army, set up the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff, and issued the Universal Military Service.

reform in education

Friedrich Wilhelm III

William von Humboldt reformed the education in Prussia. He reformed the compulsory education system that Prussia was proud of, so that children of all classes had the same opportunity to receive education, and established HU Berlin , and successively established University of Breslau 、 University of Bonn 。

Friedrich William III once said to professors who escaped from Harlem University under Napoleon's occupation: "This country must use its spiritual strength to make up for its material losses. It is precisely because of poverty that it wants to establish education. I have never heard of a country that has become poor and lost its country because of education. Education will not make the country poor. On the contrary, education is the best way to get rid of poverty! " The king even shouted such a slogan: "University is a vast world where scientists can do everything. There is no forbidden zone, no authority, and no freedom in science!"

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The educational reform has laid a foundation for scientific and technological talents for Prussia's late industrialization and rapid development, and has become the driving force for Prussia to rise again.

Late rule

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Napoleonic Wars Later, the rule of Friedrich William III became conservative, and the Austrian Foreign Minister Klemens Wenzel von Metternich It has a certain influence on him. He not only failed to fulfill his promise to give Prussia a constitution, but also strongly stopped the constitutional movement. As Holy Alliance Prussia sent troops to suppress the revolution in Spain, Italy, Poland and other places. During the last 25 years of his reign, Prussia gradually weakened.

Friedrich William III died in Berlin on June 7, 1840, aged 69.

member of family

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member of family
relationship	portrait	name	Year of birth and death	introduce
First term wife	Louise of Mecklenburg Strelitz	Mecklenburg Strelitz Louise Auguste William Minnie Amalie	March 10, 1776- July 19, 1810	Friedrich William III and Princess Mecklenburg Strelitz on December 24, 1793 Louise Auguste William Minnie Amalie Married with the following children
children	——	A daughter	1794 Birth and death	Stillbirth
	Friedrich William IV	Friedrich William IV （Friedrich Wilhelm）	October 15, 1795- January 2, 1861	King of Prussia. 1823 Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria A princess who marries has no offspring. Aged 65
	William I	William I （ William ·Friedrich Ludwig; Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig ）	March 22, 1797- March 9, 1888	1829 Augusta The princess married and became King of Prussia in 1861 and Emperor of the German Empire in 1871 William I 。 He had a son and a daughter, who were 91 years old
	Charlotte (Alexandra Fiodorovna)	Charlotte (Frederick Louise· Charlotte ·William Minnie; Friederike Luise Charlotte Wilhelmine）	July 13, 1798- November 1, 1860	In 1817, with Nikolai Pavlovich, the grand duke of Russia (the future czar Nicholas I ）Married, converted to Orthodox Church and renamed Alexandra Fiodorovna (АлександраФоровна), there are descendants. Aged 62
	——	Friedrich （ Friedrich ·Auguste Caroline Amalie; Friederike Auguste Caroline Amalie）	October 14, 1799- March 30, 1800	Premature death
	Carl	Carl （ Friedrich Carl Alexander ； Friedrich Carl Alexander）	June 29, 1801- January 21, 1883	In 1827, she married Princess Mary of Saxony Weimar Eisenach. She had one son and two daughters, and her son was General Friedrich Carr（ Frederick Karl ）。 Died at the age of 81
	Alexandrina	Alexandrina (Frederick William Minnie· Alexandrina ·Mary Helene; Friederike Wilhelmine Alexandrine Marie Helene）	February 23, 1803- April 21, 1892	1822 and Archduke Mecklenburg Shiweilin Paul Friedrich Marry, have offspring
	——	Ferdinand （ Ferdinand ·Friedrich Julius Leopold; Ferdinand Friedrich Julius Leopold）	October 13, 1804- April 1, 1806	Premature death
	Louise	Louise （ Louise ·Auguste WilliamMinnie Amalie; Luise Auguste Wilhelmine Amalie）	February 1, 1808- December 6, 1870	1825 and King Nederland William I His youngest son and cousin, Prince Frederick, married and had offspring
	Albrecht	Albrecht (Friedrich Heinrich· Albrecht ； Friedrich Heinrich Albrecht ）	October 4, 1809- October 14, 1872	1830 and King Nederland William I Her daughter and cousin Mariana got married, divorced in 1849, and had one son and three daughters
Second term wife	Countess Auguste von Harach	Auguste von Harach Countess	August 30, 1800- June 5, 1873	In 1824, Friedrich William III remarried Auguste Grä fin von Harrach as his second wife (intermarriage between nobles and commoners), and granted her the title of F ü rstin von Liegnitz. They had no children

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